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Abstract. On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau
area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe
impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in
Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was
started 3 d after the tsunami and lasted for 10 d. Immediate
investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the
tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article
investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected
areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami
forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit
different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean
tsunami in Aceh. Data were collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten
and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for
damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in
Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the
complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences.
Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces
and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damage.
The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate
non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by
tsunamis. The lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the
generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties
in both of the affected areas.

AbstractDisability policy in European countries is displaying a shift towards social investment: increasing human capital and access to the labour market. The reasoning that underlies this transition is that disabled persons would benefit from mainstream employment, but are impeded in traditional policy by deficiencies in labour supply and demand. However, the shift towards more activating policies in many countries is accompanied by a decline in social protection. It is unclear whether social investment may effectively promote the employment chances of disabled persons within this context. The present research examines this question through a quantitative, cross‐sectional, multilevel analysis on microdata from 22 EU countries. Our findings suggest greater activation to predict lower employment chances, while reducing passive support shows mixed effects. Conversely, measures for facilitation in daily life predict greater employment chances, as do measures for sheltered work. These findings raise questions over the value of social investment for disabled persons—and underline the need to overcome broader barriers in the labour market and in society.

George Orwell and William Empson worked closely together at the BBC during the Second World War and they remained friends thereafter. In The Structure of Complex Words (1951) Empson paid surprisingly serious attention to the view of language expounded in Nineteen Eighty-Four, seeing in Orwell's presentation of the meaningless slogans of totalitarianism, such as "War Is Peace," a challenge to his own more rationalistic analysis of how language works. This article first explores the development of Orwell's thinking about language, including his engagement with Basic English (which Empson helped to propagate); a particularly close, and critical, analysis is given of his celebrated essay "Politics and the English Language." Orwell's views are then contrasted with Empson's unpacking of the interplay of multiple senses within individual words, demonstrating that even the most extreme propaganda statements need to draw upon and respect the mechanics of meaning as embodied in such words if they are to be persuasive. Intellectual historians have much to learn from these exchanges, as do contemporary analysts of "fake news" and authoritarian bombast more generally.