Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigere North-4microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 373 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 7 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey at the surface.  About 78 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 97per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 202(54) Sapota - - Maize - 202(54) Pomegranate - 201(54) Bajra - 202(54) Musambi - 201(54) Groundnut - - Lime - 201(54) Sunflower - 201(54) Amla - - Redgram - 201(54) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 202(54) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 201(54) Jamun - - Chilli - 202(54) Custard apple - 202(54) Tomato - - Tamarind - - Brinjal - - Mulberry - - Onion - - Marigold - 202(54) Bhendi - 202(54) Chrysanthemum - 202(54) Drumstick - - Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - - Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gudigere North-4 is located at North latitude 150 23' 32.567" and 150 22' 14.481" and East longitude 750 55' 17.567'' and 750 53' 48.995" covering an area of about 386.01 ha coming under Bannikoppa and Hallikere Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gudigere North-4 micro watersheds of Gudigere subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 21 (60.00 %) were marginal, 5 (14.29%)were small and 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 75 (53.96%) men and 64 (46.04 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (38.85%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.37 per cent illiterates, 58.99 per cent pre university education and 7.91 per cent attained graduation.  About, 71.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.12 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 9.50, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 9.43 and hired labour (women) available was 9.5.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (34.42 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 85.47 per cent.  About 28.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram and Sorghum was Rs.38226.83 and 28298.62 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.02 and 1:2.30 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 60000.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60000.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1000.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 17.14 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. 2  Regarding marketing channels, 102.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 102.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 71.43 per cent of the households and 28.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 17.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (31.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (48.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.14%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris sejauhmana pengalaman kerja, time budget pressure dan risiko audit mempengaruhi kualitas audit. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Badan Pemeriksan Keuangan Republik Indonesia (BPK-RI) Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memberikan pertanyaan tertulis kepada responden. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada responden. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh auditor yang bekerja pada BPK-RI Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Pemilihan sampel penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan diperoleh 32 auditor. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial pengalaman kerja dan risiko audit berpengaruh positif dan signifikan sedangkan time budget pressure berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan. Secara simultan pengalaman kerja, time budget pressure dan risiko audit berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas audit. Kata kunci: pengalaman kerja, time budget pressure, risiko audit, kualitas audit. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adanan, S. (2009). Perilaku Disfungsional Auditor Dalam Pelaksanaan Program Audit. Dipenogoro Journal Of Accounting. Vol. 13. Alatif, E. (2012). Risiko Audit.http://tensilatif31.blogspot.com/2012/07/ resiko-audit.html?m=1.Di akses Tgl 3 September 2018. Anggreni, N. W. D., & Ni K. R. (2017). Pengaruh Pengalaman Auditor dan Time Budget Pressure Pada Profesionalisme Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Kinerja Auditor. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, Vol. 18(1), Hal 145-175. Anugrah, I. S. (2017). Pengarum Time Budget Pressure, Kompetensi Dan Independensi Terhadap Kualitas Audit Dengan Etika Profesi Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. JOM Fekon. Vol. 4, No.1. Anwar, S. (2014). Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Arens, A. A.(2015). Auditing dan Jasa Assurance. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Ariningsih, P. S., & I M. M. (2017). Pengaruh Independensi, Tekanan Anggaran Waktu, Risiko Audit Dan Gender Pada Kualitas Audit. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, Vol. 18(2), Hal 1545-1574. Arisinta, O. (2013). Pengaruh Kompetensi, Time Budget Pressure Dan Audit Fee Terhadap Kualitas Audit. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Vol. 3. Badjuri, A. (2012). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Hasil Pemeriksaan Audit Sektor Publik (Studi Empiris pada BPKP Perwakilan Jawa Tengah). Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi, Keuangan dan Perbankan, Vol. 1 (2), Hal 120-135. BPK-RI. (2007). Peraturan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan RI No 1, Tahun 2007 tentang SPKN. Jakarta: Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan RI. BPK-RI. (2010). Peraturan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan RI No 4, Tahun 2010 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pemeriksa Pada Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan. Jakarta: Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan RI. BPK-RI. (2007). Standar Pemeriksaan Keuangan Negara (SPKN) 2007. (www.bpk.go.id).Diakses tgl 1 September 2018. BPK-RI Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. (2006). Alamat lengkap BPK-RI Perwakilan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Diakses 1 September 2018 (pontianak.bpk.go.id). Badan Pusat Statistik. Diperoleh dari (http://www.bps.go.id), diakses pada tanggal 26 Januari 2019. El Hida, R. (2012). Menkeu: Seharusnya Kualitas Audit Hambalang (http://news.detik.com/read/2012/11/02/150128/2079923/10/menkeuseharusnya-kualitas-audit-hambalang-bisa-lebih-baik). Diakses pada 1 September 2018). Fitriana, I. (2018). Auditornya Disebut Terima Suap E-KTP, BPK Tunggu Proses Hukum.Diakses tanggal 1 November.2018. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2017/03/24/05460061/auditornya.disebut.terima.suap.e-ktp.bpk.tunggu.proses.hukum. Ghozali, I. (2014). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Gujarati, D. N. (2016). Dasar-Dasar Ekonometrika terjemahan. Jakarta : Erlangga. Griffin. R. W. (2014). Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta : Salemba Empat. Hanjani, A., & Rahardja. (2014). Pengaruh Etika Auditor, Pengalaman Auditor, Fee Audit, dan Motivasi Auditor Terhadap Kualitas Audit (Studi Pada KAP di Semarang). Diponegoro Journal Of Accounting. Vol , Hal 1-9.Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia. (2016). Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Indriantoro, Nur & Bambang Supomo. (2014). Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis Untuk Akuntansi & Manajemen Edisi Pertama. Yogyakarta : BPFE. Islahuzzaman. (2014). Isilah-Istilah Akuntansi & Auditing. Jakarta : PT Bumi Aksara.Julianto, I K. A,. dkk. (2016). Pengaruh Audit Fee, Perencanaan Audit Terhadap Kualitas Audit. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, Vol. 5(12).Lautania, M. F. (2011). Pengaruh Time Budget Pressure, Locus Of Control dan Perilaku Disfungsional Audit terhadap Kinerja Auditor (Studi pada Kantor Akuntan Publik Indonesia). Jurnal Telaah & Riset Akuntansi, Vol. 4, No. 1, Hal 92-113.Lubis, M. E. S., dkk. (2015). Pengaruh Pengalaman Auditor, Kompetensi, Risiko Audit, Etika, Tekanan Ketaatan, Dan Gender Terhadap Ketepatan Pemberian Opini Auditor Dengan Skeptisme Profesional Auditor Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Empiris Pada Kantor Akuntan Publik Pekanbaru dan Kantor Auntansi Publik Medan). Jom FEKON, Vol 2(1). Mahmudi. (2015). Manajemen Kinerja Sektor Publik Edisi Kedua. Yogyakarta : UPP STIM YKPN.Ningsih, P. R. C., & Dyan Y. (2013). "Pengaruh Kompetensi, dan Time Budget Pressure Terhadap Kualitas Audit". E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, Vol. 4.1, Hal 92-109.Nirmala, RR. P. A. (2013). Pengaruh Independensi, Pengalaman Kerja, Due Proffesional Care, Akuntabilitas, Kompleksitas Audit, Time Budget Pressure Terhadap Kualitas Audit (Studi Empiris pada Auditor KAP di Jawa Tengah dan DIY). Diponegoro Journal Of Accounting. Vol 2, Hal 1-13. Nurhasanah, D., dkk. (2018). Pengaruh Time Budget Pressure, Kompetensi, Independensi dan Integritas Terhadap Kualitas Audit dengan Kecerdasan Emosional Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. Jurnal Akuntansi, Vol 6, No. 2. Nurhayati, E. (2015). Pengaruh Pengalaman,Independensi dan Tme Budget Pressure Terhadap Kualitas Audit dengan Etika Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. JRKA, Vol 1, No. 2, Hal 16-27. Pandoyo. (2016). The Effect Of Auditor Competence, Independence, Audit Experience, Organizational Culture And Leadership Against Auditor Professionalism And its Implication On Audit Quality. International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol. 4 (5).Prasita, A., & Priyo H. A. (2007). Pengaruh Kompleksitas Audit Dan Tekanan Anggaran Waktu Terhadap Kualitas Audit Dengan Moderasi Pemahaman Terhadap Sistem Informasi. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Vol. XIII (1). Puri. (2009). BPK Dilaporkan Ke Mabes Polri(http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/12/22/1333133/BPK.Dilaporkan.Ke.Mabes.Polri, diakses pada 1 September 2018). Republik Indonesia. (2003). Undang – undang No. 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara. Jakarta : Legalitas. Riyandari, P. K., &I D. N. (2017). Pengalaman Auditor Sebagai Pemoderasi Pengaruh Time Budget Pressure dan Kompleksitas Audit Pada Kualitas Audit. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, Vol. 19(1). Rosadi, R. A. (2017). Pengaruh Gender, Tekanan Ketaatan, Tekanan Anggaran Waktu Dan Pengalaman Audit Terhadap Audit Judgment (Studi Pada BPK Perwakilan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta). Jurnal Nominal. Vol VI, No. 1 Sabran, A. (2018). Polemik Data Beras, Pengamat Dorong BPK Audit Investigatif Kementan. Diakses tanggal 12 November 2018,. http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2018/10/23/polemik-data-beras-pengamat-dorong-bpk-audit-investigatif-kementan. Samelson, D., & Lowenshon, S. (2006). The Determinants of Perceived Audit Quality and Auditee Satisfaction in Local Government. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting, & Financial Management, Vol. 18, No. 2. Santoso, S. (2014). Statistik Multivariat Edisi Revisi. Jakarta : PT Elex Media Komputindo. Sari, E. N., & Sapta L. (2018). "Pengaruh Kompetensi Dan Time Budget Pressure Terhadap Kualitas Audit Pada BPK-RI Perwakilan Sumatera Utara". Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, Vol. 6 (1), Hal 1-13. Siregar, S. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif : Dilengkapi Perbandingan Perhitungan Manual & SPSS. Edisi Pertama. Cetakan Kedua. Jakarta : Kencana.Sososutikno, C. (2003). Hubungan Tekanan Anggaran Waktu Dengan Perilaku Disfungsional serta Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kualitas Audit. Simposium Nasional Akuntansi, Vol VI. Stefhany, P., & Lailatul A. (2017). "Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Audit Sektor Publik". Jurnal Ilmu Dan Riset Akuntansi, Vol. 6(10). Suci, C. C., & Made D. S. (2017). Pengaruh Penerapan Prinsip-Prinsip Pemeriksaan Keuangan Negara Terhadap Kualitas Audit Sektor Publik. Diakses tanggal 1 Januari 2018.https://jurnalmahasiswa.unesa. ac.id/index.php/jurnala kuntansi/search/results.Sugiyono. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan Kombinasi (Mixed Methods). Bandung: Alfabeta. Sukrisno, A. (2014). Pratikum Edisi Ketiga Buku Satu. Jakarta : Salemba Empat.Susmiyanti, D. R. (2016). Pengaruh Fee Audit, Time Budget Pressure, Dan Kompleksitas Tugas Terhadap Kualitas Audit Dengan Pengalaman Auditor Sebagai Variabel Moderating (Studi Empiris Pada Kantor Akuntan Publik Di Yogyakarta). Jurnal Profita, Vol 7.Suprianto, E. (2009). Pengaruh Time Budget Pressure Terhadap Perilaku Disfungsional Auditor. JAI, Vol. 5(1), Hal 57-65. Suryo, M. (2017). Pengaruh Time Budget Pressure Dan Risiko Audit Terhadap Kualitas Audit. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, Vol. 5(10), Hal 1325-1336. Tresnawaty, N., & Putra K. (2018). Pengaruh Skeptisme Profesional, Pengalaman Kerja, Time Budget Pressure Terhadap Kualitas Audit (Studi Empiris Pada Kantor Akuntan Publik Jakarta Selatan). Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Ekonomi, Vol 1, No. 3. Weningtyas, S., Setiawan, D., & Triatmoko H. (2007). Penghentian Prematur Atas Prosedur Audit. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia, Vol.10(1), Hal 1-19. Zam, D. R. P., & Sri R. (2015). Pengaruh Tekanan Anggaran Waktu (Time Budget Pressure), Fee Audit dan Independensi Auditor Terhadap Kualitas Audit (Studi Kasus Pada Kantor Akuntan Publik Di Wilayah Bandung). e-Proceeding Of Management. Vol. 2, No. 2.

WOS:000478045600005 ; The almost hermetic coverage of the CMS detector is used to measure the distribution of transverse energy, E-T, over 13.2 units of pseudorapidity, eta, for pPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV. The huge angular acceptance exploits the fact that the CASTOR calorimeter at -6.6 < eta < -5.2 is effectively present on both sides of the colliding system because of a switch in the proton-going and lead-going beam directions. This wide acceptance enables the study of correlations between well-separated angular regions and makes the measurement a particularly powerful test of event generators. For minimum bias pPb collisions the maximum value of dE(T)/d eta is 22 GeV, which implies an E-T per participant nucleon pair comparable to that of peripheral PbPb collisions at root s(NN) 7 = 2.76 TeV. The increase of dE(T)/d eta with centrality is much stronger for the lead-going side than for the proton-going side. The i dependence of dE(T)/d eta is sensitive to the eta range in which the centrality variable is defined. Several modern generators are compared to these results but none is able to capture all aspects of the eta and centrality dependence of the data and the correlations observed between different eta regions. ; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis program; Aristeia program; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detectors provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science-EOS" Project No. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") program and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research Grants No. 123842, No. 123959, No. 124845, No. 124850, and No. 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigere North-3microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 549 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and 2 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey at the surface.  About 69 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An about 18 per cent of the area has slight erosion and 80 per cent has moderate erosion.  An area of about 81 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 17 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 177(32) Sapota - - Maize - 177(32) Pomegranate - 177(32) Bajra - 177(32) Musambi - 177(32) Groundnut - - Lime - 177(32) Sunflower - 177(32) Amla - - Redgram - 177(32) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 177(32) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 177(32) Jamun - - Chilli - 177(32) Custard apple - 177(32) Tomato - - Tamarind - - Brinjal - - Mulberry - - Onion - - Marigold - 177(32) Bhendi - 177(32) Chrysanthemum - 177(32) Drumstick - - Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - - Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gudigere North-3 is located at North latitude 150 22' 53.336" and 150 21' 0.438" and East longitude 750 55' 54.74'' and 750 54' 11.289" covering an area of about 499.96 ha coming under Bannikoppa and Kavalur Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gudigere North-3 micro watersheds of Gudigere subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 16 (45.71 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%)were small, 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (56.83%) men and 60 (43.17 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (33.81%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 28.78 per cent illiterates, 69.06 per cent pre university education and 4.32 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.99 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 9.37 and hired labour (women) available was 9.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (39.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 77.52 per cent.  Out of the sample households 48.57 percent possessed bank account and 48.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 48.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households 11.76 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram and Sorghum was Rs.41446.91 and Rs 29399.43 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.30 and 1: 2.26 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 58571.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57714.29 comes from agriculture. 2  Sampled households have grown 3 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4628.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 71.43 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 97.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 82.86 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.43 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (91.43%) and oilseeds (51.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(51.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhanapur microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 575 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soil, 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low(57 kg/ha) in 56 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 73 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 24 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 68 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21(4) 197(34) Sapota 21(4) 67(12) Maize 21(4) 197(34) Pomegranate 21(4) 185(32) Bajra 60(10) 401(70) Guava 21(4) 67(12) Redgram 21(4) 175(30) Jackfruit 21(4) 67(12) Bengal gram - 118(21) Jamun - 30(5) Groundnut - 334(58) Musambi 21(4) 185(32) Sunflower 21 (4) 175(30) Lime 21(4) 185(32) Cotton - 196(34) Cashew 21(4) 67(12) Chilli 21(4) 197(34) Custard apple 60(10) 401(70) Tomato 21(4) 79(14) Amla 60(10) 283(49) Brinjal 21(4) 79(14) Tamarind - 30(5) Onion 21(4) 79(14) Marigold 21(4) 197(34) Bhendi 21(4) 197(34) Chrysanthemum 21(4) 197 (34) Drumstick 21(4) 67(12) Jasmine 21(4) 79(14) Mulberry 21(4) 67(12) Crossandra 21(4) 79(14) Mango - 30(5) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bhanapur is located at North latitude 150 24' 24.027" and 150 22' 44.233" and East longitude 760 2' 18.333'' and 760 0' 48.567" covering an area of about 588.83 ha coming under Bhanapur and Talabal Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bhanapur micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bhanapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small and 12 (34.29 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 77 (57.04%) men and 58 (42.96 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 3 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (28.15%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.63 per cent illiterates, 71.86 per cent pre university education and 5.93 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.22 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, women available in the micro watershed was 1.03, hired labour (men) available was 8.55 and hired labour (women) available was 8.55.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (52.31 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram, Sorghum, Red gram, Maize and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 79.78 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram, Sorghum, Red gram, Maize and Groundnut was Rs.33769.42 , 28457.09, 22768.30, 24934.98 and 44621.34 with benefit cost ratio of 1:3.50, 1: 2.00, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.60 and 1:2.10 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 79325.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 71011.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 28 horticulture trees and 121 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4342.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (74.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti alasan efisien dan inefisien anggaran belanja daerah bidang kesehatan di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat baik secara teknis biaya maupun teknis sistem dan bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran perbaikan input maupun output pada daerah yang inefisien agar bisa mencapai efisiensi. Objek penelitian ini adalah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Kurun waktu tahun 2012 hingga 2015. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara umum Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kabupaten Landak, dan Kabupaten Sanggau tidak efisien dikarenakan rasio jumlah perawatnya yang dibawah standar ideal, infrastruktur jalan yang tidak memadai dan produksi listrik yang rendah. Anggaran belanja daerah kesehatan yang tinggi juga menyebakan Kabupaten Sanggau tidak efisien secara teknis biaya. Sementara Kabupaten Kayong Utara bisa efisien dikarenakan anggaran belanja daerah kesehatannya yang rendah dan juga rasio jumlah perawat yang tinggi disebabkan oleh jumlah penduduk yang rendah. Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu bisa mencapai efisisensi teknis biaya dikarenakan rasio jumlah puskesmas yang tinggi dan juga produksi listrik yang tinggi. Kota Singkawang bisa mencapai efisiensi karena rasio jumlah perawat yang sangat tinggi, produksi listrik tinggi dan jalan yang rusak sedikit. Untuk daerah yang tidak efisien secara teknis sistem, seperti Kabupaten Sambas, Kabupaten Kayong Utara, dan Kabupaten Ketapang dikarenakan outcome berupa AHH masih rendah, distribusi air bersih yang rendah, dan AKB yang tinggi. Selain itu, wilayah Kabupaten Ketapang yang luas juga menyebabkan tidak efisien secara teknis sistem. Kabupaten Bengkayang bisa efisien dikarenakan memiliki AHH yang sangat tinggi, rasio jumlah puskesmas yang tinggi dan rasio jumlah perawat yang tinggi. Kabupaten Landak bisa mencapai efisiensi teknis sistem dikarenakan AHH yang tinggi dan AKB yang rendah. Kabupaten Kubu Raya bisa mencapai efisiensi karena AKB yang rendah, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi, jaraknya dekat dengan Ibu Kota Provinsi. Kota Pontianak bisa efisien karena AHH yang tinggi, AKB yang rendah, dan distribusi air bersih yang tinggi. Kata kunci: Efisiensi, DEA, Anggaran Belanja Bidang Kesehatan, Efisiensi Teknis Biaya, Efisiensi Teknis Sistem DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adisamita, R. (2011). Pengelolaan Pendapatan dan Anggaran Daerah: Edisi Pertama. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Kayong Utara. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Kayong Utara Tahun Anggaran 2015. Kayong Utara: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Melawi. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Melawi Tahun Anggaran 2015. Melawi: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Sambas. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Sambas Tahun Anggaran 2015. Sambas: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Sanggau. (2014). APBD Murni Kabupaten Sanggau Tahun Anggaran 2015. Sanggau: BPKPD. Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Pendapatan Daerah Kota Singkawang. (2014). APBD Murni Kota Singkawang Tahun Anggaran 2015. Singkawang: BPKPD. Badan Pusat Statistik Bengkayang. (2013). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2013. Bengkayang: BPS. _________ . (2014). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2014. Bengkayang: BPS. _________ . (2015). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2015. Bengkayang: BPS. _________ . (2016). Bengkayang dalam Angka 2016. Bengkayang: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kalimantan Barat. (2013). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2013. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2014. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2015. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kalimantan Barat dalam Angka 2016. Pontianak: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kapuas Hulu. (2013). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2013. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2014. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2015. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kapuas Hulu dalam Angka 2016. Kapuas Hulu: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kayong Utara. (2013). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2013. Kayong Utara: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2014. Kayong Utara: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2015. Kayong Utara: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kayong Utara dalam Angka 2016. Kayong Utara: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Ketapang. (2013). Ketapang dalam Angka 2013. Ketapang: BPS. _________ . (2014). Ketapang dalam Angka 2014. Ketapang: BPS. _________ . (2015). Ketapang dalam Angka 2015. Ketapang: BPS. _________ . (2016). Ketapang dalam Angka 2016. Ketapang: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Kubu Raya. (2013). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2013. Kubu Raya: BPS. _________ . (2014). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2014. Kubu Raya: BPS. _________ . (2015). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2015. Kubu Raya: BPS. _________ . (2016). Kubu Raya dalam Angka 2016. Kubu Raya: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Landak. (2013). Landak dalam Angka 2013. Landak: BPS. _________ . (2014). Landak dalam Angka 2014. Landak: BPS. _________ . (2015). Landak dalam Angka 2015. Landak: BPS. _________ . (2016). Landak dalam Angka 2016. Landak: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Pontianak. (2013). Pontianak dalam Angka 2013. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2014). Pontianak dalam Angka 2014. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2015). Pontianak dalam Angka 2015. Pontianak: BPS. _________ . (2016). Pontianak dalam Angka 2016. Pontianak: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Sambas. (2013). Sambas dalam Angka 2013. Sambas: BPS. _________ . (2014). Sambas dalam Angka 2014. Sambas: BPS. _________ . (2015). Sambas dalam Angka 2015. Sambas: BPS. _________ . (2016). Sambas dalam Angka 2016. Sambas: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Sanggau. (2013). Sanggau dalam Angka 2013. Sanggau: BPS. _________ . (2014). Sanggau dalam Angka 2014. Sanggau: BPS. _________ . (2015). Sanggau dalam Angka 2015. Sanggau: BPS. _________ . (2016). Sanggau dalam Angka 2016. Sanggau: BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik Singkawang. (2013). Singkawang dalam Angka 2013.Singkawang: BPS. _________ . (2014). Singkawang dalam Angka 2014. Singkawang: BPS. _________ . (2015). Singkawang dalam Angka 2015. Singkawang: BPS. _________ . (2016).Singkawang dalam Angka 2016. Singkawang: BPS. Daling, M. (2013). Analisis Kinerja Realisasi Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Pemerintah Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Jurnal EMBA, 1 (3), 82-89. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kayong Utara, (2016). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Kayong Utara Tahun 2015, Kayong Utara. Dinkes. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kubu Raya, (2015). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2014, Kubu Raya. Dinkes Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Sintang, (2016). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Kubu Raya Tahun 2015, Kubu Raya. Dinkes Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, (2013). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2012, Pontianak. Dinkes. _________ , (2014). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2013, Pontianak. Dinkes. _________ , (2015). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2014, Pontianak. Dinkes. _________ , (2016). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Tahun 2015, Pontianak. Dinkes. Dumairy. (1996). Perekonomian Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Erlangga. Efendi, F., & Makhfudli. (2009). Keperawatan Kesehatan Komunitas Teori dan Praktik dalam Keperawatan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. Fahrianta, R. E. (2012). Ananlisis Efisiensi Anggaran Belanja Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Kapuas. Jurnal Manejemen dan Akuntansi, 13 (1), 57-72. Hakimudin, D. R. (2010). Analisis Efisiensi Belanja Kesehatan Pemerintah Daerah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah (skripsi), Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia.Hariadi,. Restianto,. & Bawono. (2010). Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Indriati, N. E. (2014). Analisis Efisiensi Belanja Daerah di Kabupaten Sumbawa (Studi Kasus Bidang Pendidikan dan Kesehatan). JESP, 6 (2), 192-205. Jafarov, E., & Gunnarson, V. (2008). Government Spending on Health Care and Education in Croatia: Efficiency and Reform Options. IMF Working Paper, WP/08/136, 1-34. Karianga, H. (2017). Carut-Marut Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah di Era Otonomi Daerah: Perspektif Hukum dan Politik. Depok: Kencana. Kurnia, A. S. (2006), Model Pengukuran Kinerja dan Efisiensi Sektor Publik Metode Free Disposable Hull (FDH). Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan. 11 (2), 1-20. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro. Mangkoesoebroto, G. (1993). Ekonomi Publik. Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta. Mardiasmo. (2002). Otonomi & Manajemen Keuangan Daerah. Yogyakarta: Erlangga. Muljarijadi, B. (2017). Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah: Pendekatan Analisis Tabel Input-Output. Bandung: UNPAD PRESS. Pangkey, I., & Pinatik, S. (2015). Analisis Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Anggaran Belanja pada Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal EMBA, 3 (4), 33-43. Pertiwi, L. D. (2007). Efisiensi Pengeluaran Pemerintah Daerah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Ekonomi Negara Berkembang,12 (2), 123-129. Rapiuddin., & Rusydi, B. U. (2017). Efisiensi Belanja Pemerintah di Sektor Pendidikan dan Kesehatan di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Economics, Social, and Development Studies, 4 (1), 23-39. Reksohadiprodjo, S. (2001). Ekonomika Publik Edisi Pertama. Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta. Rusydiana, A. S., dkk. (2013). Mengukur Tingkat Efisiensi dengan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): Teori dan Aplikasi. Bogor: SMART Publishing. Sukirno, S. (2000). Pengantar Teori Makroekonomi. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. _________ . (2007). Makroekonomi Modern: Perkembangan Pemikiran dari Klasik Hingga Keynesian Baru. Jakarta: PT. Raja Garfindo Persada. Summapouw, O. J, & Roebijoso, J. (2017). Pembangunan Wilayah Berwawasan Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. Spillane, J. J. (2010). Ekonomi Farmasi. Yogyakarta: Grasindo. Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2004). Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga Edisi Kedelapan. Jakarta: Erlangga. Umar, H. (2000). Bussines an Introduction. Jakarta: Gramedia Putaka Utama. Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan. Wulandari, P. A., & Iryanie, E. (2018). Pajak Daerah dalam Pendapatan Asli Daerah. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. Yatiman, N., & Pujiyono, A. (2013). Analisis Efisiensi Teknis Anggaran Belanja Sektor Kesehatan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Tahun 2008-2010. Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 2 (1), 1-3. Zulyanto, A., Noerani, A. A., Badriah, L. S., & Istikomah, N. (2014). Pencapaian MDGs di Indonesia. Bandung: UNPAD PRESS. http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/?p=5412. Diakses tanggal 23 Februari 2018. https://kalbar.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/03/22/63/umur-harapan-hidup-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-kalimantan-barat-2010-2017.html. Diakses tanggal 26 februari 2018.

The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161

The Intergenerational Justice Review (IGJR) has been published by the Stuttgart-based think tank Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) since 2002. The 2012 edition was published in cooperation with the London-based Intergenerational Foundation (IF), and likewise the 2015 edition. For the latter as well as for the 2016 editions, the FRFG and IF have been joined by the University of Tübingen. The 2016 (2) edition will have the additional help of Professor Bruce Auerbach of Albright College, Reading PA, who will be serving as a guest editor.Founded in 1997, the FRFG has played a leading role in gathering and supporting research in intergenerational issues at the academic level – research that usually falls within the compass of university departments of law, politics and philosophy. The Intergenerational Justice Review reflects this academic focus. Articles, submitted by senior academics and researchers in the field, are peer-reviewed and published only on the recommendation of two reviewers.From 2016, there will be two editions of the IGJR annually. The topic of the second 2016 edition will be: "Constitutions and Intergenerational Justice" We welcome submissions for this issue of the Intergenerational Justice Review that address the tension between constitutions and intergenerational justice, and how that tension can be resolved. How can constitutions be written to protect the rights and/or interests of future generations without at the same time becoming a barrier to future generations exercising full political sovereignty in the future?We also welcome submissions that address creatively constitutions and intergenerational justice from other points of view, and from the perspective of other cultural and political traditions; and that test the feasibility of new ideas, such as a 'permanent constitutional convention', that reassess the current constitution every five years or so.In addition to the above, other related questions include the following:How could a permanent constitutional convention (see above) be organised? What powers should it possess, and what should be its limitations? On the one hand such limitations should prevent a constitutional convention from being too dominant, while on the other its powers should be sufficient to ensure that it is more than merely symbolic.How can the legitimacy problems of such a constitutional convention be resolved? For example, parliaments, which usually propose constitutional amendments, are legitimised through elections.Are there any examples of countries where constitutions are regularly reviewed and amended? If so, how has this practice worked?What role should constitutional courts play? Are they the guardians of earlier regulations and therefore opponents of constitutional change?Are eternity clauses (clauses which prohibit changes to certain or all provisions of a constitution) generationally fair? To what extent do such guarantees take away from future generations the possibility to determine their own future?Where and how are young people actively engaged in debates about the constitution in force in their country? What lessons can be learnt from their experience? Background: By their very nature, constitutions are intergenerational documents. With rare exceptions, they are meant to endure for many generations. They establish the basic institutions of government, enshrine the fundamental values of a people, and place certain questions beyond the reach of simple majorities. Constitutions, especially written ones, are often on purpose difficult to modify.The question of constitutions and future generations has at least two different aspects. On the one hand, constitutions provide the opportunity to guarantee consideration of the rights of future generations, and may serve to protect future generations against the actions of current electoral majorities. On the other hand, the provisions of a constitution may become outmoded, restricting the ability of majorities in the future to respond to the real problems in ways they see as necessary and proper. We want constitutions to provide firm guarantees of fundamental rights, including those of future generations. But we do not want those same guarantees to become fetters on future generations, preventing them from exercising the same rights of sovereignty we enjoy.Ideally, constitutions strike a balance between seeking to protect and perpetuate those values and rights the present generation understands to be fundamental, while ensuring the right of future generations to define for themselves the values and rights they see as essential, and to modify the institutions they have inherited in light of their own experience.This tension between durability and flexibility finds expression in Edmund Burke's concept of a constitution as an intergenerational covenant. It also informs the discussion among Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), James Madison (1751–1836) and Thomas Paine (1737–1809) in the course of founding the United States of America. Jefferson represented the position that every law and therefore every constitution should lose its validity after 19 years, so that every generation can organise itself, with a freedom comparable to the preceding one. Madison disagreed and referred to the uncertainty that would emerge from such an arrangement. Thomas Paine sided with Jefferson and formulated the following famous sentence: 'Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the ages and generations which preceded it.' This statement, written in 1795, defended the right to engage in revolution. This right was even enshrined in the French Constitution of 1793. Article 28 stated: 'Un peuple a toujours le droit de revoir, de réformer et de changer sa Constitution. Une génération ne peut pas assujettir à ses lois les générations futures.' ('A people always has the right to review, reform, and amend its constitution. One generation may not subject future generations to its laws.')The preservation of the same number of options and opportunities for action is also regarded as the one of most important elements of intergenerationally just behaviour in modern generational ethics. Edith Brown Weiss, for example, made such arguments, as have Gregory Kavka in 'The Futurity Problem', and Brian Barry in 'Circumstances of Justice and Future Generations'. Size limit of each submission: Up to 30,000 characters (including spaces, annotation etc.) For questions about style and presentation, please visit our website at www.igjr.org for our guidelines for authors.Deadline for submissions: 1 August 2016Proposed date of publication of IGJR 2016 (2): November 2016Articles may be submitted electronically to: editors@igjr.orgIntergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16: Note that this topic is also be the subject of the Intergenerational Justice Prize 2015/16, promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. For more information, see www.if.org.uk/prizes. Recommended literatureAuerbach, Bruce / Reinhart, Michelle (2012): Antonin Scalia's constitutional textualism: The problem of justice to posterity. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 17-22.Barry, Brian (1978): Circumstances of intergenerational justice. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 204-248.Beckman, Ludvig (2013): Democracy and future generations. Should the unborn have a voice? In: Merle, Jean-Christophe (ed.): Spheres of global justice. Volume 2: Fair distribution – global economic, social and intergenerational justice. Dordrecht: Springer, 775-788.Brown-Weiss, Edith (2002): Intergenerational fairness and rights of future generations. In: Intergenerational Justice, vol. 2 (3/2002), 1-5.Brown-Weiss, Edith (1989): In fairness to future generations. Tokyo/New York: United Nations University/Transnational Publishers.Gosseries, Axel (2008): Constitutions and future generations. www.uclouvain.beGosseries, Axel / Meyer, Lukas H. (eds.) (2009): Intergenerational justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kavka, Gregory (1978): The futurity problem. In: Sikora, Richard / Barry, Brian (eds.): Obligations to future generations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 286-203.Kley, Andreas (2003): Die Verantwortung gegenüber künftigen Generationen – ein staatsphilosophisches Postulat von Thomas Jefferson. In: Hänni, Peter (ed.): Mensch und Staat. Festgabe der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg für Thomas Fleiner zum 65. Geburtstag. Fribourg: Universitätsverlag, 505-523. http://www.rwi.uzh.ch/lehreforschung/alphabetisch/kley/container/jefferson_pages_505_523.pdf.Tremmel, Jörg (2009): A theory of intergenerational justice. London: Earthscan.Tremmel, Jörg (2015): Parliaments and future generations: The four-power model. In: Birnbacher, Dieter / Thorseth, May (eds.): The Politics of sustainability: Philosophical perspectives. London: Routledge, 212-233.Tremmel, Jörg / Wilhelm, James (2015): Democracy or epistocracy? Age as a criterion of voter eligibility. In: Tremmel, Jörg / Mason, Antony / Dimitrijoski, Igor / Godli, Petter (eds.): Youth quotas and other efficient forms of youth participation in ageing societies. Dordrecht, NL: Springer, 125-148.Wolf, Clark (2008): Justice and intergenerational debt. In: Intergenerational Justice Review, 13-17.

The notion of phraseology is now used across a wide range of linguistic disciplines: Phraseology (proper), Corpus Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Computational Linguistics. It is, however, conspicuously absent from most studies in the area of Translation Studies (e.g. Delisle 2003, Baker & Saldanha 2011). The paradox is that many practical difficulties encountered by translators and interpreters are directly related to phraseology in the broad sense (Colson 2008, 2013), and this can most clearly be seen in the failure of SMT-models (statistical machine translation) to deal efficiently with the translation of set phrases (used here as a generic term for all categories of phraseological constructions, from collocations to proverbs). Although corpus-based and computational phraseology still need to be clearly delineated from other concurrent disciplines, a possible way of narrowing the gap between phraseology and translation studies is proposed here: the recourse to experiments involving on the one hand set phrases and, on the other, evidence from parallel translation corpora or SMT-machines such as Google Translate. We will argue that both phraseology and translation studies have much to gain from this cross fertilisation, because both disciplines are regularly criticised for their lack of coherent terminological description and for the insufficient number of reproducible experiments they involve. The aim of this paper is not to draw up an exhaustive list of the possible experiments showing the interweaving of phraseology and translation studies, but to propose directions for future research involving a number of key issues that are posed by phraseology and are illustrated by translation practice. A first series of experiments relating to this subject matter concerns the problems posed by phraseology to human translation. Decoding phraseology in the source text is far from easy for translators and interpreters, all the more so as they are usually not native speakers of the source language. Also, finding a natural formulation in the target language and avoiding translationese requires an excellent mastery of the phraseology of the target language. I will argue that experiments with translation corpora may precisely shed some light on some crucial notions of phraseology and of translation studies. Experiments have shown that translation errors due to phraseology are legion in many translation corpora, even in the official translations of the European Union. A contribution of corpus-based phraseology would therefore consist in making human translators aware of the pitfalls of phraseology in the source text. Even experienced professionals sometimes fail to detect the fixed or semi-fixed character of a source text construction. Experiments along these lines should therefore also include the creation of large, multilingual phraseological databases, which brings us back to two serious shortcomings of computational phraseology: 1. There is no universally accepted algorithm for the automatic extraction of phraseology, especially not for ngrams larger than bigrams. 2. There is no consensus as to the proportion of set phrases in relation with the rest of the vocabulary: according to Jackendoff (1995), there are about as many fixed expressions as there are single words in the dictionary, but others (such as Mel'čuk 1995) hold the view that fixed expressions far outnumber single words. I will argue in that respect that algorithms derived from text mining and information retrieval techniques (Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto 1999) can be efficient and (computationally) cost-effective in order to build up unfiltered collections of recurrent fixed or semi-fixed phrases, from which translators could gain information about the number of set phrases in the source text. Such an algorithm has been proposed in Colson (2014), and a provisional database of about 700,000 English set phrases (tokens) has been assembled, which seems to confirm that Jackendoff's view about the total number of fixed expressions was not correct. A second series of experiments that would turn out to be profitable to a better theoretical understanding of both phraseology and translation studies, has to do with the specific problems posed by phraseology to automatic translation. Phraseology has only recently been identified as one of the main sources of errors in automatic translation systems, including the most recent SMT-systems (Monti, Mitkov, Corpas Pastor & Seretan 2013). I will however point out that the theoretical underpinnings of phraseology are at stake in order to provide a coherent explanation for the serious shortcomings in the automatic translation of sentences containing phraseology. The crux of the matter seems to be the complex interplay between association and frequency in fixed expressions. Recent evidence shows that, contrary to what is assumed by most statistical scores, there should be no relationship between the statistical association of the grams constituting a set phrase, and its frequency in a huge corpus. The countless examples of wrong translations of phraseologically rich sentences by Google Translate, for instance, all point to the fundamentally wrong way in which ngrams were traced down, namely by giving the highest priority to frequency. Further experimentation should also shed some light on the overall statistical distribution of set phrases in large corpora. The well-know zipfian distribution of words in a corpus poses theoretical problems as far as phraseology is concerned. Corpus-based studies (Baroni 2008) indicate that the distribution of ngrams themselves may display a Zipf-Mandelbrot curve. This is an important theoretical challenge to the theory of phraseology and also to semantics, having therefore consequences on the way meaning may be expressed in different languages and be adequately translated from one language into another. I will point out that a general theory of phraseology, as outlined by Mejri (2006), may offer a new insight into the statistical underpinnings of both morpheme associations (in words) and of word association (in set phrases). References Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto (1999). Modern Information Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, Addison Wesley. Baker, M. & G. Saldanha (eds.) (2011). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge. Baroni, M. (2008). Distributions in text. In: A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö, (eds.), Corpus linguistics. An international handbook. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 803-821. Baroni, M., Bernardini, S., Ferraresi, A. & E. Zanchetta. (2009). The WaCky Wide Web: A collection of very large linguistically processed Web-crawled corpora. Journal of Language Resources and Evaluation, 43, p. 209-226. Colson, J.-P. (2008). Cross-linguistic phraseological studies: An overview. In: Granger, S. & F. Meunier (eds.), Phraseology. An interdisciplinary perspective. John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, p. 191-206. Colson, J.-P. (2010a). The Contribution of Web-based Corpus Linguistics to a Global Theory of Phraseology. In: Ptashnyk, S., Hallsteindóttir, E. & N. Bubenhofer (eds.), Corpora, Web and Databases. Computer-Based Methods in Modern Phraselogy and Lexicography. Hohengehren, Schneider Verlag, p. 23-35. Colson, J.-P. (2010b). Automatic extraction of collocations: a new Web-based method. In: S. Bolasco, S., Chiari, I. & L. Giuliano, Proceedings of JADT 2010,Statistical Analysis of Textual Data, Sapienza University of Rome, 9-11 June 2010. Milan, LED Edizioni, p. 397-408. Colson, J.-P. (2013). Pratique traduisante et idiomaticité : l'importance des structures semi-figées. In : Mogorrón Huerta, P., Gallego Hernández, D., Masseau, P. & Tolosa Igualada, M. (eds.), Fraseología, Opacidad y Traduccíon. Studien zur romanischen Sprachwissenschaft und interkulturellen Kommunikation (Herausgegeben von Gerd Wotjak). Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, p. 207-218. Colson, J.-P. (2014). Set phrases around globalization : an experiment in corpus-based computational phraseology. Paper presented at CILC 2014, 6th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 22-24 May 2014. Corpas Pastor, G. (2013). Detección, descripción y contraste de las unidades fraseológicas mediante tecnologías lingüísticas. In Olza, I. & R. Elvira Manero (eds.) Fraseopragmática. Berlin: Frank & Timme, p. 335-373. Delisle, J. (2003). La traduction raisonnée. Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa. Jackendoff, R. (1995). The boundaries of the lexicon. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 133-165. Mejri, S. (2006). Polylexicalité, monolexicalité et double articulation. Cahiers de Lexicologie, 2 :209-221. Mel'čuk, I. 1995. Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 167-232. Monti, J., Mitkov, R., Corpas Pastor, G. & V. Seretan (eds) (2013). Workshop Proceedings: Multi-word units in machine translation and translation technologies, Nice 14th Machine Translation Summit.

The notion of phraseology is now used across a wide range of linguistic disciplines: Phraseology (proper), Corpus Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, Cognitive Linguistics, Computational Linguistics. It is, however, conspicuously absent from most studies in the area of Translation Studies (e.g. Delisle 2003, Baker & Saldanha 2011). The paradox is that many practical difficulties encountered by translators and interpreters are directly related to phraseology in the broad sense (Colson 2008, 2013), and this can most clearly be seen in the failure of SMT-models (statistical machine translation) to deal efficiently with the translation of set phrases (used here as a generic term for all categories of phraseological constructions, from collocations to proverbs). Although corpus-based and computational phraseology still need to be clearly delineated from other concurrent disciplines, a possible way of narrowing the gap between phraseology and translation studies is proposed here: the recourse to experiments involving on the one hand set phrases and, on the other, evidence from parallel translation corpora or SMT-machines such as Google Translate. We will argue that both phraseology and translation studies have much to gain from this cross fertilisation, because both disciplines are regularly criticised for their lack of coherent terminological description and for the insufficient number of reproducible experiments they involve. The aim of this paper is not to draw up an exhaustive list of the possible experiments showing the interweaving of phraseology and translation studies, but to propose directions for future research involving a number of key issues that are posed by phraseology and are illustrated by translation practice. A first series of experiments relating to this subject matter concerns the problems posed by phraseology to human translation. Decoding phraseology in the source text is far from easy for translators and interpreters, all the more so as they are usually not native speakers of the source language. Also, finding a natural formulation in the target language and avoiding translationese requires an excellent mastery of the phraseology of the target language. I will argue that experiments with translation corpora may precisely shed some light on some crucial notions of phraseology and of translation studies. Experiments have shown that translation errors due to phraseology are legion in many translation corpora, even in the official translations of the European Union. A contribution of corpus-based phraseology would therefore consist in making human translators aware of the pitfalls of phraseology in the source text. Even experienced professionals sometimes fail to detect the fixed or semi-fixed character of a source text construction. Experiments along these lines should therefore also include the creation of large, multilingual phraseological databases, which brings us back to two serious shortcomings of computational phraseology: 1. There is no universally accepted algorithm for the automatic extraction of phraseology, especially not for ngrams larger than bigrams. 2. There is no consensus as to the proportion of set phrases in relation with the rest of the vocabulary: according to Jackendoff (1995), there are about as many fixed expressions as there are single words in the dictionary, but others (such as Mel'čuk 1995) hold the view that fixed expressions far outnumber single words. I will argue in that respect that algorithms derived from text mining and information retrieval techniques (Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto 1999) can be efficient and (computationally) cost-effective in order to build up unfiltered collections of recurrent fixed or semi-fixed phrases, from which translators could gain information about the number of set phrases in the source text. Such an algorithm has been proposed in Colson (2014), and a provisional database of about 700,000 English set phrases (tokens) has been assembled, which seems to confirm that Jackendoff's view about the total number of fixed expressions was not correct. A second series of experiments that would turn out to be profitable to a better theoretical understanding of both phraseology and translation studies, has to do with the specific problems posed by phraseology to automatic translation. Phraseology has only recently been identified as one of the main sources of errors in automatic translation systems, including the most recent SMT-systems (Monti, Mitkov, Corpas Pastor & Seretan 2013). I will however point out that the theoretical underpinnings of phraseology are at stake in order to provide a coherent explanation for the serious shortcomings in the automatic translation of sentences containing phraseology. The crux of the matter seems to be the complex interplay between association and frequency in fixed expressions. Recent evidence shows that, contrary to what is assumed by most statistical scores, there should be no relationship between the statistical association of the grams constituting a set phrase, and its frequency in a huge corpus. The countless examples of wrong translations of phraseologically rich sentences by Google Translate, for instance, all point to the fundamentally wrong way in which ngrams were traced down, namely by giving the highest priority to frequency. Further experimentation should also shed some light on the overall statistical distribution of set phrases in large corpora. The well-know zipfian distribution of words in a corpus poses theoretical problems as far as phraseology is concerned. Corpus-based studies (Baroni 2008) indicate that the distribution of ngrams themselves may display a Zipf-Mandelbrot curve. This is an important theoretical challenge to the theory of phraseology and also to semantics, having therefore consequences on the way meaning may be expressed in different languages and be adequately translated from one language into another. I will point out that a general theory of phraseology, as outlined by Mejri (2006), may offer a new insight into the statistical underpinnings of both morpheme associations (in words) and of word association (in set phrases). References Baeza-Yates, R. & B. Ribeiro-Neto (1999). Modern Information Retrieval. New York: ACM Press, Addison Wesley. Baker, M. & G. Saldanha (eds.) (2011). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge. Baroni, M. (2008). Distributions in text. In: A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö, (eds.), Corpus linguistics. An international handbook. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 803-821. Baroni, M., Bernardini, S., Ferraresi, A. & E. Zanchetta. (2009). The WaCky Wide Web: A collection of very large linguistically processed Web-crawled corpora. Journal of Language Resources and Evaluation, 43, p. 209-226. Colson, J.-P. (2008). Cross-linguistic phraseological studies: An overview. In: Granger, S. & F. Meunier (eds.), Phraseology. An interdisciplinary perspective. John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, p. 191-206. Colson, J.-P. (2010a). The Contribution of Web-based Corpus Linguistics to a Global Theory of Phraseology. In: Ptashnyk, S., Hallsteindóttir, E. & N. Bubenhofer (eds.), Corpora, Web and Databases. Computer-Based Methods in Modern Phraselogy and Lexicography. Hohengehren, Schneider Verlag, p. 23-35. Colson, J.-P. (2010b). Automatic extraction of collocations: a new Web-based method. In: S. Bolasco, S., Chiari, I. & L. Giuliano, Proceedings of JADT 2010,Statistical Analysis of Textual Data, Sapienza University of Rome, 9-11 June 2010. Milan, LED Edizioni, p. 397-408. Colson, J.-P. (2013). Pratique traduisante et idiomaticité : l'importance des structures semi-figées. In : Mogorrón Huerta, P., Gallego Hernández, D., Masseau, P. & Tolosa Igualada, M. (eds.), Fraseología, Opacidad y Traduccíon. Studien zur romanischen Sprachwissenschaft und interkulturellen Kommunikation (Herausgegeben von Gerd Wotjak). Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, p. 207-218. Colson, J.-P. (2014). Set phrases around globalization : an experiment in corpus-based computational phraseology. Paper presented at CILC 2014, 6th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 22-24 May 2014. Corpas Pastor, G. (2013). Detección, descripción y contraste de las unidades fraseológicas mediante tecnologías lingüísticas. In Olza, I. & R. Elvira Manero (eds.) Fraseopragmática. Berlin: Frank & Timme, p. 335-373. Delisle, J. (2003). La traduction raisonnée. Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa. Jackendoff, R. (1995). The boundaries of the lexicon. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 133-165. Mejri, S. (2006). Polylexicalité, monolexicalité et double articulation. Cahiers de Lexicologie, 2 :209-221. Mel'čuk, I. 1995. Phrasemes in language and phraseology in linguistics. In M. Everaert, E.-J. van der Linden, A. Schenk & R. Schroeder (eds.), Idioms: Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 167-232. Monti, J., Mitkov, R., Corpas Pastor, G. & V. Seretan (eds) (2013). Workshop Proceedings: Multi-word units in machine translation and translation technologies, Nice 14th Machine Translation Summit.

En este artículo se propone una transformación del gobierno de las universidades públicas de Colombia en el marco de una propuesta de reforma de la educación superior. En esta se debe introducir la idea de la profundización de la democracia en consonancia con las transformaciones políticas y sociales que se están dando en el país en el sentido de un cambio en las estructuras de poder político. Esta transformación tiene que darse mediante una radicalización de la representación profesoral y estudiantil. ; Aunque es común referirse al imperio internacional de la ley, es menos común definirlo o explorar lo que significa. En este ensayo examino el imperio internacional de la ley en la práctica y en teoría. Esto es importante porque muchas controversias sobre la dirección de la política mundial se basan de hecho en explicaciones diferentes del imperio internacional de la ley. Comprender las diferentes maneras en que se usa esta idea y sus implicaciones para la elección de políticas puede ayudar a clarificar lo que se está discutiendo y lo que no en las controversias globales. Yo planteo tres enfoques distintos del concepto de imperio internacional de la ley y los comparo con la práctica estatal contemporánea. El primero está anclado en la obligación de los estados de cumplir sus obligaciones legales internacionales. El segundo traza una analogía con el imperio doméstico de la ley. El tercero parte de la observación de que los estados invocan la ley internacional para explicar y justificar sus políticas – de aquí se amplía a un modelo de la ley como parte integral de la legitimación política. Me parece que el tercero ofrece la comprensión conceptualmente más coherente del imperio internacional de la ley y tiene implicaciones interesantes para el estudio de la ley y la política internacionales. ; El autor aborda la tendencia del crecimiento del capital por encima de la expansión económica, que ha generado una excesiva desigualdad, mostrando que esto además ha coincidido con el retroceso en el estado de bienestar, incidiendo en las políticas nacionales y por ello generando una transformación del estatus de ciudadano hacia un productor de bienes y consumidor. Los argumentos se dirigen a mostrar cómo esta situación contradice los principios de protección de las mínimas condiciones sociales y económicas esgrimidos por la declaración universal de los derechos humanos y el modo como el capital internacional incide en las decisiones políticas transformando el concepto tradicional de soberanía y de ciudadanía. Se evidencia pues una necesidad de decisiones que, en términos políticos impongan cargas económicas al capital, sobre todo al internacional. ; La filosofía estándar de la economía presupone que en el dominio de los fenómenos económicos subyacen regularidades estables, las cuales pueden explicarse mediante el funcionamiento de mecanismos o de máquinas socioeconómicas. Asimismo, se considera que una vez puestos en funcionamiento, su comportamiento no necesita de subsecuentes intervenciones. Esto implica asumir que los procesos socioeconómicos tienen una naturaleza semejante a los de las ciencias naturales. No obstante, dichas regularidades son por lo general examinadas a la luz de algún modelo económico, por lo cual pierden muchas veces contacto con el mundo real. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo poner en el centro del análisis otro objeto de estudio: los procesos económicos basados en expectativas. Se trata de procesos en los cuales la acción humana funciona como nexo causal entre las variables económicas y en los que dicha acción es producto de una formación previa de expectativas, las cuales son sensibles a la información del contexto. Se mostrará que en esta clase de procesos la intervención sistemática sobre las condiciones de fondo y sobre las expectativas es fundamental si lo que se busca es alcanzar un objetivo deseado o lograr un proceso estable. Esta intervención requerirá no solo del conocimiento proporcionado por los modelos, sino también de un conocimiento extrateorético o interdisciplinario. ; El desarrollo y la especialización que sufrieran los organismos policiales durante la modernidad condujeron a un cuestionamiento en torno a sus competencias para afectar las formas de vida de la sociedad, llegando a un punto máximo cuando esta intervención comprendía limitar la libertad —tanto pública como privada— de los ciudadanos. El debate que surge en torno a la actividad policial en relación con estos dos puntos —entre coerción y libertad— es el presentado a la luz de los pensamientos de Fichte y Hegel, con vista a analizar las condiciones (y las condicionantes que impone) en las que ejerce su acción dentro de la sociedad. ; En este artículo se expone una reflexión desde la propuesta teórica de Charles Taylor sobre la construcción de la identidad individual como una narración social frente a la crítica de Amartya Sen, quien propone la identidad como resultado solo de la elección personal. Se argumenta que las críticas que Amartya Sen hace a los argumentos de Taylor son infundadas, ya que la perspectiva de Charles Taylor se centra más en el carácter fundamentalmente constructivo, narrativo y dialógico de la identidad que en la pérdida de la libertad y la mera aceptación acrítica de la identidad asumida. Se concluye que la identidad como narración social desde la perspectiva teoría de Taylor sí da cabida a la capacidad de elegir de los individuos y a la consideración de las identidades múltiples y múltiples lealtades identitarias, pero se hace notar la importancia del contexto social y del grupo por encima de la elección personal en el momento en que una persona construye su identidad, ya que les da valor a los bienes externos como la comunidad cultural y lingüística a la que la pertenece y que hacen posible la inteligibilidad y la narración de lo que somos y de quiénes somos. ; Se examina la relación entre razones y causas de la acción en el psicoanálisis freudiano. Hay acuerdo en que Freud confundía, o por lo menos no hizo una distinción rigurosa a lo largo de su trabajo, entre razones y causas. Se analizarán dos interpretaciones al respecto. De un lado, la que sostiene que había en él una tendencia naturalista y que, en ese sentido, nunca abandonó su pretensión de encontrar las causas de la acción humana; de otro lado, la que defiende que en Freud imperó siempre una orientación más psicologizante, con base en la cual defendió la búsqueda del sentido de actos fallidos, sueños, etc.; lo cual lo llevó a abandonar su orientación cientificista y a concentrarse en la comprensión o interpretación de la acción. Como alternativa se propone considerar que el conflicto en Freud se soluciona si dejamos de lado los dualismos razones / causas y comprensión /explicación. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la interpretación tradicional según la cual los razonamientos de Zenón de Elea en contra de la multiplicidad constituyen una defensa de la tesis monista. Intentaré demostrar que las objeciones zenonianas a la multiplicidad suponen una crítica previa a la existencia de "lo uno". Por este motivo, Zenón no es monista ni pluralista, sino, más bien, un crítico de las perspectivas metafísicas que consideran al ser en términos numéricos, i. e. como uno o como múltiple. Para ello me concentraré en el análisis de la interpretación que Aristóteles desarrolla sobre la filosofía de Zenón, considerando algunos pasajes de Física, Refutaciones sofísticas y, fundamentalmente, Metafísica, III. 4. 1001b7-13 (DK 29 A 21). También incluiré algunos testimonios del comentario a la Física de Simplicio, en los que se discuten las interpretaciones de Eudemo de Rodas y Alejandro de Afrodisia, que ratifican el punto de vista aristotélico sobre la filosofía de Zenón (In Ph. 99.7-18, DK 29 A 21; 138.3-6, DK 29 A 22). ; A fines de los 50 y a lo largo de los años 60 Feyerabend formula su doctrina de la proliferación teórica. Con ella busca inicialmente destacar la presencia positiva de la metafísica en el proceso de explicación teórica. Concretamente, pretende dar cuenta de la impotencia de toda teoría científica de explicar realísticamente el mundo si no estuviera informada por supuestos que sus interlocutores juzgan como a-científicos o pre-científicos. Ahora bien, para poder precisar el papel que juega la metafísica en el proceso de explicación teórica es preciso dilucidar qué entiende Feyerabend por realismo. Entre los especialistas existe una discusión acerca de si este defiende un realismo científico o un antirrealismo. Con el propósito de poder comprender en qué sentido Feyerabend sostiene que la metafísica provee vías de acceso para explicar el mundo, procuraremos demostrar la naturaleza normativa de su realismo.

Introduction/background Sexuality education is compulsory in Danish public school as a part of health education. There is a national curriculum which is based on the theory of critical health education and promotion (e.g. Jensen 1997; Carlsson et al 2009; Simovska & Jensen 2012), emphasising health-related action competence of pupils as one of the key intended outcomes. However, research has documented that there are major differences between the intentions stated in the curriculum and the classroom practices (Sex & Samfund 2005, Sex & Samfund 2012; Lindegard, 2012). The study discussed in this paper suggests that the participation of teachers in the national sexuality education campaign, titled Uge Sex, has a positive impact on teachers' practices through providing an appropriate support for teachers in implementing the critical pedagogical approach. Uge Sex is a campaign that aims at supporting the development of pupils' action competence in regards to sexuality, wellbeing, rights and health. The campaign has achieved large success resulting in 230,000 pupils (35.6 % of the total population) enrolled in the campaign week this year. This calls for an in-depth insight into its impact as well as the implementation process. Important questions to be asked are (a) does the campaign actually support the development of action competence? and (b) is the implementation characterized by dimensions consistent with critical health pedagogy? Theoretical/analytical framework The Uge Sex materials, as well as the campaign as a whole, are characterized by an approach to sexuality education inspired by the tradition of critical health education, as mentioned above, as well as norm critical pedagogy developed within the theory of Swedish queer pedagogy (Brade et al 2008, Bromseth et al 2010, Kirk et al 2010). Furthermore, the approach is based on research findings indicating that a secure, inclusive learning environment for all pupils is an important factor for the effectiveness of sexuality education (UNESCO 2009). The theory of change (Green & Tones 2012) of the campaign is based on the hypothesis that there is a link between certain implementation factors, including a cross-disciplinary approach, secure and inclusive environments for the pupils, focus on pupil involvement through dialogue, and the immediate positive effects on the participating pupils. These effects are identified as changes in the health-related action competence of pupils, their positive attitudes towards the sexuality education lessons and increased awareness of classroom diversity as a positive value. Earlier research related to the campaign suggests that implementation of a critical pedagogy approach into classroom practices is characterized by challenges concerning several of these factors (Roien 2012). The aim of this paper is to discuss these implementation challenges further in order to learn how pupils can benefit more from sexuality education in school. Methodology/methods The study draws on quantitative and qualitative data from multiple data sources gathered in 2012 and 2013. These include two large scale questionnaires among 500 randomly selected teachers as well as 800 randomly selected pupils from 4th-6th grade (age 10-12) as well as 7 in-depth interviews with teachers and 3 case studies including interviews with pupils and classroom observations. The data from the different sources was triangulated in order to secure validity of interpretations (Green & Tones 2012). The analysis combined inductive and theoretically driven strategies, drawing on the concepts of action competence, empowerment and participation in health education. Key Results The findings show minor tendencies towards the development of action competence of the pupils, concerning mainly a positive development in their knowledge and ability to identify action possibilities. The campaign seems to support those pupils that have insufficient knowledge on possible actions to solve dilemmas related to sexuality issues. Furthermore, a positive attitude towards sexuality education has been identified among the majority of the participating pupils.The findings do not document any increased awareness of classroom diversity among the pupils as a positive value. In regards to the implementation of the campaign, especially one factor is identified as having positive influence on pupils' learning, namely the effort to create a secure learning environment based on the recommendations from Uge Sex materials. On the other hand, other implementation factors prove to be highly problematic in connection to the principles of critical health education. These include: lack of an inter-disciplinary approach to sexuality education, low priority of pupil participation and a very traditional view of the role of the teacher as an expert and 'transmitter' of appropriate knowledge. With regard to the lack of increase in the pupil's awareness of diversity as a positive value it is suggested that this can be related to the focus of Uge Sex as a purely educational campaign focusing solely on teaching without including a whole-school approach to health promotion and diversity Conclusions The findings demonstrate that the implementation of a critical sexuality education approach by the teachers is challenged by the traditional approach to sexuality education, characterized by established boundaries between subjects, a view of the role of the pupils as passive and the teacher as the one who decides on content, methods and resources (Green & Tones 2012; Simovska and Jensen 2005). This approach results in a low level of pupil participation and points to the difficulties teachers face when implementing the sexuality education processes intended by the Uge Sex concept. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that a focused effort through concrete recommendations and exercises that teachers can use in the classroom, can be beneficial. Finally, the findings point to the critical role of the whole-school approach, and the lack of it in the campaign. This can be seen as a barrier in regards to pupils' learning linked to wider health promotion and the value of diversity. Implications The insight into the implementation of the Uge Sex campaign by the teachers provides important knowledge concerning the challenges teachers face when working with critical comprehensive sexuality education focused on the development of pupils' action competence. The findings point to the need for professional development of the teachers so that they can work with participatory and action-oriented teaching methods as well as with an open concept of sexuality that allows for diversity and human rights to be freely discussed in relation to sexuality issues. The findings provide implications for future research and development of the school practice of sexuality education as a part of health education and health promotion as well as for introducing health pedagogy and health promotion related to sexuality education within the initial teacher training at teacher training colleges and in-service professional development. References Brade, L., Engström, C., Sörensdotter, R. & Wiktorsson, P. (2008). In the eye of the norm (in Swedish: I normens öga), Stockholm: Friends. Bromseth, J. & Darj, F. (eds.) (2010). Normcritical pedagogy. (in Swedish: Normkritisk pedagogik), Uppsala: Centrum för genusvetenskap, Uppsala Universitet Carlsson, M., Simovska, V. and Jensen, B.B. (eds.) (2009). Health education and health promotion – Theory, research and practice (in Danish: Sundhedsundervisning og Sundhedsfremme - teori, forskning og praksis), Aarhus, Aarhus University Press. Green, J., & Tones, K. (2010). Health promotion: planning and strategies (2nd ed.) . London: Sage. Jensen, B.B. & Schnack, K. (eds.) (1994). Action and action Competence as Key Concepts in Critical pedagogy. Didaktiske Studier, København: Danmarks Lærerhøjskole. Jensen, B.B. (1997). 'A case of two paradigms within health education', health education research, Vol. 12, no. 4 , pp. 419-428. Kirk, A.H., Scott, K., Siemen, K. & Wind, A. (eds.) (2010). Open and closed doors. an anthology on gender in pedagogy (in Danish: Åbne og lukkede døre. En antologi om køn i pædagogik), København: Frydenlund. Kvale, S. & Brinkmann S. (2009). InterView, København: Hans Reitzels Forlag (2. Ed.). Nordin, L.L. (2012). From policy to practice (in Danish: Fra politik til praksis. Implementering af kommunale sundhedsprojekter med fokus på kost og fysisk aktivitet fra et lærerperspektiv). PhD dissertation, Aarhus University, Department of Education. Roien, L. (2012). Uge sex and the learning of the pupils. (in Danish: Uge Sex og elevernes læring) Copenhagen: Sex & Samfund. Sex & Samfund (2005). A mapping of sexuality education in Denmark (in Danish: Kortlægning af seksualundervisningen i Danmark). Copenhagen:Sex & Samfund. Sex & Samfund (2012). A survey of sexuality education in public schools (in Danish: Undersøgelse af seksualundervisning I grundskolen). Copenhagen: Sex & Samfund. Simovska, V. (2007). 'The changing meanings of participation in school based health education and health promotion'. Health education research, Vol. 22, n. 6 , pp 864-878. Simovska, V. (2008). Learning in and as participation: A case study from health promoting schools. In: Reid, A., Nikel, J., Bruun Jensen, B., & Simovska, V. (eds.), Participation and learning: perspectives on education and the environment, health and sustainability (pp. 61-81). Springer. Simovska, V., & Jensen, J.M. (Eds.) (2012). The role of health pedagogy in health promotion (in Danish: Sundhedspædagogik i sundhedsfremme) (1 udg.) København: Gad. UNESCO (2009).International guidelines on sexuality education. An evidence informed approach to effective sex, relationships and hiV/education Paris: UNESCO

D-vitamiini on hormoni, jota elimistö tuottaa ihossa auringon UVB -säteilyn vaikutuksesta. Suomessa tällaista UV-valoa on merkittävästi vain kesällä. Talvella D-vitamiinia saadaan ravinnosta. Tärkeimpiä D-vitamiinin lähteitä ovat kala sekä vitaminoidut maitotuotteet ja ravintorasvat. Lisäksi D-vitamiinivalmisteiden käyttöä suositellaan tietyille väestöryhmille. Ihossa tuotettu ja ravinnosta saatu D-vitamiini muuntuu ensin maksassa kalsidioliksi (25OHD) ja sitten joko munuaisissa ja/tai kohde-elimissä kalsitrioliksi (1,25(OH)2D), joka on D-vitamiinin hormonaalisesti aktiivisin muoto. Kalsitrioli säätelee solujen toimintoja vaikuttamalla mm. satojen geenien ilmentymiseen elimistössä. Veressä oleva 25OHD on elimistön D-vitamiinin saannin paras mittari. D-vitamiinilla on keskeinen tehtävä luun rakentumisessa. Se turvaa luun rakennusaineiden riittävän saannin tehostamalla kalsiumin imeytymistä suolistosta ja lisäämällä sen takaisinimeytymistä munuaisissa. Lapsilla riisitauti ja aikuisilla osteoporoosi ovat pitkään jatkuneen D-vitamiinivajeen seurauksia. Uudempien tutkimusten mukaan D-vitamiini vaikuttaa myös mm. elimistön immuunipuolustusjärjestelmään. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa oli useita tavoitteita. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä tutkimme kansallisen maitotuotteiden ja ravintorasvojen D-vitaminoinnin vaikutusta varusmiesten D-vitamiinipitoisuuksiin. Tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 196 varusmiestä. Tammikuussa 2003 25OHD:n keskiarvo oli 34 nmol/l. Sen sijaan tammikuussa 2004, vuosi D-vitaminoinnin aloittamisen jälkeen, keskiarvo nousi 50 nmol/l:iin. Samalla D-vitamiinivajeen esiintyvyys putosi 78 %:sta 35 %:iin. Tutkimus osoitti, että kansallinen maitotuotteiden D-vitaminointi paransi merkittävästi varusmiesten D-vitamiinipitoisuuksia, mutta edelleen D vitamiinivaje todettiin joka kolmannella varusmiehellä. Rasitusmurtuma johtuu tyypillisesti luun ylikuormituksesta. Sitä esiintyy etenkin varusmiehillä ja urheilijoilla. Tiedetään, että alentunut luun tiheys ennakoi rasitusmurtumaa. Toisessa osatyössä selvitimme alentuneen D-vitamiinipitoisuuden yhteyttä rasitusmurtumiin. Tutkimukseen osallistui 756 satunnaisesti valittua tervettä varusmiestä, joiden 25OHD pitoisuus määritettiin ja rasitusmurtumat kirjattiin 90 päivän ajalta. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että rasitusmurtuman saaneilla varusmiehillä D-vitamiinipitoisuus oli alhaisempi kuin kontrolliryhmällä (64 nmol/l ja 76 nmol/l). Niillä varusmiehillä, joiden 25OHD -pitoisuus oli D-vitamiini vaikuttaa elimistön immuunipuolustusjärjestelmään. Kolmannessa osatyössä selvitimme D-vitamiinivajeen ja hengitystieinfektioiden yhteyttä. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että D-vitamiinivajeisilla oli tilastollisesti merkittävästi enemmän hengitystieinfektiosta johtuvia poissaoloja. Lisäksi säännöllisesti liikuntaa harrastavilla oli korkeammat ja tupakoivilla alhaisemmat 25OHD -pitoisuudet. Heinäkuussa 2002 varusmiesten 25OHD pitoisuus oli keskimäärin 80 nmol/l, mikä kuvastaa nuorten miesten riittävää D-vitamiinipitoisuutta kesäaikaan Suomessa. Tutkimus osoitti, että D-vitamiinivaje lisää merkittävästi hengitystieinfektioita. Neljännessä osatyössä tutkimme D-vitamiinivalmisteen vaikutusta hengitystienfektioihin. Tutkimukseen osallistui 164 varusmiestä joista puolet sai 10 mikrog D-vitamiinia ja puolet vastaavasti plasebovalmistetta päivittäin lokakuusta maaliskuuhun. Lokakuussa 2005 D-vitamiiniryhmän 25OHD -pitoisuus oli 79 nmol/l, kun maaliskuussa 2006 se oli 72 nmol/l. Plaseboryhmässä vastaavat pitoisuudet olivat 74 nmol/l ja 51 nmol/l. D-vitamiini- ja plaseboryhmän välillä ei ollut tilastollisesti merkittävää eroa, kun tarkasteltiin poissaoloa palveluksesta hengitystieinfektion vuoksi. Sen sijaan D-vitamiiniryhmässä oli tilastollisesti merkittävästi enemmän niitä (51 %), joilla ei ollut lainkaan poissaoloja hengitystienfektion vuoksi verrattuna plaseboryhmään (36 %). Tutkimuksen mukaan D-vitamiinivalmisteen käyttö saattaa vähentää hengitystieinfektioita. Laajemmat kliiniset tutkimukset ovat kuitenkin tarpeen tuloksen varmentamiseksi. ; Vitamin D is not an actual vitamin but a secosteroid hormone produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol after exposure to sunlight s ultraviolet B radiation. Vitamin D needs to be hydroxylated twice to reach an active form that is able to regulate gene expression through binding with vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and further to vitamin-D-responsive elements (VDREs) in vitamin-D-responsive genes. The level of the major circulating form of the hormone, serum 25OHD, is used for determination of vitamin D status. Vitamin D insufficiency can be regarded as a global issue with substantial implications for health. On account of inadequate sun exposure in wintertime, vitamin D insufficiency is commonplace among all age groups in Finland. As sunlight exposure is inadequate for vitamin D production in the skin, nutrition and supplements are the main sources of vitamin D in northern countries during winter months. Upon the recommendation of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, vitamin D has been added to commercial milk products and margarines since February 2003 in Finland. In the first study, we determined the effects of national policy on vitamin D fortification in young Finnish men. The study population consisted of 196 young Finnish men (18 28 yrs) whose serum 25OHD concentrations were determined with Octeia® enzyme immunoassay by IDS in January 2003 (n = 96) or in January 2004, one year after national vitamin D fortification started. We found a 50% increase in mean serum 25OHD3 concentrations after implementation of the vitamin D fortification of dairy products. In addition, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ( The most commonly known function of vitamin D is the effect on bone mineralisation. Bone stress fractures are one of the most frequently seen types of overuse injuries in athletes and military recruits. An association was recently shown between vitamin D and bone mineral content, with a correlation between low femoral bone density and stress fractures. In the second study, we measured the serum 25OHD concentration in a population sample of military recruits to determine whether vitamin D is a predisposing factor for bone stress fractures. In this prospective study, 800 healthy Finnish military recruits with a mean age of 19 years were followed up for development of stress fractures in homogenous circumstances. Serum 25OHD concentrations were measured with enzyme immunoassay at entry into military service, and the weight, height, body mass index (BMI), physical fitness score, and result of a 12 minute running test were measured for all subjects. In all, 756 subjects had completed the study at the end of 90-day follow-up, and subjects without a fracture constituted controls. The study found 22 recruits with a stress fracture (2.9%), the incidence being 11.6 (95% CI: 6.8 16.5) per 100 person-years. In the final multivariate analysis, the statistically significant risk factor for stress fracture in conscripts was below-median serum 25OHD level (75.8 nmol/l) OR being 3.6 (95% CI: 1.1 11.1). No statistically significant associations between BMI, age, physical fitness score, 12-minute running test or smoking and bone stress fractures were found in this study population. In conclusion, a lower serum 25OHD concentration may be a generally predisposing factor for bone stress fractures. Vitamin D has a role in innate immunity activation; the production of antimicrobial peptides following toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation by pathogen lipopeptides is dependent on a high enough level of 25OHD. Recent evidence suggest that differences in the ability of human populations to produce vitamin D may contribute to susceptibility to microbial infection. In the third study, we explored whether an association exists between vitamin D insufficiency and acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men. For this prospective study, young Finnish men (n = 800) serving at a military base in Finland were enrolled. Serum 25OHD concentrations were measured in July 2002 and the subjects were followed up for six months, and the number of days of absence from duty due to respiratory infection was calculated. The mean serum 25OHD concentration was 80 nmol/l in July 2002 (n = 756). The subjects with serum 25OHD concentrations There is clinical evidence of an association between vitamin D insufficiency and respiratory tract infections. There is also some evidence of prevention of infections by vitamin D supplementation. In the fourth study, we determined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections in young Finnish men. For this RCT, 164 healthy conscripts were enrolled. From October to March, half of them received 10 µg of vitamin D daily and half received a placebo. Smoking was adjusted for in the study s analysis. The mean serum 25OHD concentrations were 79 nmol/l in October 2005 and 72 nmol/l in March 2006 in the vitamin D group. The corresponding concentrations in the placebo group were 74 and 51 nmol/l. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of days of absence from duty (the main outcome variable) between the vitamin D and placebo group. However, the proportion of men remaining healthy throughout the six-month study period was greater in the vitamin D group (51%) than in the placebo group (36%), p = 0.045. Further, in a Cox regression analysis with adjustment for smoking, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for absence from duty due to a respiratory tract infection was lower in the vitamin D group (HR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.43 1.15). The RCT showed some evidence of a preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation against respiratory tract infection. Larger randomised controlled trials are warranted to explore this preventive effect.

1980lerin sonlan ve 1990ların ilk yıllarında adından söz edilen Dönüşümcü liderlik, askeri kökenlidir bir yönetim yaklaşımıdır (Heck & Hallinger, 1999; Bass, 1998). En genel anlamıyla Dönüşümcü liderlik, örgüt çalışanlarının örgütlerine adanmışlıkları ve hedeflerin gerçekleştirilmesi sürecine bağlılıkları olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Popper ve diğerleri, 2000). Bu yaklaşım beceri ve kapasite gelişimini zenginleştirme üzerine odaklanır ve kendi davranışlarını astlarının gereksinmeleri doğrultusunda değiştirirler (Leithwood ve Jantzi, 2006; Marks ve Printy, 2003; Northouse, 2001; Den Hartog ve diğerleri, 1999; Gronn, 1995; Evers ve Lakomski, 1996; Muenjohn ve Anderson, 2007). Bu yaklaşımda liderler, okul vizyonunu oluşturur ve hedefleri belirlerler (Leithwood ve Jantzi, 2000; Castanheira ve Costa, 2011; Leithwood, 1992), çalışanların bireysel motivasyonlarını artırırlar, yüksek performans beklentileri ve başarıya dayalı bir okul iklimi oluştururlar. Aynı zamanda liderler Dönüşümcü çalışanların karara katılımını artırırlar, astlarının beceri ve bilgilerini geliştirirler ve onlara bireysel destek sağlarlar (Silins ve diğerleri, 2002; Bennis ve Nanus, 1997). Hall ve diğerlerine (2008) göre Dönüşümcü liderlik yaklaşımı, yöneticilere sıra dışı liderler olma olanağı sağlar. Bu nedenle McFarlin ve Sweeney (1998), geleceğin başarılı yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü liderler olarak yetiştirilmeleri gerektiğini vurgulamaktadırlar. Dönüşümcü liderliğin bazı özellikleri vardır. Birincisi, liderin kendi davranışları ve astlarının ona atfettiği davranışlar olarak tanımlanan idealleştirilmiş etki, ikincisi, liderin koç ya da mentor olarak her bir bireye özel birisiymiş ilgi göstermeye yönelik sürekli çabası anlamına genel bireysel ilgi, üçüncüsü, liderin yaratıcı ve yenilikçi olmaları yönünde astlarını güdülemesi anlamına gelen entellektüel uyarımdır. Dördüncü özellik, liderin astlarını ortak amaçlar doğrultusunda güdülemesi olarak bilinen esinlenmiş etkidir (Geijsel ve diğerleri, 2003; Nguni ve diğerleri, 2006; Yu ve diğerleri, 2002; Geijsel ve diğerleri, 2003; Leithwood ve Jantzi, 2005; Leithwood ve diğerleri, 2002; Rafferty ve Griffin, 2004). Sonuncusu da uygulama, süreç ve davranışlar ile ilgili olarak çalışanların örgütsel algılarının olumlu yönde değiştirilmesi anlamına gelen yenilikçi iklim oluşturmadır (Moolenaar ve diğerleri, 2010; Cho ve Dansereau, 2010). Birçok çalışma bu özelliklerin çalışanların performansı ve iş doyumu üzerinde etkilerinin bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır (Anderson, 2008; Bass, 1997; Bass ve Avolio, 1994; Bommer ve diğerleri, 2004).Yukarıda değinilen bütün özelliklerin çalışanların ve dolayısıyla da okulun değişimi ve dönüşümü üzerindeki etkileri bu çalışmanın ülkemiz eğitim sistemi bakımından önemini kaçınılmaz kılmıştır. Araştırmanın Amacı Bu araştırmanın iki amacı bulunmaktadır. Birinci amacı Moolenaar ve diğerleri (2010) tarafından geliştirilen Okul Yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü Liderlik Davranışları Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanmasıdır. İkinci amaç ise bu ölçeğe dayalı olarak öğretmenlerin ilköğretim okul yöneticilerinin dönüşümcü liderlik davranışlarına dair algılarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu araştırma ile eğitim sistemimiz içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan okul müdürlerinin Dönüşümcü liderlik özelliklerini ne düzeyde olduğu belirlenmesi ve bu okul yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü liderlik davranışlarının kazandırılması için yapılan diğer çalışmalarla da desteklenen bir takım somut öneriler geliştirilmektedir. Araştırmanın Yöntemi Araştırmada tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin gerçeklik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarının yapılması amacıyla açımlayıcı (exploratory) ve doğrulayıcı (confirmatory) faktör analizleri yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi, Mardin il merkezi ve ilçelerinde 310 ve doğrulayıcı faktör analiz ise Adıyaman il merkezi ve ilçelerinde görev yapan 390 ilköğretim öğretmeninin araştırmaya katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda ülkemizde uygulanabilirliği, geçerlik ve güvenilirliği kanıtlanan ölçme aracı, öğretmen algılarına göre ilköğretim okul yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü liderlik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla, geçerlilik ve uyarlama çalışmalarının dışında kalan Adıyaman (n343) ve Malatya il merkezinde görev yapan (n479) katılımcılar olmak üzere toplam 822 ilköğretim öğretmenine uygulanmıştır. Uyarlama çalışması sonucunda ölçek beşli Likert tipinde 23 maddeden oluştuğu anlaşılmaktadır. Buna göre ölçek, vizyon oluşturma, bireysel ilgi, entelektüel uyarım ve yenilik iklimi oluşturma olmak üzere dört alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Ölçekte puan yüksekliği okul yöneticilerinin dönüşümcü liderlik özelliklerinin iyi olduğunu göstermektedir. Ölçeğin kapsam geçerliliği için İngilizce 'den Türkçe' ye çevirisi ve geri çevirisi yapılmış ve bu konuda uzman görüşüne başvurulmuştur. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini ve faktör yapısını incelemek amacıyla açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Faktörleştirme tekniği olarak temel bileşenler analizi ve varimax dik döndürme tekniği seçilmiştir. Qlçeğin Türkiye koşullarında uygulanabilirliğini doğrulayabilmek için madde faktör ve madde toplam korelasyonları, ayırt edicilik ve madde iç tutarlılık (Cronbach Alfa) gibi madde analizleri yapılmıştır. 4 faktörlü yapı doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile de test edilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde SPSS 15.0 ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizde ise için Lisrel 8.80 programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın Bulguları Araştırmaya katılan öğretmenlerin demografik özellikleri değerlendirildiğinde katılımcıların % 47.6'sının kadın, .4'ü erkek olduğu ve % 41.5'inin ilköğretim birinci ve .5'inin de ikinci kademede görev yapmakta olduğu görülmektedir. Ölçeğin uyarlanması sürecinde yapılan araştırmaya ilişkin iki araştırma bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Birinci bulguda, ölçeğin uyarlanmasına ilişkin açımlayıcı faktör analizinde, KMO 0.95 ve Bartlett testinin X2(253)5265,175; pc.01 olması dağılımın çok değişkenli normal dağılımdan geldiğini göstermektedir. Faktör yük değerlerinin kabul düzeylerine göre bir maddenin (22. madde) yük değerleri farkının 0.1 den büyük olması nedeniyle maddenin ölçekten çıkarılmasına karar verilmiştir. Buna göre, 23 madde ve 4 alt ölçekten oluşan ölçek, toplam varyansm % 69.31'ini açıklamaktadır. Ölçeğin tamamına ilişkin Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik kat sayısı 0.96'dır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizinde ise, x2 506.93, df 224, x2/df 2.3, GFI 0.90,AGFI0.85,NFI0.98, NNFI0.98, CFI0.98 ve RMSEA 0.066 olduğundan ve ölçeğinin iyi bir model olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İkinci bulgu ise katılımcı öğretmenlerin % 61.2'si müdürlerin okul vizyonunun paydaşlarca benimsenmesine, % 72.0'ı öğretmenlerin bireysel ilgi, % 64,8'i okulda yenilik ikliminin oluşturulması, % 65,1'i öğretmenlerin bireysel ilgi anlamında desteklenmesine önem verdiğini belirtmişlerdir. Öğretmenlerin cinsiyet değişkenleri ile ölçeğin alt boyutları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p.05). Buna göre, erkek öğretmenler kadın öğretmenlere göre, okul yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü liderlik özelliklerinin daha iyi olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan farklı statülerdeki öğretmenlerin algılarına göre, okul yöneticilerinin dönüşümcü liderlik davranışları alt ölçekleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık yoktur (p.05). Araştırmanın Sonuçları ve Öneriler Okul Yöneticilerinin Dönüşümcü Liderlik Davranışları Ölçeğinin uyarlanması çalışması sonucunda ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir nitelikte olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Hem açımlayıcı hem de doğrulayıcı analizlerle test edilen ölçekten sadece bir madde atılmıştır. Ölçeğin iyilik uyum indeksleri yeterli ölçüdedir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre öğretmenler, müdürlerinin vizyon geliştirme, bireysel ilgi, entellektüel uyarım ve yenilikçi iklim oluşturma davranışları konusunda genelde olumlu bir algıya sahiptirler. Yine araştırmada elde edilen bir sonuca göre öğretmenler, müdürlerinin liderlik özelliklerinin ve iletişim becerilerinin iyi olduğunu ve kendilerini yeterli bir şekilde güdülediklerini belirtmişlerdir. Bu sonuçlar değişik araştırmalar tarafından da desteklenmektedir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, okul yöneticilerinin dönüşümcü liderlik rolünü gerçekleştirme düzeyinin yükseltilmesi amacıyla, üniversite-bakanlık işbirliği, yöneticilikte eğitim yönetimi alanında lisansüstü eğitim koşulu aranması, yönetici atamalarında politik etkilerden uzak yeterlilik ölçütlerinin esas alınması ve öğretmenlerin kuramsal adanmışlığınm sağlanmasına uygun bir okul kültürünün oluşturulması önerilerine yer verilmiştir. ; Problem Statement: Transformational leadership increases organization members' commitment and engagement in meeting organizational goals and it enhances skills and capacities. Many studies reveal that transformational leadership behaviors, such as idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, innovative climate, and intellectual stimulation, are positively related to better performance and increased job satisfaction. It is considered that since managers of the future will be transformational leaders, they should be trained as transformational leaders. Purpose of the Study: The main purpose of this study is to introduce usability of the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Headmasters' Transformational Leadership Scale. It also purposes to discover headmasters' behaviors based on teachers' perceptions. Methods: In this study, a descriptive statistical model was employed, and 822 teachers participated in the Malatya (n442) and Adıyaman (n380) provinces. The sample of this study was chosen by a purposive sampling method. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed to obtain evidence related to construct validity of the scale, and it administered on 330 primary schools teachers in Mardin. For Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), it was administered to 390 teachers in Adıyaman, Turkey. Findings and Results: After EFA and CFA processes, it was proven that this scale is valid and usable for the Turkish context. As a result of the reliability and validity processes, the adapted form of the scale was composed of 23 items. Item sub-factor correlation was between 0.78 and 0.90, and item total correlation was between 0.61 and 0.80. Cronbach value was found to be 0.96. Other values found were 0.87 for vision building; 0.88 for individual consideration; 0.92 for intellectual consideration; and 0.91 for the innovative climate sub-dimension. As a result, it was discovered that 61.22% of the teachers remarked that their headmasters provided participation for vision building; 72.02% stated that their individual consideration were valued; and 65.07% claimed that their individual stimulation was supported. Finally, 80% asserted that they were encouraged for an innovative climate in their organizations. Conclusion and Recommendations: Results reveal that teachers' perceptions about their headmasters' transformational leadership behaviors are positive in vision building, individual consideration, intellectual stimulation, and innovative climate. They perceive their headmasters' leadership qualities and communicative skills positively. It is recommended that headmasters who are incompetent should be trained carefully through in-service programs.

En este artículo se propone una transformación del gobierno de las universidades públicas de Colombia en el marco de una propuesta de reforma de la educación superior. En esta se debe introducir la idea de la profundización de la democracia en consonancia con las transformaciones políticas y sociales que se están dando en el país en el sentido de un cambio en las estructuras de poder político. Esta transformación tiene que darse mediante una radicalización de la representación profesoral y estudiantil. ; Aunque es común referirse al imperio internacional de la ley, es menos común definirlo o explorar lo que significa. En este ensayo examino el imperio internacional de la ley en la práctica y en teoría. Esto es importante porque muchas controversias sobre la dirección de la política mundial se basan de hecho en explicaciones diferentes del imperio internacional de la ley. Comprender las diferentes maneras en que se usa esta idea y sus implicaciones para la elección de políticas puede ayudar a clarificar lo que se está discutiendo y lo que no en las controversias globales. Yo planteo tres enfoques distintos del concepto de imperio internacional de la ley y los comparo con la práctica estatal contemporánea. El primero está anclado en la obligación de los estados de cumplir sus obligaciones legales internacionales. El segundo traza una analogía con el imperio doméstico de la ley. El tercero parte de la observación de que los estados invocan la ley internacional para explicar y justificar sus políticas – de aquí se amplía a un modelo de la ley como parte integral de la legitimación política. Me parece que el tercero ofrece la comprensión conceptualmente más coherente del imperio internacional de la ley y tiene implicaciones interesantes para el estudio de la ley y la política internacionales. ; El autor aborda la tendencia del crecimiento del capital por encima de la expansión económica, que ha generado una excesiva desigualdad, mostrando que esto además ha coincidido con el retroceso en el estado de bienestar, incidiendo en las políticas nacionales y por ello generando una transformación del estatus de ciudadano hacia un productor de bienes y consumidor. Los argumentos se dirigen a mostrar cómo esta situación contradice los principios de protección de las mínimas condiciones sociales y económicas esgrimidos por la declaración universal de los derechos humanos y el modo como el capital internacional incide en las decisiones políticas transformando el concepto tradicional de soberanía y de ciudadanía. Se evidencia pues una necesidad de decisiones que, en términos políticos impongan cargas económicas al capital, sobre todo al internacional. ; La filosofía estándar de la economía presupone que en el dominio de los fenómenos económicos subyacen regularidades estables, las cuales pueden explicarse mediante el funcionamiento de mecanismos o de máquinas socioeconómicas. Asimismo, se considera que una vez puestos en funcionamiento, su comportamiento no necesita de subsecuentes intervenciones. Esto implica asumir que los procesos socioeconómicos tienen una naturaleza semejante a los de las ciencias naturales. No obstante, dichas regularidades son por lo general examinadas a la luz de algún modelo económico, por lo cual pierden muchas veces contacto con el mundo real. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo poner en el centro del análisis otro objeto de estudio: los procesos económicos basados en expectativas. Se trata de procesos en los cuales la acción humana funciona como nexo causal entre las variables económicas y en los que dicha acción es producto de una formación previa de expectativas, las cuales son sensibles a la información del contexto. Se mostrará que en esta clase de procesos la intervención sistemática sobre las condiciones de fondo y sobre las expectativas es fundamental si lo que se busca es alcanzar un objetivo deseado o lograr un proceso estable. Esta intervención requerirá no solo del conocimiento proporcionado por los modelos, sino también de un conocimiento extrateorético o interdisciplinario. ; El desarrollo y la especialización que sufrieran los organismos policiales durante la modernidad condujeron a un cuestionamiento en torno a sus competencias para afectar las formas de vida de la sociedad, llegando a un punto máximo cuando esta intervención comprendía limitar la libertad —tanto pública como privada— de los ciudadanos. El debate que surge en torno a la actividad policial en relación con estos dos puntos —entre coerción y libertad— es el presentado a la luz de los pensamientos de Fichte y Hegel, con vista a analizar las condiciones (y las condicionantes que impone) en las que ejerce su acción dentro de la sociedad. ; En este artículo se expone una reflexión desde la propuesta teórica de Charles Taylor sobre la construcción de la identidad individual como una narración social frente a la crítica de Amartya Sen, quien propone la identidad como resultado solo de la elección personal. Se argumenta que las críticas que Amartya Sen hace a los argumentos de Taylor son infundadas, ya que la perspectiva de Charles Taylor se centra más en el carácter fundamentalmente constructivo, narrativo y dialógico de la identidad que en la pérdida de la libertad y la mera aceptación acrítica de la identidad asumida. Se concluye que la identidad como narración social desde la perspectiva teoría de Taylor sí da cabida a la capacidad de elegir de los individuos y a la consideración de las identidades múltiples y múltiples lealtades identitarias, pero se hace notar la importancia del contexto social y del grupo por encima de la elección personal en el momento en que una persona construye su identidad, ya que les da valor a los bienes externos como la comunidad cultural y lingüística a la que la pertenece y que hacen posible la inteligibilidad y la narración de lo que somos y de quiénes somos. ; Se examina la relación entre razones y causas de la acción en el psicoanálisis freudiano. Hay acuerdo en que Freud confundía, o por lo menos no hizo una distinción rigurosa a lo largo de su trabajo, entre razones y causas. Se analizarán dos interpretaciones al respecto. De un lado, la que sostiene que había en él una tendencia naturalista y que, en ese sentido, nunca abandonó su pretensión de encontrar las causas de la acción humana; de otro lado, la que defiende que en Freud imperó siempre una orientación más psicologizante, con base en la cual defendió la búsqueda del sentido de actos fallidos, sueños, etc.; lo cual lo llevó a abandonar su orientación cientificista y a concentrarse en la comprensión o interpretación de la acción. Como alternativa se propone considerar que el conflicto en Freud se soluciona si dejamos de lado los dualismos razones / causas y comprensión /explicación. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la interpretación tradicional según la cual los razonamientos de Zenón de Elea en contra de la multiplicidad constituyen una defensa de la tesis monista. Intentaré demostrar que las objeciones zenonianas a la multiplicidad suponen una crítica previa a la existencia de "lo uno". Por este motivo, Zenón no es monista ni pluralista, sino, más bien, un crítico de las perspectivas metafísicas que consideran al ser en términos numéricos, i. e. como uno o como múltiple. Para ello me concentraré en el análisis de la interpretación que Aristóteles desarrolla sobre la filosofía de Zenón, considerando algunos pasajes de Física, Refutaciones sofísticas y, fundamentalmente, Metafísica, III. 4. 1001b7-13 (DK 29 A 21). También incluiré algunos testimonios del comentario a la Física de Simplicio, en los que se discuten las interpretaciones de Eudemo de Rodas y Alejandro de Afrodisia, que ratifican el punto de vista aristotélico sobre la filosofía de Zenón (In Ph. 99.7-18, DK 29 A 21; 138.3-6, DK 29 A 22). ; A fines de los 50 y a lo largo de los años 60 Feyerabend formula su doctrina de la proliferación teórica. Con ella busca inicialmente destacar la presencia positiva de la metafísica en el proceso de explicación teórica. Concretamente, pretende dar cuenta de la impotencia de toda teoría científica de explicar realísticamente el mundo si no estuviera informada por supuestos que sus interlocutores juzgan como a-científicos o pre-científicos. Ahora bien, para poder precisar el papel que juega la metafísica en el proceso de explicación teórica es preciso dilucidar qué entiende Feyerabend por realismo. Entre los especialistas existe una discusión acerca de si este defiende un realismo científico o un antirrealismo. Con el propósito de poder comprender en qué sentido Feyerabend sostiene que la metafísica provee vías de acceso para explicar el mundo, procuraremos demostrar la naturaleza normativa de su realismo.