Suchergebnisse

В представленной статье автором исследуются возможности реализации интеллектуально­морального внутреннего потенциала лидера – созидателя как субъекта властной деятельности в условиях исторической эволюции украинского общества на этапах его транзитивности.В условиях глобальных вызовов, складывающейся геополитической и геоэкономической структуры мира инновационная модернизация современной Украины востребует потенциал новой политически, экономически, духовно­нравственно интеллектуальной элиты, которая способна урегулировать отношения в системе координат общественного развития и привести социум к морально­нравственному консенсусу. Именно в такие переломные моменты истории, в условиях транзитивности общества востребованы новые типы лидеров (лидер – разрушитель, лидер – собиратель, лидер – созидатель), выступающие как субъекты вертикали власти, базовые конфигураторы достойного ответа очередному историческому вызову.Внимание к феномену лидера ­ созидателя обращено, прежде всего потому, что носитель субъективного фактора истории в переходные периоды – это не только активный представитель вертикали власти, профессионально решающий вопросы управления страной, а «лицо истории» ­ всесторонне развитая пассионарная личность, обладающая особыми биопсихосоциальными способностями. В статье феномен лидера ­ созидателя рассматривается с позиций философского и научного знания через призму социально­философского анализа. Лидер исследуется как личность с устойчивой системой определенных задатков, способностей, которые формируются в процессе исторических общественных отношений и характеризуют конкретный тип общества. Сущность лидера ­ созидателя выявляется через анализ его типичных био­психофизиологических свойств на фундаментальном уровне (индивида), субъектно – личностном уровне (личности), на идеально – духовном уровне (индивидуальности). Его базовые атрибуты выявляются через анализ сущностных сил субъекта власти, таких как интеллект, чувства и воля, которые отражают определенную степень социальной зрелости индивида и его специализированность,Особое место в исследовании уделяется интеллекту лидера, как относительной структуре умственных способностей, позволяющих ему стратегически мыслить и принимать эффективные решения. Интеллект лидера как субъекта власти заявляет о себе через волю, а воля как базовый атрибут субъекта власти проявляется в трех компонентах – «воля к власти», «воля к истине» и «воля к духовному совершенству». Обосновывается приоритеность базовых атрибутов личности лидера­созидателя («воля к истине» и «воля к духовному соверщенству») на втором и третьем этапах переходности украинского социума, которые позволяют субъекту власти в современных транзитивных реалиях обеспечить чистоту истинного знания о происходящем и объективно оценить нравственный характер своей властной деятельности. ; В представленной статье автором исследуются возможности реализации интеллектуально­морального внутреннего потенциала лидера – созидателя как субъекта властной деятельности в условиях исторической эволюции украинского общества на этапах его транзитивности.В условиях глобальных вызовов, складывающейся геополитической и геоэкономической структуры мира инновационная модернизация современной Украины востребует потенциал новой политически, экономически, духовно­нравственно интеллектуальной элиты, которая способна урегулировать отношения в системе координат общественного развития и привести социум к морально­нравственному консенсусу. Именно в такие переломные моменты истории, в условиях транзитивности общества востребованы новые типы лидеров (лидер – разрушитель, лидер – собиратель, лидер – созидатель), выступающие как субъекты вертикали власти, базовые конфигураторы достойного ответа очередному историческому вызову.Внимание к феномену лидера ­ созидателя обращено, прежде всего потому, что носитель субъективного фактора истории в переходные периоды – это не только активный представитель вертикали власти, профессионально решающий вопросы управления страной, а «лицо истории» ­ всесторонне развитая пассионарная личность, обладающая особыми биопсихосоциальными способностями. В статье феномен лидера ­ созидателя рассматривается с позиций философского и научного знания через призму социально­философского анализа. Лидер исследуется как личность с устойчивой системой определенных задатков, способностей, которые формируются в процессе исторических общественных отношений и характеризуют конкретный тип общества. Сущность лидера ­ созидателя выявляется через анализ его типичных био­психофизиологических свойств на фундаментальном уровне (индивида), субъектно – личностном уровне (личности), на идеально – духовном уровне (индивидуальности). Его базовые атрибуты выявляются через анализ сущностных сил субъекта власти, таких как интеллект, чувства и воля, которые отражают определенную степень социальной зрелости индивида и его специализированность,Особое место в исследовании уделяется интеллекту лидера, как относительной структуре умственных способностей, позволяющих ему стратегически мыслить и принимать эффективные решения. Интеллект лидера как субъекта власти заявляет о себе через волю, а воля как базовый атрибут субъекта власти проявляется в трех компонентах – «воля к власти», «воля к истине» и «воля к духовному совершенству». Обосновывается приоритеность базовых атрибутов личности лидера­созидателя («воля к истине» и «воля к духовному соверщенству») на втором и третьем этапах переходности украинского социума, которые позволяют субъекту власти в современных транзитивных реалиях обеспечить чистоту истинного знания о происходящем и объективно оценить нравственный характер своей властной деятельности. ; In the presented article the author investigates possibilities of intellectual and moral internal potential of leader ­ creator as subject of imperious activity in the conditions of historical evolution and reformation of Ukrainian society on the stages of its transitivity.In the conditions of global challenges, forming geopolitical and geoeconomic structure of the world innovative modernization of modern Ukraine will claim potential of the new politically, economically, spiritual­moral intellectual elite that is able to settle relation in the system of coordinates of community development and to bring society to ­moral consensus. Exactly in such critical moments of history, in the conditions of transitivity of society the new types of leaders (leader as a destroyer, leader ­ as collector, leader ­ as creator), acting as subjects of vertical line of power, base configurators of worthy answer to the next historical call, are highly sought.Attention to the phenomenon of leader ­ as creator is paid, foremost because carrier of human factor of history in transitional periods is not only the active representative of vertical line of power, but a «face of history» a multi­skilled passionar personality, possessing the special biopsychological capabilities. In the article the phenomenon of leader ­ creator is examined from positions of philosophical and scientific knowledge through the prism of socially­philosophical analysis. A leader is investigated as personality with the steady system of certain capabilities (socially­meaningful qualities) that is formed in the process of historical public relations and characterizes a certain type of society. Essence of leader ­ creator comes to light through the analysis of his typical biopsychophisiological properties at fundamental level (individual), subject ­ personality level (personalities), on ideally ­ spiritual level (individuality). His base attributes come to light through the analysis of essential forces of subject of power, such as an intellect, feelings and will that reflect the certain degree of social maturity of individual, his professionalism.The special place in research is given to leader's intellect, as relative structure of mental abilities allowing him to think strategically and accept effective decisions. Leader 's intellect as subject of power declares about itself through will, and will as a base attribute of subject of power is shown in three components is «will to power», «will to truth» and «will to spiritual perfection». Priority of base personal attributes of leader­creator («will to truth» and «will to spiritual perfection») is grounded on the second and third stages of transition of Ukrainian society, that allow to the subject of power in modern transition realities to provide the pureness of current veritable knowledge and objectively estimate moral character of the imperious activity.

International audience ; The essay analyzes a text by Marcel Spada, Portrait of Pagani, traces the history of a family of Italian origin, since the arrival in France of the grandparents in Hyères (Var) to the beginning of the third generation in the 1950s. This novel, written in 1955, was destroyed by his author, who regained his composure after drawing on his memory. Without this destruction, occurred when it was not yet fashionable to highlight his «ritalianité», Marcel Spada would probably have been one of the first «children of Italians» of France to reopen the «suitcase of the migrant» of his ancestors and neighbors. The article focuses on the relationship that each generation has with Italy and the political and cultural environment that supports the settlement in Hyères (in France and in general), especially in the turmoil of the Second World War. The A.'s aim is to show how Marcel Spada, following his literary vein, contributed to the reconstruction of the past and the memory of Italians in France, an experience that private and family dramas often buried in oblivion and that historical events have helped to erase. ; El ensayo analiza un texto de Marcel Spada, Retrato de Pagani, que sigue la historia de una familia de origen italiano, desde la llegada a Francia de los abuelos en Hyères (Var) hasta el comienzo de la tercera generación en 1950. La novela, escrita en 1955, fue destruida por su autor, que luego la arreglara siguiendo los trazos de su memoria. Sin esta destrucción inicial, en una época en la que todavía no estaba de moda hacer exhaltar la «ritalianité», Marcel Espada probablemente habría sido uno de los primeros «hijos de italianos» de Francia a volver a abrir la «maleta del migrante» de sus ancenstros y de sus sus vecinos, entre ellos la de una familia de origen italiano, que conoció en persona. Todo ello, sin el propósito de compartir con sus lectores la percepción de la experiencia de la migración. El ensayo concentra su atención sobre la relación entre diversas generaciones, Italia y la atmósfera política y cultural durante el asentamiento de la empresa de Hyères (y de Francia en general), especialmente durante los acontecimientos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El A. muestra cómo Marcel Espada, dejándese llevar por su vena literaria, contribuyó a la reconstrucción del pasado y de la memoria de los italianos en Francia, una experiencia que los dramas privados y familiares a menudo han enterrado en el olvido y que los acontecimientos históricos han contribuido a eliminar. ; Cet article porte sur un roman de Marcel Spada, Portrait des Pagani, retraçant l'histoire d'une famille d'origine italienne, depuis l'arrivée en France des grands-parents à Hyères (Var) jusqu'à l'adolescence de la troisième génération, dans les années 1950. Le roman, rédigé une première fois en 1955, avait été détruit par son auteur, qui l'a recomposé plus tard de mémoire. Sans cette destruction, survenue lors qu'il n'était pas encore de bon ton de mettre en avant sa «ritalianité», Marcel Spada aurait sans doute été l'un des premiers «enfants d'Italiens» de France à rouvrir la «valise du migrant» de ses ancêtres et de ses voisins, notamment celle d'une famille d'origine italienne qu'il a personnellement connue, et, sans que ce soit pour autant son but premier, à faire partager à ses lecteurs sa perception de l'expérience migratoire. L'article se penche sur les relations que chaque génération entretient avec l'Italie et sur l'environnement politique et culturel qui accompagne son installation dans la société hyéroise (et française en général), notamment dans la tourmente de la deuxième guerre mondiale. L'objectif est de montrer comment Marcel Spada, en suivant sa veine littéraire, contribue à la reconstruction du passé et de la mémoire des Italiens en France, une expérience que les drames privés et familiaux ont souvent enfoui dans l'oubli et que les vents et marées de l'Histoire ont contribué à effacer. ; Il saggio analizza un testo di Marcel Spada, Ritratto di Pagani, che ripercorre la storia di una famiglia di origine italiana, dall'arrivo in Francia dei nonni a Hyères (Varo) fino all'inizio della terza generazione nel 1950. Il romanzo, scritto nel 1955, fu distrutto dal suo autore, che lo ricompose in seguito attingendo dalla sua memoria. Senza questa iniziale distruzione, in un epoca in cui non andava ancora di moda evidenziare la propria «ritalianité», Marcel Spada sarebbe stato probabilmente uno dei primi «figli di italiani» della Francia a riaprire la «valigia del migrante» dei suoi antenati e dei suoi vicini di casa, tra cui quella di una famiglia di origine italiana, che conobbe di persona. Il saggio si concentra sul rapporto tre le diverse generazioni, l'Italia e l'ambiente politico e culturale durante l'insediamento nella società di Hyères (e della Francia e in generale) in particolare durante le vicende della Seconda guerra mondiale. L'A. mostra come Marcel Spada, seguendo la sua vena letteraria, contribuì alla ricostruzione del passato e della memoria degli italiani in Francia, un'esperienza che i drammi privati e familiari hanno spesso sepolto nell'oblio e che gli eventi storici hanno contribuito a cancellare. ; O ensaio analisa um texto de Marcel Spada, Retrato de Pagani, que acompanha a história de uma família de origem italiana, da chegada dos avôs na França, em Hyères (Varo), até o começo da terceira geração, em 1950. O texto, escrito em 1955, foi destruído pelo próprio autor, que o escreveu novamente mais tarde buscando na sua memória. Se não tivesse destruído o primeiro texto, numa época na qual ainda não estava na moda destacar a própria «ritalianité», Marcel Spada teria sido provavelmente um dos primeiros «filhos de italianos» da França abrindo a "mala do migrante" dos próprios antepassados e dos vizinhos de moradia, entre os quais uma família de origem italiana, que ele conheceu pessoalmente. Tudo isso, sem a preocupação de compartilhar com os leitores, a percepção da experiência da migração. O ensaio se focaliza na relação entre as diferentes gerações, a Itália e o ambiente político e cultural durante a inserção na sociedade de Hyères (e da França em geral), especialmente durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O autor explica como Marcel Spada, com a sua propensão para a escrita, contribuiu para a reconstrução do passado e da memória dos italiano na França, uma experiência muitas vezes esquecida, devido aos acontecimentos dramáticos, da pessoa ou da família, e apagada pelos eventos históricos.

Welcome to the last issue of the IJEI for 2013. It has been an exciting year with numerous conferences and research on academic integrity around the world. Auckland University of Technology kicked off the year with the Fraud, Fakery and Fabrication: Academic and research integrity conference, the International Center for Academic Integrity held their annual conference in San Antonio on 28 February, the National Roundtable and Australian National Speaking Tour for the Exemplary Academic Integrity Project was also held in late February and early March, the 3rd World Conference on Research Integrity was held in Montreal in May, the Plagiarism across Europe and Beyond Conference shared the results of the 'Impact of policies for plagiarism in higher education across Europe' project in Brno, Czech Republic in June, and the 6th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity showcased the work of Australian Office for Learning and Teaching commissioned projects on academic integrity in Sydney in October. With so much interest and research on this topic across a range of countries and contexts, it is perhaps not surprising that the current issue is an eclectic mix of reflective, conceptual, empirical and case study work from researchers spanning six countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Norway, Australia, Sweden, Indonesia and the UK. The issue covers diverse topics extending from the development of academic skills, to motivations and predictors of student plagiarism, systems to reduce plagiarism and the responsibility of universities to provide marketing information based on ethical principles of honesty and trustworthiness. Student groups represented include secondary school, undergraduate and postgraduate. Radhika Iyer-O'Sullivan, formerly of the British University in Dubai, analyses faculty feedback, samples of student writing and Turnitin Similarity Reports to determine if teaching critical reading as a threshold concept results in critical thinking and subsequently improved critical writing skills. While the sample was small and the results inconclusive, Iyer-O'Sullivan makes the case that teaching critical reading assists students to understand the importance of using supporting evidence to develop a convincing academic argument. Håvard Skaar and Hugo Hammer from Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway use a mixed-methods approach to explore secondary school students' plagiarism of internet sources in essay writing. The survey of 67 students indicated that 75% of students reported plagiarising from online sources and that plagiarism accounted for 25% of the total amount of text. Students with a higher grade in written Norwegian plagiarised less than those with a lower grade, and students more conversant with appropriate citation practices plagiarised less than those students less familiar with referencing conventions. Qualitative feedback from interviews with 29 students indicated that the students wanted to spend as little time and effort as possible on the assessment task and that plagiarism was chosen as a writing strategy, with little reflection on the moral aspects on this decision. In contrast, Rebecca Awdry, from the University of Canberra, and Rick Sarre, from the University of South Australia, found that the university students in their study expressed strong ethical positions in relation to plagiarism, arguing that it was cheating and dishonest. Awdry and Sarre explored students' motivations to plagiarise using a mixed methods approach, and analysed the data through the prism of criminological theory. The authors conclude that while rational choice theory provides some insight into student breaches of academic integrity, there is an apparent disconnect between the way that academics view students' behaviour and how students themselves express their motivations. In agreement with key writers in the field (Bertram Gallant, McCabe, Bretag et al.), Awdry and Sarre conclude that higher education providers should focus less on detection and punishment and more on developing a values-based culture of integrity. Based on a sample of 362 undergraduate psychology students, and in the context of the Indonesian government's position that any form of plagiarism "is a serious offense that may even be classified as an illegal action", Ide Bagus Siaputra, from Universitas Surabaya, explores the proposition that "regardless of the presence or absence of opportunities and the severity of the potential sanctions, some individuals seem to be prone to plagiarism". Siaputra builds on the work of Williams, Nathanson and Paulhus (2010), to propose five variables as predictors of plagiarism, including procrastination, performance, personality, perfectionism, and achievement motivation, and names the model 'the 4PA of plagiarism'. Findings from the author's study indicate that procrastination was the key predictor of plagiarism, followed by achievement motivation. Looking to provide a multi-pronged response to student plagiarism, Ken Larsson and Henrik Hansson from Stockholm University, Sweden share the results of an innovation at their university. The digital system called SciPro was developed to support independent student thesis work, decrease the burden on supervisors for feedback on basic skills, and reduce plagiarism. The system includes a number of modules which facilitate management, communication and learning. According to the authors, SciPro works to prevents plagiarism by providing: 1) clear instructions about rules and regulations for students and supervisors; 2) an online peer-review system; 3) transparent online communication and file storage of accumulated manuscripts; and 4) a final seminar module enabling automatic generation of originality reports from Turnitin when students upload their final thesis manuscripts. Larsson and Hansson report that the implementation of SciPro has resulted in substantial improvements in policy development, successful integration of anti-plagiarism software, and an increased awareness of plagiarism issues. The final paper in the issue reminds us that academic integrity is an issue which underpins every aspect of the educational enterprise and goes well beyond plagiarism in student assessment. Educational psychologist, John Bradley, from the UK, offers a typology of nine misleading data-based marketing claims based on his examination of UK university prospectuses. Bradley's analysis leads him to assert that marketing of higher education should aspire to higher ethical standards than marketing in general because of the high stakes involved for a potentially vulnerable group, and because the reputation of the university is founded on having high standards of scholarship. Rather than rely on external regulators to ensure the authenticity of marketing claims, the author advocates a system of voluntary peer review of university marketing prospectuses based on the principles of research and publication ethics. I trust you will enjoy this varied issue which will interest teachers, researchers, policymakers, administrators and marketers of education, in both secondary and tertiary contexts. Volume 10(1) of the IJEI, to be published in June 2014, will include the best reviewed papers from the Plagiarism Across Europe and Beyond Conference, Czech Republic 2013, along with appropriate papers submitted via the IJEI platform. Tracey Bretag, IJEI Editor Email: tracey.bretag@unisa.edu.au

Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Information und Kommunikation in den forstlichen Organisationen des Landes Baden-Württemberg. Um Informationen zu erhalten und die Organisation mittels Kommunikation zielorientiert führen zu können, werden in den Baden-Württembergischen Forstorganisationen eine Vielzahl von Führungsinstru¬menten eingesetzt. Eines davon sind die internen forstlichen Berichte. Diese haben den Zweck, die Entscheidungsträger bei ihren Managementaufgaben zu unterstützen. Interne Berichte werden bezüglich ihrer Nützlichkeit häufig kritisiert. Bislang ist nicht bekannt, inwiefern die internen forstlichen Berichte die Entscheidungsträger tatsächlich bei ihren Managementaufgaben unterstützen können. Unbekannt ist auch, welche Schwierigkeiten ggf. dazu führen, dass die internen forstlichen Berichte ihren Zweck nicht oder nur eingeschränkt erreichen und inwiefern Möglichkeiten bestehen, etwaige Probleme zu beheben. Hieraus ergeben sich folgende Forschungsziele: Am Beispiel der internen forstlichen Berichte soll beschrieben und erklärt werden, welche Probleme bei der betrieblichen Information und Kommunikation der forstlichen Organisationen des Landes Baden-Württemberg vorliegen. Auch soll beschrieben und erklärt werden, inwieweit die internen forstlichen Berichte ihren Berichtszweck erfüllen können. Darauf aufbauend soll erarbeitet werden, welche Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Gestaltung bestehen, um die aufgezeigten Probleme zu beheben oder zumindest zu mildern. Der theoretische Bezugsrahmen besteht aus zwei Teilen. Der erste Teil des Bezugsrahmens basiert auf konventionellen betriebswirtschaftlichen Theorien zu Schwierigkeiten im Informationssystem. Dieser beschreibt den Realitätsausschnitt, der untersucht werden soll, allerdings nicht in ausreichendem Maße. Deshalb wird in einem zweiten Teil des theoretischen Bezugsrahmens die informelle Seite einer Organisation – basierend auf den Theorien zur Organisationskultur - beleuchtet. Die zwei Teile des Bezugsrahmens unterscheiden sich in ihren Aussagen, z. T. widersprechen sie sich. Mittels zweier qualitativer empirischer Studien mit explorativem Charakter wurde geprüft, inwiefern die internen forstlichen Berichte den an sie gestellten Anforderungen als Führungsinstrument gerecht werden können. Ziel der ersten Teilstudie war, die Probleme bei der Erreichung des Berichtszwecks zu ermitteln, die erkennbar werden, wenn diese aus der Perspektive des ersten Teils des Bezugsrahmens untersucht werden. Hierzu wurden sieben Leitfadeninterviews und vier Gruppendiskussionen mit Realgruppen durchgeführt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach MAYRING (2003). Die zweite Teilstudie bezweckte einen Einblick in die Organisationskultur von ForstBW (Bezeichnung der derzeitigen Organisationsform der forstlichen Organisationen des Landes Baden-Württemberg). Es wurden vier Gruppendiskussionen mit Realgruppen durchgeführt, die nach der dokumentarischen Methode der Interpretation nach BOHNSACK (2008), einer wissenssoziologisch-hermeneutischen Methode, gedeutet wurden. Die erste Teilstudie ermittelte mehrere Störungen im Informationsprozess, den die Berichte durchlaufen, sowie zahlreiche Störungsursachen, die die Störungen auslösen und deren Störungswirkungen. Auf der Grundlage der empirischen Ergebnisse der zweiten Teilstudie und anhand der im Bezugsrahmen beschriebenen Kriterien kann ermittelt werden, dass ForstBW durch eine starke Organisationskultur charakterisiert ist. Aus den Theorien werden für starke Organisationskulturen folgende Thesen, die betriebliche Information und Kommunikation betreffend, abgeleitet: Es besteht die Tendenz, sich gegenüber dem Umfeld abzuschotten. Auch werden eher nur kleinere Veränderungen akzeptiert. Hiervon sind wesentliche Teile der Organisationsmitglieder betroffen, denn je stärker die Organisationskultur ist, desto mehr neigen die Beschäftigten dazu, Konformität zu erzwingen. Auf der Basis der Zusammenführung dieser beiden Studien wird folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Welche für die Praxis relevanten Aussagen zur Erreichung des Berichtszwecks bzw. zur betrieblichen Information und Kommunikation in ForstBW können aus den beiden Studien abgeleitet werden? Welche Ansatzpunkte für Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Gestaltung der betrieblichen Information und Kommunikation können aus den beiden Studien abgeleitet werden? Welche Beiträge zur Beschreibung und Erklärung von Problemen bei der betrieblichen Information und Kommunikation gründen auf welchen der beiden herangezogenen Theoriestränge? ; The present thesis deals with the information and communication in the forestry organizations of Baden-Wuerttemberg. In order to obtain information and to be able to manage the organization via communication in a target-oriented manner the forestry organizations in Baden-Wuerttemberg use a variety of management tools. One of these tools are the internal forestry reports. The purpose of these reports is to support the decision-makers in their management tasks. Internal reports are often criticized with regard to their utility. The problem is that it is not yet known to what extent internal forestry reports can really support the decision-makers in their management tasks. It is also unknown which difficulties could possibly lead to the fact that internal forestry reports partly or completely miss their purpose and whether there are possibilities to solve potential problems. This leads to the following research objectives: Using the example of the internal forestry reports it will be described and explained what kind of problems there are in the operational information and communication of the forestry organizations of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Further it will be described and explained to what extent the internal forestry reports can fulfill their reporting purpose. On this basis it will be elaborated what range of possibilities there are to alleviate the indicated problems respectively to demonstrate the limitations of operational information and communication. The theoretical framework consists of two parts. The first part is based on conventional operational theories regarding difficulties in the information system. However, this part of the theory is not considered to be sufficient for obtaining the research's objectives. This is why in the second part of the theoretical framework the informal side of the organization is reviewed - based on the theories of the organizational culture. The two parts of the theoretical framework differ in their statements, they are sometimes even contradictory. Two qualitative empirical studies of explorative character should investigate whether the internal forestry reports can fulfill their own requirements. The objective of the first sub study was to define the problems in the achievement of the purpose of the reports which become obvious when they are investigated from the perspective of the first part of the theoretical framework. The author conducted in the forestry organizations of Baden-Wuerttemberg seven guideline interviews and four group discussions with groups that also existed in every day working practice. The directly recordable statements of the respondents were analyzed via qualitative content analysis according to MAYRING (2003). The objective of the second sub study was to get an insight into the organizational culture of ForstBW (name of the current organizational form of the forestry organizations of Baden-Wuerttemberg). Four group discussions were carried out. They were analyzed with the documentary method according to BOHNSACK (2008), which is a hermeneutical method. The content analysis of the first sub study revealed that for the internal forestry reports there are disturbances as well as numerous causes of the disturbances and their effects. Based on the results of the second sub study and the criteria described in the framework it is established instead, that ForstBW has a strong organizational culture. For strong organizational cultures disadvantages for the information and communication can be deducted from the theories. Accordingly, the following assumptions are stated for ForstBW: There is a tendency towards isolation from the environment as often information which is contradictory to the orientation pattern of the organizational culture gets blocked. There is also a tendency to only accept minor changes. A great part of the organization's members are concerned because the stronger the organizational culture the more the employees tend to force conformity. Based on the combination of the two sub studies, following questions will be answered: Which statements can be deducted from the two studies that can be relevant for the achievement of the reporting purposes or the operational information and communication in ForstBW? What kind of approaches can be deducted from both studies in order to alleviate the described problems and where are the limitations? Which contributions to the description and explanation of problems with operational information and communication are based on which of the two consulted theories?

ANOTĀCIJA Ideju par cilvēka tiesībām uz vidi parasti saista ar cerībām, ka šo tiesību īstenošana destruktīvo attieksmi pret vidi varētu aizstāt ar "zaļāku un tīrāku" sabiedrību. Latvijā tiesības uz labvēlīgu vidi ir vienas no cilvēka pamattiesībām. Darba mērķis ir izpētīt tiesību uz labvēlīgu vidi būtību un analizēt šo tiesību aizsardzības praksi Latvijā, lai veidotu labāku izpratni par cilvēka tiesību uz vidi institūtu. Darbu veido divi pētniecības virzieni. Pirmais ir cilvēka tiesību uz vidi būtības konceptuālo un teorētisko aspektu analīze, bet otrais – tiesu prakses pētniecība. Darba saturiskā struktūra veidota, pirmkārt, lai tiesības uz vidi būtu iespējams apskatīt no trim perspektīvām - tiesības uz vidi kā patstāvīgas materiālās tiesības, tiesības uz vidi kā procesuālās vides tiesības, tiesības uz vidi kā pilsonisko tiesību atvasinājums; otrkārt, lai novērtētu minēto perspektīvu piemērotību un atbilstību tiesību uz vidi būtībai un tai vietai, kāda Latvijas tiesību sistēmā ir ierādīta cilvēka tiesībām uz labvēlīgu vidi. Darba pirmajā nodaļā ir apskatītas materiālās tiesības uz vidi, atklājot šo tiesību vietu cilvēktiesību sistēmā, atzīšanas pakāpi un juridiskā nostiprinājuma rangu starptautiskajās, pārnacionālajās un valstu, tostarp Latvijas nacionālajās tiesībās. Lai veidotu izpratni par tiesību uz vidi būtību, analizētas materiālo tiesību uz vidi galvenās satura interpretācijas, kā arī identificēti galvenie šķēršļi materiālo tiesību uz vidi atzīšanai. Eiropas Cilvēktiesību un pamatbrīvību aizsardzības konvencija nodrošina efektīvu cilvēktiesību aizsardzības mehānismu galvenokārt pilsoniskajām un politiskajām tiesībām. Tā kā cilvēka labklājību un dzīves kvalitāti lielā mērā noteic tieši politiskā iekārta, vides jautājumus nav iespējams strikti nodalīt no pilsoniskajām un politiskajām tiesībām. Darba otrajā nodaļā, balstoties uz Eiropas Cilvēktiesību tiesas judikatūru, veikta izpēte, lai noskaidrotu, cik lielā mērā cilvēks, aizsargājot savas starptautiski un nacionāli garantētās pilsoniskās tiesības, var panākt, ka valsts ievēro pieņemtos vides likumus. Darba trešajā nodaļā jautājums par cilvēka tiesībām uz vidi aplūkots caur sabiedrības procesuālo vides tiesību (tiesības zināt, tiesības piedalīties) prizmu. Vienlaikus sabiedrības procesuālās vides tiesības ir viens no ilgtspējīgas attīstības koncepcijas elementiem, kas sazobē ar citiem šīs koncepcijas elementiem (integrācijas principu, vides aizsardzības principiem) strukturē vides lēmumu pieņemšanu. Šajā nodaļā ir pētīts, kā ilgtspējīgas attīstības koncepcija un no tās izrietošie principi ir ietekmējuši izpratni par cilvēka tiesībām uz vidi. Darba ceturtajā nodaļā veikta izpēte par to, kā pašlaik Latvijā tiek nodrošināta tiesību uz labvēlīgu vidi aizsardzība. Šajā nodaļā, balstoties uz Satversmes tiesas un administratīvo tiesu praksi, analizēti tiesību uz labvēlīgu vidi procesuālie aspekti. Veikta detalizēta izpēte par sabiedrības līdzdalības tiesību institūta un personas tiesību vērsties tiesā institūta būtību, kā arī atklāts, kādā veidā šie tiesību institūti ir pielāgoti vides aizsardzības mērķu sasniegšanai. Šajā nodaļā ir identificētas tiesību uz labvēlīgu vidi pazīmes, kas ļauj šīs tiesības nošķirt no citām pamattiesībām, sniegts vērtējums par šo tiesību saturu un subjektiem, par tiesību uz labvēlīgu vidi līdzsvarošanu ar citām pamattiesībām, kā arī izteikti priekšlikumi par to, kādā veidā minētā līdzsvarošana būtu pilnveidojama, lai tiesību uz labvēlīgu vidi aizsardzību padarītu efektīvāku. ; ABSTRACT The concept of environmental rights usually is related with expectation that by guaranteeing these rights, a destructive attitude towards the environment could be replaced by a greener and cleaner society. In Latvia, the right to a benevolent environment is a fundamental human right. The aim of this thesis is to study the meaning of the right to a benevolent environment and to analyse the protection of this right in Latvia in order to broaden the understanding of an individual's environmental rights. The thesis contains two types of research, namely, the analysis of conceptual and theoretical aspects of an individual's environmental rights and the study of court decisions. The structure of the thesis is devised to consider environmental rights from three perspectives – environmental rights as autonomous substantive rights, environmental rights as procedural environmental rights, and environmental rights as derivative civil rights. The author also assesses the appropriateness and relevance of the above perspectives to the essence of environmental rights and the role of an individual's right to a benevolent environment as reflected in Latvia's legal system. The first chapter of the thesis considers substantive environmental rights by viewing the role of these rights in the system of human rights, the extent to which they are recognised and the level on which they are legally embodied in international, supranational and national legislation, including national legislation in Latvia. In order to explain the essence of environmental rights, the general interpretation of substantive environmental rights is analysed, and the main obstacles for recognising substantive environmental rights are identified. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provides an effective mechanism for protecting human rights, particularly civil and political rights. As people's welfare and standard of living to a great extent depend on the political system, environmental issues cannot be separated from civil and political rights. On the basis of case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the second chapter of the thesis analyses the extent to which individuals, by defending their internationally and nationally recognised civil rights, can ensure that the state abides by laws pertaining to the environment. The third chapter views an individual's environmental rights from the perspective of public procedural environmental rights (right to know and right to participate). Concurrently, public procedural environmental rights are among the elements contained in the concept of sustainable development which, in interaction with other elements (principle of integration, principles of environmental protection), determine the structure of decision making in the sphere of environment. This chapter also analyses the impact of the concept of sustainable development and its principles on the understanding of an individual's environmental rights. The fourth chapter of the thesis analyses how the right to a benevolent environment is protected in Latvia. On the basis of cases heard by the Constitutional Court and administrative courts, this chapter analyses procedural aspects of the right to a benevolent environment. A detailed study is conducted of the right to public participation and an individual's right to refer to a court, and it is determined how these rights are adapted to environmental protection goals. This chapter identifies the characteristics of the right to a benevolent environment that differentiate this right from other fundamental rights; this chapter also evaluates the content and subjects of these rights, the balance between the right to a benevolent environment and other fundamental rights; it also presents recommendations on how this balance can be improved in order to ensure more effective protection of the right to a benevolent environment.

Hog growing and meat retailing are two of the many swine-based businesses in Batangas, one of the provinces in CALABARZON. One of the firms that is into this two businesses is Antonio?s. The study generally presented the status and assessed the overall performance of Antonio?s Swine-Based Business with the end view of recommending strategies for strengthening the competitive position of Antonio?s. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1) analyze the macro- and micro-environment of the business 2) evaluate the company in terms of the four business functions, namely: marketing, production, personnel, and finance 3) identify noteworthy business issues and problem relevant to Antonio?s Swine-based Business 4) generate and evaluate alternatives to the identified major problem, and identify the best alternative using an appropriate set of criteria and 5) design an implementation plan for the solution that will be used by the entrepreneur to rejuvenate the business. The study used the descriptive and action study research designs, case study research design in particular. The data used were both primary and secondary. However, primary data were used mainly by the author to serve the purpose of the study. Primary data were gathered through survey, observations, and interviews. Secondary data were sourced from undergraduate special problems of University of the Philippines Los Baños, published books and manuals, city and provincial records, journals, and other references from credible internet sources. Records on marketing (sales), production, personnel (lists), and finance (financial statements) were directly obtained from the firm?s owners/managers. Analytical tools used were: 1) personal entrepreneurial competencies self-rating tool (PEC) in the assessment of the characteristics of the owners/managers in relation to the management of the business 2) firm?s financial performance as evaluated by the following financial tools: trend analysis, vertical analysis and financial ratio analysis as reflected by the adjusted financial statements 3) Michael Porter?s Five Forces Model for Antonio?s Swine-Based Business used in the assessment of the Antonio?s Swine-Based Business? competitiveness relative to the industry 4) SWOT matrix analysis was used in the formulation of alternatives 5) IFE matrix was used in auditing and evaluating the firm?s strengths and weaknesses in relation to the functional areas of the business and the EFE Matrix was used in the assessment of the current business conditions in visualizing the opportunities and threats that the business is facing 6) perceived weights evaluation of alternatives was used in the determination of the solution for the problem through using the following criterion: 50% profitability as reflected by the cost-return analysis which yielded the net present value of each alternative, 25% ease of implementation and 25% perceived effectiveness and lastly, the GANTT Chart was used in coming up with the schedule and activities to be implemented for the chosen decision and its accompanying course of actions. Results of the study showed that the strengths of Antonio?s include: 1) ability to perform different business operations based on swine-related business activities 2) owners are hands on and passionate about the business 3) wide network of customers and suppliers 4) good location related to piggery facility 5) strong relationship with customers and suppliers 6) good and accessible location 7) improving activity ratios and 8) proximity to customers and suppliers. On the other hand, the weaknesses of Antonio?s include: 1) lack of formal accounting and record keeping 2) low technology on hog slaughtering and cutting different meat cuts 3) poor waste disposal system 4) decreasing profitability ratios 5) irregular production schedule and inability to cope with the seasonality of hogs as inputs to production 6) lack of capital and risk-averse current mindset of owners and (7) poor production layout and composition of layout materials. The identified opportunities in the industry were: 1) Filipinos are generally pork eaters 2) Batangas is popular being swine-disease free, Tanauan City in particular 3) general increase in liveweight and retail prices of hogs and meat 4) increasing demand for food that are protein source 5) low intensity of rivalry among raisers 6) opportunity to enter into lechon baboy and related pork-based food businesses 7) technological help and support from the government and other institutions 8) increasing trend for organic and more nutritious food source and 9) support programs for small business registrations. On the other hand, the identified threats were: 1) inequitable regulating policies imposed on the determination of illegal pork retailers and the implementation of the sanctions for them as dictated by the moratorium 2) presence of large competitors in the market 3) increasing cost of raw materials 4) increasing price of fuel 5) low price of competitors (other protein source) and 6) high threat of substitution for protein-source food. The case problem of the study was on how the firm will be able to take advantage of the opportunities in the market and consequently maximize the firm?s productivity and potential earnings. The problem statement was posed to address the problem on how to grab the opportunities in the market, as desired by Mrs. Margarita Antonio, and consequently overcome the low growth trend of the net income of the firm. There were three alternatives/solutions/strategies formulated, namely: 1) extend firm?s operation into hog growership 2) extend firm?s operation into an integrating piggery farm with pork-based food businesses such as operating a pork cuisine and establishing a native pork lechon facility 3) enter into a hog contract growing arrangement and 4) capture an even larger scope of the market through meat retailing, piglet vending coupled with vegetable vending. There were several inclusions made common to all alternatives that address several business issues or hindrances. The different alternatives were evaluated using the following criteria: 1) net cash flow generated 2) ease of implementation and 3) perceived effectiveness. The recommended alternative is to capture an even larger scope of the market through meat retailing, piglet vending coupled with vegetable vending. An implementation plan for the recommended alternative was prepared. It included the schedule of resource requirements and activities and the contingency plan. With proper implementation, Antonio?s Swine-Based Business will be able to realize a significant impact on its marketing, production, personnel, and financial aspects.

This guide accompanies the following article: 'Isn't Every Crime a Hate Crime? The Case for Hate Crime Laws', Sociology Compass 5/4 (2011): 244–255, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00364.x.Author's introductionHave you ever heard someone say, 'Isn't every crime a "hate crime"?' The process to create hate crime laws in the United States has wrestled with the core issues of freedom of speech and greater harm to society. It is important to look at the evolution of bias crime laws, culminating with President Obama's signing of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act in 2009. The constitutionality of the laws is still a subject of debate. Four elements of hate crime laws are criminality, intent, perception, and protected statuses. The logic of hate crime laws is based on the argument that hate crimes are a form of terrorism, designed to intimidate large groups of people. Police are often the ones who are responsible for making this determination. Once hate crimes have been defined, how should social scientists study them?Author recommendsIn the last 15 years, sociologists and criminologists have done a lot of work to understand the causes of hate crimes as well as issues associated with hate crime laws. The classic in the field is Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed by Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt (Westview Press, 2001). It provides a great overview of the types of hate crimes, the role hate groups play, and how police respond to such acts.Several recent books to a wonderful job of explaining why people commit hate crimes and how these crimes impact their victims. In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes by Barbara Perry (Routledge, 2001) should be at the top of the required reading list. Why We Hate by Jack Levin and Gordana Rabrenovic (Prometheus Books, 2005) also is very enlightening. Home‐Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism is a collection of readings by Abby L. Ferber (Routledge, 2003) that explores the role gender plays in hate crimes and hate groups.For those who are interested in the more personal stories of those involved in the world of hate, Autobiography of a Recovering Skinhead: The Frank Meeink Story as Told to Jody M. Roy, Ph.D. (Hawthorne Books, 2010) is riveting reading. Meeink was one of the most notorious Nazi skinheads on the east coast in the 1990s. Katleen Blee interviewed female members of the white supremacist world for her book, Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement (University of California Press, 2002). Raphael S. Ezekiel interviewed leaders of the racist movement for his book, The Racist Mind (Penguin, 1996). Each of these three books gives you a chance to read hate mongers own accounts of why they believe what they believe.If you are interested in the anatomy of a hate crime, Elinor Langer's A Hundred Little Hitlers: The Death of a Black Man, the Trial of a White Racist, and the Rise of the Neo‐Nazi Movement in America (Picador, 2004) is the gripping exploration of a brutal murder in Portland, Oregon by skinheads.Finally, if you are interested in the legal debates surrounding hate crimes, pick up a copy of Brian Levin's recent edited volume, Understanding and Defining Hate Crimes (Preager, 2009). Levin is the attorney who argued the constitutionality of hate crime laws before the Supreme Court.Online materialsThere are a number of online sources for students interested in hate crimes and the debate about hate crime laws. The first source is the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (discussed in the article). Here you can get the latest data about hate crimes that have been reported to and by the police. The FBI's crime data website is at: http://www.fbi.gov/about‐us/cjis/ucr/ucr.Another well‐know website belongs to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). The SPLC is a civil rights group that has helped track hate groups. It's website has a 'hate group map', so you can see which hate groups are active in your state. The SPLC has also helped to raise the awareness of the importance of hate crime laws and the limitation of the data that is reported to the FBI. Their web address is: http://splcenter.org/.The Anti‐Defamation League (ADL) is the Jewish civil rights group who helped create the first hate crime legislation in the 1980s. Their website has a handy map for finding the specific hate crime laws (and what they cover) for each state. The ADL website also has a database for hate symbols and what they mean, useful for police, teachers, and students. The ADL website is at: http://adl.org/combating_hate/.Finally, the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism has a website that serves as a wonderful portal to other online resources, including academic research and community based anti‐hate groups. The Center is headed by Dr Brian Levin, one of the leading experts on the legal aspects of hate crime laws. Their web address is: http://hatemonitor.csusb.edu/.Sample syllabusThere are now numerous college courses taught on the topic of hate crimes (as well as courses for law enforcement on the subject). Here is an outline of my 10‐week hate crime course at Portland State University. The class explores the origins of hate crime laws, hate groups, and the philosophy of hate itself. It also challenges students to explore their own biases.






Week
Topic




 1
Defining and measuring hate crimes


'How do we know?'


 2
Hate crimes as a social problem


'From Columbus to McVeigh'


 3
How we study hate crimes


'Qualitative and quantitative research'


 4
Gay‐bashing as a social problem


'Matthew Sheppard: Man of the Year?'


 5
Hate group ideology 1: status


'White men built this country... '


 6
Hate group ideology 2: holy war


'The Turner Diaries and NW Imperative'


 7
Recruitment and the Internet


'Looking for a few pissed off kids'


 8
Community responses to hate crimes


'The grass‐roots tolerance movement'


 9
Institutional responses to hate crimes


'Hate crime laws and hate‐free police?'


10
The Personal Response to Hate


'Strategies for stopping hate in our lives'

Mazumtirdzniecība ir viens no svarīgākiem tirgus elementiem, kuram raksturīgs dinamiskums un elastīgāka realizācijas forma. Kopumā par mazumtirdzniecību dēvē tiešo pārdošanu pircējiem. Uzņēmumi, kas nodarbojas ar mazumtirdzniecību, veicina preču konkurences rašanos, tirgus attiecību veidošanos un, līdz ar to, šo attiecību tālāku attīstību. Šādi uzņēmumi spēj ātri reaģēt uz pieprasījuma izmaiņām, pārveidojot produkcijas sortimentu un nodrošinot augstu kvalitāti, kā arī ātru un izdevīgu kompensēšanu. No 2004. gada jūnija akciju sabiedrība Drogas pievienojās Honkongas kompānijas Hutchison Whampoa Limited mazumtirdzniecības un ražošanas grupas A.S. Watson Group uzņēmumam. Līdz ar to mainījās gan uzņēmuma kopējā tirgus vīzija, gan korporatīvā kultūra, gan identitāte, gan veikalu interjera un eksterjera noformējums. Veikals Drogas "Lielupe" ietilpst pirmajā pašapkalpošanās veikalu tīklā ar 16 gadu vēsturi, kuram pieder spēcīgs vietējās izcelsmes zīmols, ir spēcīga mārketinga politika un stabils uzņēmuma finansiālais stāvoklis. Uzņēmuma līdera pozīcija sejas un ķermeņa kopšanas līdzekļu segmentā veido ļoti stingru pamatu Drogas "Lielupe" tirdzniecības rezultātu veicināšanai, nodrošinot veikalam atpazīstamību un klientu lojalitāti. Veikalam ir jaunais veidols un iekārtojums atbilstoši A.S.Watsons Group jaunākajām dizaina izstrādēm health & beauty tirgus segmenta veikaliem, kas pagaidām īstenotas tikai Āzijas lielākajās tirdzniecības metropolēs. Veikala projektā ir realizēta G4 koncepcijas ieviešana, kuras ietvaros pilnīgi tiek izmainīts tirdzniecības zāles interjers, uzstādītas jaunas iekārtas, mainīts preču grupu izvietojums, akcentējot tīkla formātam atbilstošās veselības un skaistumkopšanas segmenta preces, kopēji veidojot un ievērojot jauno korporatīvo identitāti, lai veiksmīgi radītu un veidotu jaunu uzņēmuma tēlu. Veikala tirdzniecības zāle tika sadalīta četrās zonās. Katrā no četrām tirdzniecības zāles zonām tika izvietotas noteiktam segmentam piederīgas preces.Drogas "Lielupe" misija ir nodrošināt pircējus ar pašapkalpošanās ērtumu, kā arī preču izvietojuma ergonomiku un loģiku, lai atvieglotu klientiem preču izvēli un vajadzīgo preču atrašanu. Veikals Drogas Lielupe piedāvā vairāk nekā 15 000 ikdienā nepieciešamo preču - dekoratīvo kosmētiku, sejas un ķermeņa kopšanas līdzekļus, matu krāsas, matu kopšanas un veidošanas līdzekļus, higiēnas preces, parfimēriju, galantērijas preces, zeķbikses un zeķes, bērnu preces, sadzīves ķīmiju un saimniecības preces. Pēdējos gados strauji palielinājies to preču skaits, kas Baltijā tiek piegādātas tikai veikalu tīklam Drogas. Piedāvājumā ir vairāk nekā 1000 ekskluzīvo produktu. Pārliecinošs un ietekmīgs fakts patērētāju attieksmes un uzvedības veidošanā ir veikala Drogas "Lielupe" pircējam labvēlīgas cenas, ko raksturo aktīvs, nepārtraukts, pircējiem ļoti izdevīgs cenu atlaižu maratons dažādām precēm. Autore uzskata, ka Drogas "Lielupe" veikalam ir izcila dislokācija, kas ļauj veikalu nodalīt no nozares attīstības perspektīvām, nodrošinot augstus apgrozījuma rādītājus, tas ir saistīts ar veikala klientu daudzveidību, jo Latvijas sabiedrības garastāvoklis nevar ietekmēt tūristu un iebraucēju pirktspēju. Veikals atrodas blakus Baltijas vislielākajam akvaparkam, uz kuru ikdienu brauc liels skaits apmeklētāju, tas nodrošina stabilus ienākumus no ķermeņa kopšanas, matu kopšanas un dekoratīvās kosmētikas kategorijām. Liels skaits tūristu apmeklē kūrortpilsētu Jūrmalu un arī labprāt veic savus pirkumus Drogas veikalā, visvairāk tiek pirktas sezonālās preces. Līdz ar to var izdarīt secinājumus, ka veikalam būs stabili ienākumi no pārdošanas un labas attīstības perspektīvas nākamajiem trīs gadiem. ; Retail is one of the fundamental elements of the market, characterized by dinamic and flexible sales format. Overall for retail are called direct sales to customers. Companies, engaged in retail trade, promote competition, market relations and, hence, the commintment to further developing. Such companies are able to react quickly to changes in demand, transforming the product portfolio and providing high quality, as well as quick and convenient reimbursement. Since June of the year 2004th AS Drogas joined the Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa Limited retail and manufacturing group A.S. Watson Group company. Consequently changed company's total market vision and corporate culture and identity, and the store interior and exterior decoration. Shop Drogas Lielupe is a part of the first self-service stores network, with 16 years history, which owns a powerful brand in local origin, has a strong marketing policy and a stable financial position. The company's leading position in the face and body care products segment consists of a very strong foundation Drogas Lielupe trade results in the promotion, providing visibility of the store and customer loyalty. The store has a new look and layout based on A.S. Watson Group latest design developments in a helth & beauty stores segment, which is currently implemented only in major Asian trading cities. In store opening project is realized G4 concept implementation, with in which completely changed the trade hall interior, installed new equipment, changed location of the product groups, emphasizing helth & beauty segment products responding the format of a Drogas stores chain, this amounts to and comply with new corporate identity, in order to successfully create and build a new corporate image. Store trading hall was divided into four areas. In each of the four areas of the trade hall were located products, according to a certain segment. Drogas Lielupe mission is to provide customers with self-service convenience, as well as with the goods placement ergonomics and logic in order to facilitate customers' choice of products and goods needed to find. Drogas Lielupe store offers more than 15 000 daily necessary goods - makeup, facial and body care products, hair color, hair care and styling products, hygiene products, perfume, haberdashery, tights and socks, baby items, household chemicals and household goods. In recent years the dramatic increase in the number of goods in the Baltics will be supplied only store chain Drogas. The offer has more than 1,000 exclusive products. Convincing and powerful fact of consumer attitudes and behavior shaping is the store's Drogas "Lielupe" buyer-friendly price, which is characterized by an active, continuous, a very favorable for customers price discounts different products marathon. The author believes, that Drogas Lielupe store has an excellent deployment, which allows to separate the store from the sector's prospects, providing high turnover rates associated with the store customer diversity, because the Latvian public mood can not affect tourist and arrivals purchasing power. The store is located next to the largest Baltic Aqua Park, on which daily is driven a large number of visitors, it provides a stable income from body care, hair care and make-up categories. A large number of tourists visiting the resorts of Jurmala, and willing to take their purchases at Drogas store, most are bought seasonal goods. Consequently, it may be concluded that the store will have stable income from the sale and a good outlook for the next three years.

"Since January 2004, a Malay-Muslim-based insurgency has engulfed the three southernmost provinces in Thailand. More than 4,500 people have been killed and over 9,000 wounded, making it the most lethal conflict in Southeast Asia. Now in its 8th year, the insurgency has settled into a low-level stalemate. Violence is down significantly from its mid-2007 peak, but it has been steadily climbing since 2008. On average, 32 people are being killed and 58 wounded every month. Most casualties are from drive-by shootings, but there are also about 12 improvised explosive device (IED) attacks a month. The insurgency is now characterized by less indiscriminate violence and more retaliatory attacks. Insurgents continue to target security forces, government officials, and Muslim moderates who seek accommodation with the Thai state as part of efforts to make the region ungovernable by limiting provision of social services and driving Buddhists from the south. The overall level of violence may be influenced more by insurgent calculations about the optimum amount of violence needed to advance their political goals than by improved capabilities of the security forces. Despite better coordination, Thai counterinsurgency operations are still hampered by bureaucratic infighting and a lack of professionalism. Human rights abuses by security services with blanket immunity under the Emergency Decree continue to instill mistrust among the local population. Moreover, as long as violence is contained in the deep south, the insurgency will remain a low priority for the new Thai government, which is focused on national political disputes and is reluctant to take on the military by pursuing more conciliatory policies toward the south. Indeed, even under the 30-month tenure of the Democrat Party with an electoral base in the south, the insurgency was a very low priority and its few policy initiatives were insufficient to quell the violence. The new Pheu Thai government under Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, the younger sister of Thaksin Shinawatra, who was ousted in a September 2006 coup, will have its hands tied in the south. Its election victory and focus on national reconciliation have already engendered mistrust of the Thai military. The new government will be reluctant to criticize the military's handling of the insurgency, take on the culture of impunity, or push for any form of political autonomy. This will make any devolution of political authority unlikely, limiting chances for a negotiated solution. As a result, low level violence is likely to continue indefinitely. The most important immediate U.S. objective in Thailand is political stability at the national level and deepening bilateral economic ties. Absent a cohesive Thai government with the political will to overcome military resistance to policies that might address underlying causes of the insurgency, U.S. pressure to do more is likely to be ineffective or even counterproductive. Accordingly, the United States should maintain quiet diplomatic pressure on the government to broaden its counterinsurgency efforts and offer any requested intelligence and law enforcement assistance, while being cognizant of Thai sensitivity over its sovereignty."--P. 1-2. ; Format not distributed to depository libraries. ; "September 2011." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Continued Violence: The New Normal -- Explaining the Changing Levels of Violence -- Democrat Party Policy Initiatives -- What Would Change the Equilibrium? -- Impact of the July 2011 Elections -- Implications for U.S. Policy -- Notes -- About the Author. ; "Since January 2004, a Malay-Muslim-based insurgency has engulfed the three southernmost provinces in Thailand. More than 4,500 people have been killed and over 9,000 wounded, making it the most lethal conflict in Southeast Asia. Now in its 8th year, the insurgency has settled into a low-level stalemate. Violence is down significantly from its mid-2007 peak, but it has been steadily climbing since 2008. On average, 32 people are being killed and 58 wounded every month. Most casualties are from drive-by shootings, but there are also about 12 improvised explosive device (IED) attacks a month. The insurgency is now characterized by less indiscriminate violence and more retaliatory attacks. Insurgents continue to target security forces, government officials, and Muslim moderates who seek accommodation with the Thai state as part of efforts to make the region ungovernable by limiting provision of social services and driving Buddhists from the south. The overall level of violence may be influenced more by insurgent calculations about the optimum amount of violence needed to advance their political goals than by improved capabilities of the security forces. Despite better coordination, Thai counterinsurgency operations are still hampered by bureaucratic infighting and a lack of professionalism. Human rights abuses by security services with blanket immunity under the Emergency Decree continue to instill mistrust among the local population. Moreover, as long as violence is contained in the deep south, the insurgency will remain a low priority for the new Thai government, which is focused on national political disputes and is reluctant to take on the military by pursuing more conciliatory policies toward the south. Indeed, even under the 30-month tenure of the Democrat Party with an electoral base in the south, the insurgency was a very low priority and its few policy initiatives were insufficient to quell the violence. The new Pheu Thai government under Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, the younger sister of Thaksin Shinawatra, who was ousted in a September 2006 coup, will have its hands tied in the south. Its election victory and focus on national reconciliation have already engendered mistrust of the Thai military. The new government will be reluctant to criticize the military's handling of the insurgency, take on the culture of impunity, or push for any form of political autonomy. This will make any devolution of political authority unlikely, limiting chances for a negotiated solution. As a result, low level violence is likely to continue indefinitely. The most important immediate U.S. objective in Thailand is political stability at the national level and deepening bilateral economic ties. Absent a cohesive Thai government with the political will to overcome military resistance to policies that might address underlying causes of the insurgency, U.S. pressure to do more is likely to be ineffective or even counterproductive. Accordingly, the United States should maintain quiet diplomatic pressure on the government to broaden its counterinsurgency efforts and offer any requested intelligence and law enforcement assistance, while being cognizant of Thai sensitivity over its sovereignty."--P. 1-2. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Focussing on Palestine refugee camps in the Near East, this dissertation aims to shed light on the potential relevance of urban planning to refugee camp environments worldwide. In particular, there is a focus on the role architects and urban planners can play in facilitating participatory planning processes as well as providing guidance and expertise in the development of a spatial vision for Camp Cities. Part I - The Urbanisation of Refugee Camps as a Global Challenge The first part of the dissertation provides an overview of global phenomenon of refugee camp urbanisation. Notions of "Camp-City", "Virtual City" and other conceptual models developed by international scholars in relation to camp urbanisation will be introduced and critically discussed in relation to existing tools and policy guidelines developed by the main agents of international refugee protection. The chapter focuses on debates and discussions that have led to the recent revival of "developmental" and "rights-based" approaches to UNHCR policies and programmes. However, the brief analysis of actual situations in three exemplary African camps reveals the many political hurdles and obstacles, which prevent a full implementation of a developmental and rights based approach in practice. Part II - Palestine Camp Cities: Case Studies of Urbanised Refugee Camps in the Near East The second part of the dissertation introduces Palestine refugee camps, the main focus of this dissertation and explains in detail the factors that have led to a spectacular and perhaps unparalleled urbanisation process. The discussion centres on the results of three holistic case studies of exemplary Palestine refugee camps in the West Bank. Analytical tools and methodologies from urban research in informal settlement contexts are applied to analyse land use, zoning, degrees of density and congestion, building safety, infrastructure and the camp's physical integration into its urban, suburban or rural context. The spatial-physical situation analysis is complemented by an analysis of urbanisation in social and cultural terms including the camp's institutions, leadership as well as gender roles, internal and external conflicts and resolution models. Part III - Camp Improvement Planning: Piloting Community-driven Urban Rehabilitation for Palestine Camp Cities The third part provides a critical reflection on the pilot project in participatory camp improvement conducted by the UNRWA-Stuttgart planning team between 2007 and 2008. Successes and conflicts of planning process are being analysed, followed by critical comments on key outstanding issues that need to be resolved before camp improvement can be fully launched in all camps. Three speculative scenarios are introduced: A worst case scenario which predicts a catastrophic future for Camp Cities in case the camp improvement initiative or its successors will fail. A second scenario speculates on how successful camp improvement might prevent the gloomy predictions of scenario one as a "best possible compromise" in the context of an enduring refugee crisis. While camp rehabilitation cannot and should not substitute a long-overdue political settlement, in the intermediate term, the traditional notion of "Refugee camps" could be radically redefined in the interest of those suffering under the extreme congestion, poverty and dehumanised environment of the present. The final scenario describes a situation in which "peace breaks out". How might the reality of a negotiated peaceful settlement ending the Palestinian-Israeli conflict impact on the Camp Cities? Part IV - Conclusion In the final part of the dissertation the author draws more general conclusions on the applicability of the CIP methodology to refugee camps beyond the Middle East, arguing that Palestine camps - which are both, the most urbanised, and also the best-funded - should lead the search for innovative approaches to camp urbanisation worldwide. Facing increasing protracted and urbanised camp situations, the UNHCR and other actors of the international refuge regime could benefit from the Palestinian experience. The application of the Palestine model of integrated, community driven urban planning to other camps that have not yet reached the critical levels of congestion could prevent a "disaster in the making". Furthermore, the CIP model provides lessons which can be useful to non-refugee contexts such as informally developed, congested and impoverished urban settings in the Middle Eastern region and beyond, and help to champion notions such as grass-root participation, community empowerment, and strategic planning. ; Absicht des Autors ist es, über die Fokussierung auf urbanisierte palästinensische Camps die Wichtigkeit von urbaner Planung in urbanisierten Flüchtlingslagern weltweit zu verdeutlichen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Rolle von Architekten und Stadtplanern als Vermittler partizipativer Planungsprozesse, sowie ihre Möglichkeit durch Erfahrungen und Fachwissen zur visionären Neu-Konzeption der Lager beizutragen. Teil I - Die Urbanisierung von Flüchtlingslagern als globale Herausforderung: Die Dissertation beginnt mit einem allgemeinen Überblick über das globale Phänomen der Camp-Urbanisierung. Wissenschaftliche Beschreibungsversuche von Soziologen oder Ethnographen wie "Camp City", oder "Virtuelle Stadt" werden ebenso kritisch diskutiert wie die vorhandenen Werkzeuge und Handlungsansätze der wichtigsten Akteure, wie die Neubelebung des "Entwicklungsgedankens" und einem "Rechte-orientierten" Ansatz innerhalb der UNHCR. Allerdings offenbart allein die Kurzanalyse aktueller Zustände in drei afrikanischen Camps die vielen politischen Hürden und Hindernisse, die einer praktischen Anwendung von Reformgedanken im Wege stehen. Teil II - Fallstudien: Palästinensische Flüchtlingslager in der West Bank: Der zweite Teil der Dissertation beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Situation der palästinensischen Flüchtlingslager, dem Hauptthema dieses Papiers, und veranschaulicht en detail die Gründe, die zu einem beispiellosen Urbanisationsprozess geführt haben. Im Zentrum der Diskussion stehen die Ergebnisse von drei holistischen Fallstudien palästinensischer Flüchtlingslager. Hierbei werden die aus der Recherche über informelle, urbane Siedlungen bekannten Analysemethoden auf die Fallstudien angewandt: Landnutzung, Zoneneinteilungen, Baudichte und Bevölkerungsdichte, Gebäudezustand, Infrastrukturen – gefolgt von einer Analyse der Integration der Flüchtlingslager in ihren jeweiligen städtischen, vorstädtischen oder ländlichen Kontext. Die räumlich-physische Analyse wird vervollständigt durch eine Analyse der Urbanisierung aus sozialer und kultureller Perspektive. Unter anderem werden die Strukturen und vielfältigen Aufgabenbereiche lokaler Institutionen beschrieben, die Rolle der Führungselite der Lagerpopulation, Geschlechtsrollen, sowie interne wie externe Konfliktmuster und vorhandene Mechanismen zur Konfliktlösung. Teil III - Partizipative Planung für palästinensische Camp Cities: Der dritte Teil der Dissertation reflektiert kritisch über ein Pilotprojekt einer partizipativen Camp Improvement Planung (CIP). Erfolge und Konflikte im Planungsprozess werden analysiert, gefolgt von kritischen Kommentaren zu bislang unbeachtet gebliebenen Schlüsselaspekten, die nach Auffassung des Autors in Angriff genommen werden müssen, um die volle Umsetzung der CIP-Methode in allen Flüchtlingslagern zu gewährleisten. Drei spekulative Entwicklungsszenarien werden diskutiert: Ein "worst-case"-Szenario, das eine katastrophale Zukunft für die Camp Cities für den Fall in Aussicht stellt, dass die CIP-Methode oder vergleichbare Verbesserungs-Initiativen scheitern. Ein zweites Szenario geht von einer erfolgreichen Implementierung der CIP-Methode als "bestmöglichster Kompromiss" bei andauernder Flüchtlingskrise aus. Auch wenn die Verbesserung der Flüchtlingslager die ausstehende politische Lösung weder ersetzen kann noch sollte, muss, mittelfristig gesehen, die traditionelle Vorstellung von "Flüchtlingslagern" radikal umdefiniert werden, und zwar im Interesse all jener, die gegenwärtig unter der extremen Enge, der Armut und der entwürdigenden Umgebung zu leiden haben. Das letzte Szenario spekuliert über die möglichen Auswirkungen eines umfassenden Friedensvertrages auf die Realität der Camp Cities. Teil IV - Schlussfolgerung : Der Autor zieht allgemeine Schlüsse in Bezug auf die Anwendbarkeit der CIP-Methodik auf Flüchtlingslager außerhalb des Mittleren Ostens. Palästinensische Camps zählen auch zu den am höchsten subventionierten Flüchtlingslagern weltweit und sollten eine Führungsrolle in der Suche nach innovativen Ansätzen im Umgang mit Camp-Urbanisierung übernehmen. Angesichts der globalen Zunahme an semipermanenten, verstädterten Lagern, könnten die UNHCR und andere Akteure der internationalen Flüchtlingsprotektion von den Erfahrungen der Palästinenser profitieren. Die Anwendung des integrativen, partizipativen Planungsmodells auf Camps, die noch kein kritisches Level der Überfüllung erreicht haben, ließe sich ein "im Entstehen begriffene Desaster" eventuell abwenden. Aber auch für die illegalen, übervölkerten und verarmten städtischen Gebiete des Mittleren Ostens könnte das CIP-Modell beispielhaft sein und zur Durchsetzung von partizipativen Planungsmethoden, und der nachhaltigen Einbeziehung von lokalen Gemeinden in strategische Planungsprozesse beitragen.

Interference of esotericism and politics became apparent especially in the 19th century when the early socialists expected the coming of the Age of Spirit, and narratives about secret wisdom being kept in mysterious sacred places became all the more popular. Thus, the idea of the Age of Enlightenment underwent transformation: the world will be saved not by ordinary knowledge but by some special secret wisdom. In this context, Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891) developed the doctrine of Theosophy the ideas of which were overtaken by the next-generation theosophists including also the Russian painter Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947) and his spouse Helena Roerich (1879–1955) who developed a new form of Theosophy. The aim of this article is to analyse the interference between Theosophy and politics paying special attention to its historical roots, which, in the context of Roerich groups, are to be sought in the political activities of Nicholas Roerich, the founder of the movement. The following materials have been used in the analysis: first, writings of the founders of Agni Yoga or Teaching of Living Ethics; second, the latest studies in the history of Theosophy made in the available archives after the collapse of the soviet regime; third, materials obtained from the interviews of a field research (2006–2008). The author has made use of an interdisciplinary approach combining anthropological methods with the method of systematic analysis. The historical roots of the political activity of contemporary theosophists stretch into the political aspirations of Nicholas Roerich, the founder of Agni Yoga or Teaching of Living Ethics. Opening of the USSR secret archives and publication of several formerly inaccessible diaries and letters of theosophists offer an opportunity to study the "spiritual geopolitics" of the Roerichs. Setting off to his Central Asian expeditions (1925–1928; 1934–1935), Nicholas Roerich strived to implement the Great Plan, i.e. to found a New State that would stretch from Tibet to South Siberia comprising the territories governed by China, Mongolia, Tibet and the USSR. The new state was conceived as the kingdom of Shambhala on the earth, and in order to form this state, Nicholas Roerich aspired to acquire the support of various political systems. During the Tzarist Empire, the political world outlook of Nicholas Roerich was markedly monarchic. After the Bolshevik coup in Russia, the artist accepted the offer to work under the wing of the new power, but after his emigration to the West Roerich published extremely sharp articles against the Bolsheviks. In 1922, the Roerichs started to support Lenin considering him the messenger of Shambhala. Roerich's efforts to acquire Bolshevik support culminated in 1926 when the Roerichs arrived in Moscow bringing a message by Mahatmas to the soviet government, a small case with earth for the Lenin Mausoleum from Burhan-Bulat and paintings in which Buddha Maitreya bore strong resemblance to Lenin. The plan of founding the Union of Eastern Republics, with Bolshevik support, failed, since about the year 1930 the soviet authorities changed their position concerning the politics of the Far East. Having ascertained that the Bolsheviks would not provide the anticipated support for the Great Plan, the Roerichs started to seek for contacts in the USA which provided funding for his second expedition (1934–1935). The Roerichs succeeded even in making correspondence (1934–1936) with President Roosevelt who paid much larger attention to Eastern states especially China than other presidents did. Their correspondence ceased when the Security Service of the USA grew suspicious about Roerich's pro-Japanese disposition. Nicholas Roerich has sought for support to his political ambitions by all political regimes. In 1934, the Russian artist tried to ascertain whether German national socialists would support his efforts in Asia. It may seem that the plans of founding the Union of Oriental Republics have passed away along with Roerich; yet in 1991 his son Svyatoslav Roerich (1904–1993) pointed out once again that the Altai is a very important centre of the great future and Zvenigorod is still a great reality and a magnificent dream. Interference between esotericism and politics is observed also among Latvian theosophists: the soviet regime successfully made use of Roerich's adherents propagating the communist ideology in the independent Republic of Latvia. In the 1920s and 1930s, the embassy of the USSR in Riga maintained close contacts with Roerich's adherents in Latvia and made a strong pressure on the Latvian government not to ban the Roerich's Museum Friend Society who actively propagated the success of soviet culture and economy. On 17 June 1940, the soviet army occupied the Republic of Latvia, and Haralds Lūkins, the son of the founder of the Roerich's Museum Friend Society, was elected to the first government of the soviet Latvia. Nevertheless, involvement of theosophists in politics was unsuccessful, since after the official annexation of Latvia into the USSR, on 5 August 1940, all societies including the Roerich's Museum Friend Society were closed. Since the members of the movement continued to meet regularly, in 1949, Haralds Lūkins was arrested as leader of an illegal organization. After the Second World War, theosophists were subjected to political repressions. Arrests of Roerich's followers (1948–1951) badly impaired the movement. After rehabilitation in 1954, the repressed persons gradually returned from exile and kept on their illegal meetings in small groups. To regain their rights to act openly, Roerich's followers started to praise Nicholas Roerich as a supporter of the soviet power. With the collapse of the soviet regime, Roerich's followers in Latvia became legal in 1988 when the Latvian Roerich Society was restored which soon split up according to geopolitical orientation; therefore, presently in Latvia, there are the following organisations: Latvian Roerich Society, Latvian Department of the International Centre of the Roerichs, and Aivars Garda group or the Latvian National Front. A. Garda fused nationalistic ideas with Theosophy offering a special social reorganization – repatriation of the soviet-time immigrants and a social structure of Latvia that would be formed by at least 75% ethnic Latvians. Activity of A. Garda group, which is being criticized by other groups of theosophists, is a continuation of the interference between theosophical and political ideas practised by the Roerichs. Generally it is to be admitted that after the crush of the soviet regime, in theosophist groups, unclear political orientation between the rightists and leftists is observed, characterised by fairly radical ideas.

From the abstract: Integration and Dis-Integration or Dis-Integration and Integration or Dis-Integration and Re-Integration can be quite a word play. The Dis-Integration of the former Soviet Union (FSU) in the early 1990s marks a serious and unprecedented development in modern history. It was a break-up of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics into fifteen newly independent states. Hereby, twelve states formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a structure that was to keep some order over the break-up. Three countries – the Baltics – announced their total independence and declared no will to be part of the CIS. A later Integration or Re-Integration within the CIS is being actively discussed and debated up to now. Several theories have evolved on the future of the region. Huntington's thesis predicts the 'Clash of Civilizations'. He argues that the future battle over world politics will be over religious and cultural factors. Huntington predicts a split-up of the world along religious lines. In turn, Duncan rejects religion to be a factor in the current developments of the CIS. He limits Kuzio's idea of a division between the CIS into 'radicals' and 'pragmatists' among the two groups – the 'Westernizers' and 'Slavophiles'. Duncan concludes that there is generally a shift towards pragmatism in the foreign policies of the member states of the FSU. Disillusionment with the West is widespread. Most important factors that make countries tend towards a Westernist' or Eurasianist' course are linked to ethnicity and conflict. The author views the political regime and economic reforms are less important. Other studies focus more on the relationship between Russia and the other CIS countries. Alexandrova's arguments support the trend towards pragmatism. She adds that Moscow gave up the concept of re-integration, which it was convinced of in the first years of transition. Russia's foreign policy from Yeltsin to Putin shifted from Multilateralism to Bilateralism. Russian capital, invested in the near-abroad, is seen as a strong instrument to influence other CIS states and force them to Moscow's security policy. Another -less recent- study on "Integration and Disintegration" from 1997 by authors of Brown University/U.S. and institutes from five newly independent states gives some outlook over the future ten years until 2006. Base for discussion were four rather extreme and abstract scenarios. Researchers and other experts from the region specialising in politics and security were confronted with the scenarios and asked to discuss and express their views on the future of the CIS. Economics did not play a major role in their debates over the tendencies within the region. In my work I will demonstrate that the energy sector, particularly the natural gas sector, plays an essential role in re-integrative tendencies. Logically, the largest successor of the FSU, the Russian Federation, plays a dominant role. As part of my work I will review prices for natural gas in the CIS. Applying the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) enables me to compare prices internationally. Unfortunately, the data limit allows only a rough comparison. However, it supports trends developed in prior sections of the work. A statistical analysis is not used due to the insufficient data set. The structure of my dissertation is as following: Section 2 summarizes the theoretical framework regarding integration and disintegration, based on findings of the 1997-study by authors of Brown University. In the progress of the dissertation I will illustrate that findings of the latter study are close to reality even today. After explaining the theoretical framework I will outline the hypothesis of my work. At the end of that section I will give an overview of the factors that lead to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. I will then relate the impact on the natural gas sector across the region. It is the outset on which the later work builds on. In Section 3 I will describe the creation of a new CIS market for natural gas on three levels driven by the Russian Federation. Given the fact that the natural gas industries in the CIS are mostly state regulated, shedding light upon the inter-governmental dimension will explain policies and -most importantly- Russia's motivation. What strategies has Moscow developed over the years in terms of controlling this sector? A further look at the inter-company dimension will picture the main players –large corporations- that are producing, transporting and distributing natural gas throughout the region. It will support the tendencies about Russia's role developed in the beginning of the section. That dimension will illustrate the companies' role as the players on the domestic Russian and foreign 'near-abroad' market. The third part of the section will be a basic price analysis, discussing the available data set. Do prices serve to understand evolving market mechanisms and tendencies towards re-integration within the CIS? Section 4 summarizes the findings of my work. I will put together the 'pieces' in Russia's natural gas 'puzzle'. Table of Contents: 1.INTRODUCTION7 1.1Theories7 1.2The Natural Gas Sector8 1.3Countries Covered9 1.4Data9 1.5Methodology10 1.6Plan10 2.ONE THEORY OF INTEGRATION AND DIS-INTEGRATION IN POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES11 2.1Expectations of Experts of the Various Countries12 2.1.1Georgia12 2.1.2Ukraine12 2.1.3Belarus13 2.1.4Turkmenistan14 2.1.5Kazakstan15 2.1.6Russia15 2.2A Cross-Country Picture16 2.3Relevance of the Study Regarding the Natural Gas Market17 2.4Dis-Integration of the Soviet Union and the Natural Gas Market18 3.RE-INTEGRATION OF THE CIS NATURAL GAS MARKET21 3.1Inter-Governmental Dimension21 3.1.1Grouping the Countries21 3.1.2Main CIS – Natural Gas Export Markets23 3.1.2.1Turkmenistan – Iran23 3.1.2.2Russia – South-Eastern Europe and Turkey24 3.1.2.3Russia – Europe25 3.1.2.4Russia – China28 3.1.3The Countries as 'Pieces' in Russia's Natural Gas 'Puzzle'?30 3.2The Inter-Company Dimension31 3.2.1Brief Portraits of the Players32 3.2.1.1Gazprom32 3.2.1.2Itera33 3.2.1.3The Independent Gas Producers35 3.2.1.4The Oil Companies35 3.2.2The Players Acting in the Strategic CIS36 3.2.2.1In Georgia and Turkmenistan to the South and South-West36 3.2.2.2In Turkmenistan and Kazakstan to the South-East and East38 3.2.2.3In Ukraine and Belarus for Access to the West39 3.2.3Restructuring of the Russian Monopoly41 3.2.4Changes with the Reforms42 3.3Prices44 3.3.1Data44 3.3.2Purchasing Power Parity45 3.3.3Russia's Domestic Market47 3.3.3.1A Start to Deregulate Prices48 3.3.3.2Low versus International Prices?51 3.3.4Russia's Export Market to the Near-Abroad53 3.3.4.1Comparison on FSU – Level53 3.3.4.2Comparison with Far-Abroad54 3.3.4.3Comparison with Russia's Domestic Market55 4.CONCLUSION58 5.APPENDIX61 5.1Data61 5.2Literature72

Der in der Donaumonarchie ansässige Zweig der aus dem Frankfurter Ghetto stammenden jüdischen Familie Rothschild, bekannt vor allem durch ihre hervorragende Stellung in der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, hatte in der Zeit zwischen 1840 und 1938 umfassende Kunstsammlungen zusammengetragen, die Kunsthandwerksobjekte, wertvolle Porzellane, Tapisserien, Waffen, astronomische Geräte, Münzen, Plastiken, Zeichnungen, Aquarelle und Gemälde mit einschlossen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Gemäldesammlungen der Bankiersfamilie vorzustellen, ihre Schwerpunkte herauszuarbeiten, Verschiebungen im Sammlungsgefüge zu untersuchen, Inspirationsquellen zu benennen und die Frage zu klären, ob das Sammeln von Kunst aus wahrer Leidenschaft erfolgte oder vorrangig der Prunkvollen Darstellung ihres Reichtums dienen sollte. Zunächst wird beschrieben, wie sich die Familie seit der Zeit als Salomon von Rothschild 1820 eine Filiale des Bankhauses in der österreichischen Hauptstadt gründete, in Wien etablierte, ihre Stellung als Juden und gleichzeitig Hauptfinanziers der Monarchie, die Erhebung in den Freiherrenstand, die Erweiterung ihres Grundbesitzes, ihre sozialen Stiftungen und der Bau ihrer Paläste im IV. Wiener Bezirk, die eigene architektonische Konzepte ersichtliche werden ließen. Es wird gezeigt, wie sehr sich die Familie einerseits an den Kunstkammern der Habsburger orientierte, andererseits in ihren Sammlungen eigene, familientypische Vorlieben pflegte, die sich besonders auf die französische Dekorationsmalerei und die holländische Schule des 17. Jahrhunderts erstreckten. Einen zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet das Schicksal der Familie und ihrer Sammlungen, das detailgenau bis zur letzten Restitution 1998 beschrieben wird. Erstmalig erscheint auch eine Inventarliste der Gemäldesammlungen, deren Quellen Testamente, Schätzungsprotokolle und Briefe sind. Hier wird mit größtmöglicher Genauigkeit der Inhalt der Sammlungen aufgeführt, der jeweilige Besitzer genannt, sowie die Bergungsorte während des Krieges beschrieben und der heutige Verbleib geklärt. Im Resultat präsentieren sich die Mitglieder der Familie als wahre Kunstkenner, die eigene Galerien in ihren Häusern einrichteten und nicht danach trachteten ihre Schätze publikumswirksam auszustellen. Erstaunlich bleibt die Fokussierung auf bestimmte Schulen, die nicht unbedingt mit dem gängigen Kunstgeschmack einherging, und Werke der zeitgenössischen Kunst komplett negierte. Gekauft wurden die Gemälde bevorzugt von Privat, falls eine Teilnahme an einer öffentlichen Auktion notwendig war, wurden Strohmänner geschickt, so dass die Familie Rothschild ihre Anonymität wahren konnte. Aus demselben Anliegen wurden auch Rechnungen und Korrespondenzen nach Möglichkeit vernichtet; Kataloge der Sammlungen wurden aus diesem Grund ebenfalls nicht veröffentlicht. Dass es erst im Jahr 2001 zu einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit über die berühmte Gemäldesammlung der Wiener Rothschild Familie kam, liegt an verschiedenen Gründen. Zu Lebzeiten der Rothschilds in Österreich hat die Familie eine Aufstellung ihres Besitzes in jeder Hinsicht immer sorgsam vermieden. Wohl aus geschäftlichen Gründen, Tradition und Angst vor Ausbrüchen antisemitischer Gefühle versuchte die Familie so gut es eben ging geheim zu halten was sich alles wirklich in ihrem Besitz befand. Nachdem die Sammlungen mit den Ereignissen von 1938 aufgelöst wurden, und die Paläste der Familie in Wien geräumt waren, ihre Angehörigen nach Amerika ausgewandert und man andere Sorgen hatte, war das Interesse an den Sammlungen der jüdischen Bankiersfamilie begrenzt. Erst mit Anfängen der Beutekunstdebatte, der Pläne um das Linzer Museum und des sich seit dem zweiten Weltkrieg in Staatsbesitz befindlichen jüdischen Eigentums und der letzten Rückgabe der in Österreich verbliebenen Werke 1998 rückte die Kollektion wieder in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Die meisten Arbeiten widmeten sich nun aber, und dies meist sehr oberflächlich, dem Schicksal der Sammlungen nach 1938, ohne auf ihre Entstehung einzugehen. Dies entsprach einerseits den aktuellen Anlässen, andererseits hat viele Autoren wohl auch die schlechte Archivlage abgeschreckt. Diese rührt daher, dass die Familie einen Großteil der privaten Korrespondenz, der Rechnungen und Geschäftsbücher selbst ganz bewusst verbrannte und die beiden Weltkriege das ihrige zur Vernichtung und Zerstreuung vieler Papiere beigetragen haben. Die Sowjets brachten einen großen Teil der privaten Korrespondenz - das Rothschild Privatarchiv war 1938 zunächst nach Berlin gebracht worden und wurde von der russischen Armee bei ihrem Marsch auf Berlin wahrscheinlich aus einem schlesischen Bergungsdepot entwendet - in ihre Hände. Dieses Material war lange nur unter sehr schweren Bedingungen im Russischen Staatlichen Militärarchiv in Moskau zugängig, wo sie auch für die vorliegende Arbeit konsultiert wurden, seit Sommer 2002 befinden sich die Akten nun im Londoner Rothschild Archiv, dessen kundiger Leiter Victor Gray und seine Assistentin Melanie Aspey jede nur mögliche Hilfe zur Verfügung stellen. Die Indexlisten des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs nennen interessante Dokumente; leider sind einige Akten auf nicht nachgewiesene Weise verschwunden und auch nach intensiver Suche unauffindbar, so dass von ihrem Verlust auszugehen ist. Weiteres Quellenmaterial, wie etwa das Testament von Nathaniel von Rothschild, fiel unglücklichen Umständen zum Opfer: So ging der Nachlasskatalog beim Brand des Wiener Justizpalastes von 1927 für immer verloren. Eine der wenigen noch existierenden Quellen stellen die Briefe des nach England ausgewanderten Baron Ferdinand von Rothschild dar. Seine Dokumentation gibt Zeugnis vom Rothschild'schen Familieneifer, sich mit schönen und wertvollen Dingen zu umgeben. Die Inventarliste, die der Publikation anhängt, konnte nur aufgrund der Konsultation aller vorhandener privater Kunstauflisten, der durch die Nazis erstellten Inventarlisten, persönlicher Briefe (die sich heute in Moskau, Kew, London und Wien befinden), Testamente und staatlicher Schätzungsprotokolle sowie der sich im Koblenzer Bundesarchiv befindlichen Listen der Linzer Sammlungen erstellt werden. Sie ist nicht nur für diejenigen von Interesse, die sich mit den Sammlungen der Rothschilds auseinandersetzen, sondern auch für viele, die Recherchen über andere Kunstobjekte anstellen, die sich vor 1938 in jüdischem Besitz befunden haben. ; Emerging from the Jewish ghetto in Frankfurt, the Rothschilds took over in the world of banking in less than 50 years. In 1820, Salomon Rothschild came to Vienna to open a branch of the family banking house. His son Anselm was to make his name in the capital city of the Austrian monarchy not only as a financier but also as an art-collector: he laid the foundation for the significant art collections of the Viennese Rothschilds, which were extended and improved continuously, right through until 1938. The aim of the dissertation (Ph.D.) which was handed in at the University of Vienna in 2001 was to establish the focal point of their extensive collections of paintings. Interest in works by the 17th century Dutch School and the 18th century French School was to weave its way like a leitmotif through the collections over all generations. After Anselm's death in 1874, his sons Albert and Nathaniel von Rothschild significantly expanded their father's art collection and gave the works a prestigious setting by building two Palais in the Fourth District of Vienna. These grand houses were taken on by Albert's sons, Louis and Alphonse, who further enhanced the collections but also extended the range by purchasing works by 19th-century Austrian painters. Whereas the Dutch School was highly appreciated by most titled collectors in Europe since 1630 and was as such present in major aristocratic collections in Vienna (Liechtenstein, Czernin, Schönborn, Harrach), the Rothschilds strongly influenced the market by buying artworks from the French and English Schools. As a result of the analysis the Rothschilds present themselves as true admirers of the fine arts who conferred on a regular basis with art historians and other art lovers and who introduced progressive ways of exhibiting their collections. Whilst competing with some of the finest Austrian collections the members of the family also set new standards in the art world. Another important focus is set on the fate of the collections after the incidents of 1938. The Rothschilds in Vienna lost their entire property including their art compilations to the German state, the latter were for the most part meant to be introduced into Hitler's Museum in Linz. Although the collections were entirely restored after the war an important part was claimed by the Austrian museums when the family proclaimed their wish to take permanent exile in the US. Due to the poor existence of documents concerning these artworks it was only through extensive research in the archives of the Austrian State, the State Archives of Russia in Moscow (where all private correspondence was to be found until 2002), the German State Archive in Koblenz, The Rothschild Archive in London and various other Archives throughout Austria and England that the content of these collections could be pointed out. As a result the author was capable to compile an inventory of the canvases in the ownership of the Austrian Rothschilds which names the owner, the provenance, and the whereabouts of the piece during the Second World War and its actual location. Since the collections were not open to the public, and because of the fact that the Rothschilds never commissioned a catalogue of their art belongings or kept records of their property (the reason being the wish to conceal the volume of their wealth) this register is a unique document which is of major importance not only for researchers on the Rothschild family but also for those investigating into looted Jewish property in general.

Supervision gilt im Krankenhaus als bewährte Methode der Personalentwicklung. Mit zunehmender Praxisverbreitung wird ein Bedarf nach wissenschaftlicher Evaluation und Weiterentwicklung formuliert, dem bisher nicht hinreichend Rechnung getragen wurde. Die Arbeit befaßt sich aus arbeits- und organisationspsychologischer Sicht mit Supervision in der Krankenpflege. Sie stellt den Stand der Forschung dar und untersucht, ob und in welcher Weise Supervision zur Prävention und Bewältigung arbeitsbezogener Belastungen dient. Untersuchungsfeld ist das Freiburger Universitätsklinikum, ein Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung mit rund 8000 Beschäftigten, in dem die über 2500 Pflegekräfte die größte Berufsgruppe darstellen. Die Verfasserin ist als Diplom-Psychologin seit 1993 zur Supervision von Pflegenden und Stationsteams am Klinikum angestellt. Ziel ihrer Untersuchungen war es, den Stand der Supervision am Klinikum zu beschreiben und zu untersuchen, ob und inwieweit die intendierten Effekte und Ziele des Angebots erreicht werden. Pragmatische Perspektive war die Identifikation von Optimierungsmöglichkeiten, die für Konzeption und Durchführung der Supervision bedeutsam sind (formative Evaluation). Die Hauptfragestellungen umfassten deskriptive und evaluative Aspekte der Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität. Sie richteten sich auf das Erleben arbeitsassoziierter Belastungen, Erwartungen an Supervision, Akzeptanz und Inanspruchnahme, Inhalte der Sitzungen, Beurteilung des Nutzens und Prädiktoren für Supervisionsteilnahme. Durchgeführt wurden drei Studien. Datenquellen waren die fortlaufende Dokumentation der Supervisorinnen und Erhebungen bei Supervisanden, ehemaligen Supervisanden und einer vergleichbaren Kontrollgruppe Pflegender: Studie 1 Basisdokumentation Studie 2 Prä-/Postbefragung Studie 3 Katamnese mit Kontrollgruppe Die psychometrische Überprüfung der Gütekriterien der Instrumente erbrachte gute bis befriedigende Resultate, die Überprüfung der Skalenbildungen Hinweise auf eine reliable Erfassung der Konstrukte und Konvergenz mit der Literatur. Hauptergebnisse: • Pflege im Krankenhaus geht mit vielfältigen Belastungen einher. Zu den vorherrschenden zählen dabei neben hoher Arbeitsdichte Konflikte in der Zusammenarbeit im Pflegeteam und mit anderen Berufsgruppen. • Im Erleben der Pflegenden haben psychosoziale Belastungen einen höheren Stellenwert als die körperliche Beanspruchung durch ihren Beruf. Stress kann auf Ebene des Individuums, an der Schnittstelle Individuum-Organisation (im Team), sowie auf Ebene der Organisation entstehen. Umschriebene personenbezogene Faktoren (Alter, Geschlecht, Funktion auf Station) moderieren das Belastungserleben. Deutliche Effekte finden sich auch für das bedingungsbezogene Merkmal Abteilungszugehörigkeit. • Die Supervisionserwartungen und -bedürfnisse der Pflegenden sind realistisch an Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Supervision geknüpft und dabei inhaltlich von den Arbeitsbelastungen auf Station bestimmt. Die Erwartungen sind in Abhängigkeit der Handlungserfordernisse Ziel- und Lösungsorientiert. • Bereichsspezifisch ist Supervision mit einem deutlichen Rückgang im Belastungserleben assoziiert. Unabhängig von personenbezogenen Merkmalen beurteilt die große Mehrheit der Pflegenden Supervision als wirksam zur Bewältigung ihrer Anforderungen im Krankenhaus. • Prädiktoren künftiger Inanspruchnahme sind neben den aktuellen Arbeitsbelastungen auch gute Erfahrungen mit bzw. ebensolche Erwartungen an Supervision. Letzteres verweist auf die Bedeutung einer bedarfsgerechten, umsetzungsorientierten Supervisionsgestaltung. Die Meta-Evaluation der Untersuchungen ergibt forschungsmethodische sowie praktische Konsequenzen für die Supervision im Krankenhaus: Bei expliziten Effizienzbetrachtungen (Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen) ist eine Ausweitung der Zielkriterien nötig. Neben subjektiven Aussagen müssen dann, unter Einhaltung des Persönlichkeits- und Datenschutzes, weitere quantifizierbare Daten erhoben werden (z.B. Leistungsdaten, Abwesenheitstage). Gleiches gilt für die vertiefte Erfassung personen- und zielgruppenspezifischer Effekte im Längsschnitt. Für die Supervision im Krankenhaus ergeben sich mehrere praktische Konsequenzen. Sie sollte niederschwellig angeboten werden, um zeitnah und bedarfsgerecht zum Einsatz zu kommen. Supervisoren sollten um die Determinanten arbeitsassoziierter Belastungen von Pflegenden wissen und diese situationsspezifisch sorgfältig identifizieren können. Bei Konflikten zwischen den Berufsgruppen ist es für die Effektivität einer Supervision unerläßlich, alle Konfliktparteien an einen Tisch zu holen. Ansatzpunkte von Supervision sind die individuelle Ebene, die Gruppenebene und die Schnittstelle Individuum – Organisation. Eine konsequent Lösungs- und Umsetzungsorientierte Supervision wird dem Bedarf von Pflegenden gerecht und erweist sich im Krankenhaus als effektiv. ; This thesis deals with psychological supervision groups for nurses working in hospitals. It reports on the state of the scientific research on work-related stress and on supervision groups in the hospital setting and evaluates empirically, whether and in what way these groups are being helpful in preventing and coping with work-related stress. The author is an occupational and organisational psychologist and psychological supervisor with Freiburg University Hospital. As a formative evaluation this work has two major concerns: firstly, to analyse scientifically the data collected in the field over several years in order to deduct evidence about the effectiveness of psychological supervision in a hospital setting; secondly, it reconsiders, develops and optimizes the practice of the so called "Freiburg Model" of psychological supervision groups for nurses. The conceptual background of the work is Occupational and Organisational Psychology. Freiburg University Hospital is a hospital of maximum care. All fields of medicine are represented by special clinics or institutes. More than 50.000 in-patients and nearly 380.000 out-patients are treated each year. The hospital employs a total of 8.000 people, among them 900 physicians. With over 2.500 nurses, this is the largest professional group. The hospital´s service of psychological supervision for nurses and ward teams aims at preventing psychosocial work hazards and at compensating for those hazards which are not fully inevitable in daily work on the ward. It is a hospital wide approach on the individual-organisational interface. The service was evaluated by three studies presented in this book: basic documentation, a longitudinal study and a cross sectional study with a control-group design. The psychometric properties of the instruments applied in the studies have been examined and proved to be good. The theoretical assumptions of the main dimensions based the on literature were confirmed. In summary, the scientific evaluation of the supervision groups´ effectiveness supports the following: Nurses are confronted with a great deal of work-related psychosocial stress. Characteristics of nursing are often a high work load and shortage of nursing staff, stress caused by patients´ problems, conflicts within the nursing team, poor work organisation and problems of communication and collaboration with doctors. The stress can arise at the individual level, at the individual-organisational interface and at the organisational level. Nurses´ assessment of work-related stress is moderated by personal and work-related factors. Nurses have a clear understanding of the potential and the limits of psychological supervision groups as a means of stress reduction. The expectations and needs regarding the supervision are articulated in a precise and goal-oriented way and relate closely to the specific stress at work. The perception of work-related stress decreases significantly after the supervision group sessions. The majority of the participants evaluate the psychological supervision as effective in preventing and overcoming psychosocial stress at work. This assessment is not affected by personal characteristics (e.g. age, gender, job position), thus indicating the effects of supervision being independent of these characteristics. Dealing with problems in interdisciplinary communication proves most successful when every party is represented in the supervision group. The wish of the former participants for future participation can be seen as a mathematical function of the present stress level at work and how they succeeded in translating groups´ outcome into action, whilst the wish of the so far non-participants for participating in the future is a mathematical function of the present stress level at work and their expectations regarding the groups´ effectiveness. The studies´ meta-evaluation emphasizes methodological as well as practical consequences. Methodological consequences for future research include investigating extended objectives -e.g. data on sick leave or rotation- when focusing on the cost-effectiveness of psychological supervision and using repeated measurement design for evaluating differential personal effects. In both cases, data protection legislation has to be fully taken into account. Practical consequences for psychological supervision groups in hospitals are: to provide easy access, to act early and in close response to demand, to acknowledge a problem at its source, to focus on problems on the individual-organisational interface, to include all parties concerned in a particular conflict and to translate resources into action.

The WSU Stewart Library Annual UC-UI Symposium took place from 2001-2007. The collection consists of memorabilia from the symposium including a yearly keepsake, posters, and presentations through panel discussions or individual lectures. ; Audio Recording ; " You Can't Get Anywhere Without Coming to Ogden: Railroading in the American West" a commemorative panel discussion presented at the 2004 Utah Construction/ Utah International Symposium Making Tracks by Dr. Richard Sadler Thursday, October 7, 2004 2 I grew up on the west side of the Salt Lake Valley and often was involved with, including a couple of summers, working on the railroad that went from Bingham to Magna that carried copper ore from the 1920s, and continues today to carry a concentrated copper that is milled at Copperton to the smelter and refinery on the north end of the Oquirrh mountains. In 1960 I traveled on a one way ticket from Salt Lake on the Western Pacific Railroad on the Feather River route. And as we talked about the Western Pacific I was telling my friend John Sillito I traveled that route, I can tell you what it was like. For many of us railroads are nostalgic. As I thought about us coming together today I thought some of you may have heard Peter, Paul, and Mary saying, " If you miss the train I am on, you will know that I am gone. You can hear the whistle blow…" How far? "… a hundred miles." Some of you will have heard Arlo Guthrie singing, " Riding on the city of New Orleans" traveling from Chicago through Tennessee to New Orleans. Some of you may have seen Gene Wilder in the film Silver Streak. We have railroads in both history and folklore. One hundred and fifty years ago people were talking all about John Henry, that steel driving man, who put himself up against a machine to see who could lay track the quickest. How about Casey Jones the engineer. And how about songs like, " I've been working on the railroad, all the live- long day. I've been working on the railroad to pass the time of day." Of course the live- long day may have meant a twelve hour working 3 day. " Don't you hear the whistle blowing; rise up so early in the morn. Don't you hear the captain shouting, Dina blow your horn." In 1765, the same year that the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which would lead, in part, to independence in America, James Watt, a Scotsman, invented an efficient steam engine. Seventeen years later in 1782 he patented it a steam engine that had pistons that would both push and pull and allow energy to be transmitted both ways when it pushed and pulled. The first important railroad in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio which was begun in 1827 and then, in 1829, Peter Cooper, a New York manufacturer, built a steam engine he called the Tom Thumb. The Tom Thumb was an embarrassment to him because it lost a race against a horse because a belt slipped! It was still not powered in a way that locomotives would soon be powered. In 1833 when the Baltimore and Ohio had 133 miles of track, that was the longest stretch of track in the world. One American who dreamed of a transcontinental railroad and pushed for it in the decade of the 1840s was a man by the name of Asa Whitney. And, of course, two decades later Ogden would become the junction center for the first transcontinental railroad in the world. Railroads in the 19th and early 20th centuries were, to those folks, what today automobiles, rockets, and airplanes are all in one for us. So when we consider how important railroads were for those people, there is some nostalgia attached to it. For example, Carl Sandburg in his poem about Chicago said, " Hot butcher for the world, toolmaker, stacker of 4 wheat, player with railroads, and the nations freight handler, stormy, husky, brawling, a city of big shoulders." Not everyone loved railroads. Henry David Thoreau writing at Walden in 1846 said, " We do not ride upon the railroad, it rides upon us." So there were alternative points of view. I also liked him writing in Walden, " Beware of all enterprises that require new clothes." Another author, Philip Guedalla said, " The true history of the United States is the history of transportation. In which the names or railroad presidents are more significant than those of Presidents of the United States." Bret Hart writing about the May 10, 1869 joining of the rail said, " What was it that the engines said there, and for us we would say at Promontory, touching head to head, facing on a single track, with half a world behind each back?" Here we are in the area of the first transcontinental railroad of the world. Edna St. Vincent Malay and her poem entitled " Travel" said, " My heart is warm with the friends I make and better friends I'll not be knowing. Yet, there isn't a train I wouldn't take, no matter where it's going." And finally Langston Hughes, black poet with great feeling, wrote in his poem " Homesick Blues," " De railroad bridge's a sad song in the air. Ever time the trains pass I wants to go somewhere." So that whistle that still blows in Ogden, and Sacramento, and Omaha, and that even sometimes wakes us up at night, my friend Leisel Large up in Oregon, I am sure it blows a whistle up there too. We are going to be introduced today by my colleagues. I am delighted to introduce Dr. Kathryn MacKay, a member of our history faculty here at Weber, who is going to bring us to Ogden from the East and the Union Pacific Railroad. 5 She will be followed by Dr. Stan Layton, also a member of our history faculty but formerly the editor of the Utah Historical Quarterly for three decades. Stan does not look that old but he started young. He is going to bring us to Ogden from the West and talk about the Central and Southern and Western Pacific. And then our colleague Dr. Richard Roberts, emeritus professor of history, is going to talk about the Utah Central railroad and Ogden as a railroad center so we'll turn the time to these folks. Then we'll ask you for some questions and end up the discussion in that fashion. Does that sound alright? Thank you, Dr. MacKay.