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Few books in computing have had as profound an influence on software management as Peopleware . The unique insight of this longtime best seller is that the major issues of software development are human, not technical. They're not easy issues; but solve them, and you'll maximize your chances of success. " Peopleware has long been one of my two favorite books on software engineering. Its underlying strength is its base of immense real experience, much of it quantified. Many, many varied projects have been reflected on and distilled; but what we are given is not just lifeless distillate, but vivid examples from which we share the authors' inductions. Their premise is right: most software project problems are sociological, not technological. The insights on team jelling and work environment have changed my thinking and teaching. The third edition adds strength to strength." - Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., Kenan Professor of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Author of The Mythical Man-Month and The Design of Design " Peopleware is the one book that everyone who runs a software team needs to read and reread once a year. In the quarter century since the first edition appeared, it has become more important, not less, to think about the social and human issues in software development. This is the only way we're going to make more humane, productive workplaces. Buy it, read it, and keep a stock on hand in the office supply closet." -Joel Spolsky, Co-founder, Stack Overflow "When a book about a field as volatile as software design and use extends to a third edition, you can be sure that the authors write of deep principle, of the fundamental causes for what we readers experience, and not of the surface that everyone recognizes. And to bring people, actual human beings, into the mix! How excellent. How rare. The authors have made this third edition, with its additions, entirely terrific." -Lee Devin and Rob Austin, Co-authors of The Soul of Design and Artful Making For this third edition, the authors have added six new chapters and updated the text throughout, bringing it in line with today's development environments and challenges. For example, the book now discusses pathologies of leadership that hadn't previously been judged to be pathological; an evolving culture of meetings; hybrid teams made up of people from seemingly incompatible generations; and a growing awareness that some of our most common tools are more like anc...

The book investigates the role of law and legal experts in the organisational dynamics of a population, demonstrating that law is a stable practice among those who (in virtue of the special knowledge they master) are called upon to select the 'normative facts' of a population, i.e. the interactional standards that are proclaimed as binding for the entire population by the publicly recognised legal experts (whose peremptory judgments can be only revised by peers). It proposes an integration of the recent research outcomes achieved in three different areas of study: legal positivism, legal institutionalism and legal pluralism and examines the notions of rule, coercion, institution, practice elaborated by significant theorists in the mentioned areas and illumine both their merits and flaws. Furthermore it advances a notion of law and a description of the legal field which are able to account for the nature of the legal filed as the cradle of the social order. new back cover copy: In an era characterized by a streaking global pluralism, the collapse of many state agencies, the emergence of multiple sources of law, and the rise of informal justice, the idea of a unitary and homogenous legal system seems old-fashioned. But philosophers, sociologists and anthropologists still hold many debates on the nature of law and its function, which is that law represents an institution that characterizes any orderly social context of human beings, and this book plunges into the center of those debates. Self-sufficiency of Law: A Critical-institutional Theory of Social Order investigates the role of law and legal experts in the organizational dynamics of a population. It demonstrates that law is a stable practice among those who are called upon to select the "normative facts" of a population, that is, the interactional standards that are proclaimed as binding for the entire population by the publicly recognized legal experts. To do this, the author proposes an integration of the recent research outcomes achieved in three different areas of study—legal positivism, legal institutionalism and legal pluralism. He examines the notions of rule, coercion, institution and practice elaborated on by significant theorists in these fields, highlighting both the merits and flaws and ultimately advancing a notion of law and a description of the legal field which are able to account for the nature of the legal field as the cradle of social order. This text covers key guidelines for empirical research and political activities in Western and non-Western countries.

Among the first books to focus on physician engagement during a Lean effort, Sustaining Lean in Healthcare: Developing and Engaging Physician Leadership explains how to ensure ongoing physician participation long after the consultant leaves. Dr. Michael Nelson, an early adopter of Lean in healthcare, explains how to use these synergic tools to achieve consistently high levels of quality and clinical care outcomes. The book begins with a Lean primer that provides a firm foundation in essential Lean concepts--including value stream maps, 6S, Kanban, Heijunka, and Gemba Walks. Next, it examines how to create a physician engagement plan and covers the specific responsibilities of physician leadership through the Lean transformation. Explaining what to look for when judging success, it provides numerous examples that demonstrate how to sustain success over the long term. Complete with tips for spotting the danger signs that might indicate your plan is off course, this book details time-tested techniques and strategies for reducing waste in healthcare. It supplies a methodology for establishing shared expectations of success with your medical team early on in the process, as well as a proven framework for simultaneous Lean deployment across multiple locations. Praise for the book: In this book , Dr. Nelson draws on his forty years of medical practice and his experience as an early adopter of Lean for healthcare, to identify a crucial piece to aligning healthcare organizations for success; Physician Engagement. ... Healthcare executives and clinicians will appreciate and learn from Dr. Nelson's insight.--Robert Iversen, Director, Accenture Management Consulting ...Instead of writing another how-to book, Mike has taken the opportunity to provide insights that are sure to help any healthcare organization sustain the impact of its Lean engagement.--Rick Malik, Worldwide Director, ValuMetrix ® Services, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics ... provides realistic estimates of timelines for projects, expected satisfaction, quality, and financial paybacks, as well as the time commitments required for Lean healthcare initiatives to become durable successes.--David Mann, PhD, Principal, David Mann Lean Consulting ... simplifies and organizes the steps needed to effectively and successfully take advantage of the significant contributions Lean management can make ... .--Edward D. Martin, MD, Co-Founder and Chairman Emeritus, Martin Blanck & Associates, Inc. Lean has become a critical predictor of successful systems going forward. Sustaining Lean in Healthcare is the book to get this done.--Stephen C. Beeson MD, Author of Engaging Physicians, A Manual to Physician Partnership.

Preliminary Material /L. Doležalová -- Revisiting Memory In The Middle Ages (Introduction) /Lucie Doležalová and Tamás Visi -- Communal Memory Of The Distributed Author: Applicability Of The Connectionist Model Of Memory To The Study Of Traditional Narratives /Slavica Ranković -- Writing The Memory Of The Virtues And Vices In Johannes Sintram's (D. 1450) Preaching Aids /Kimberly Rivers -- Memory, Meditation And Preaching: A Fifteenth-Century Memory Machine In Central Europe (The Text Nota Hanc Figuram Composuerunt Doctores . . . / Pro Aliquali Intelligentia . . .) /Farkas Gábor Kiss -- The Staging Of Memory: Ars Memorativa And The Spectacle Of Imagination In Late Medieval Preaching In Poland /Rafał Wójcik -- On Mistake And Meaning: Scinderationes Fonorum In Medieval Artes Memoriae, Mnemonic Verses, And Manuscripts /Lucie Doležalová -- The Verse Bible As Aide-Mémoire /Greti Dinkova-Bruun -- Exhibete Membra Vestra: Verbal And Visual Enthymeme As Late Medieval Mnemotechnics /Laura Iseppi De Filippis -- The Late Medieval Summa Iovis As A Case Study For The Use Of Poems As Mnemonic Aids /Rüdiger Lorenz -- Pseudo-Apocryphal Dialogue As A Tool For The Memorization Of Scholastic Wisdom: The Farewell Of Christ To Mary And The Liber De Vita Christi By Jacobus /Péter Tóth -- The Old Norse Kenning As A Mnemonic Figure /Bergsveinn Birgisson -- The Landscape As A Memory Construction In The Latin Petrarch /Francesco Stella -- Posthumous Messages: Memory, Romance, And The Morte Darthur /Jon Whitman -- \'And Nothing Will Be Wasted\': Actualization Of The Past In Caesarius Of Heisterbach's Dialogus Miraculorum /Victoria Smirnova -- The Latin Vocabulary of Memory in Medieval Hungary /Előd Nemerkényi -- The Construction Of Memory And The Display Of Social Bonds In The Life Of Corpus Christi Fraternity From Sibiu (Hermannstadt, Nagyszeben) /Carmen Florea -- Props Of Memory, Triggers Of Narration: Time And Space In Medieval Jewish Hagiography /Lucia Raspe -- Anselm Of Laon In The Twelfth-Century Schools: Between Fama And Memoria /Cédric Giraud -- Memory And Hagiography: The Formation Of The Memory Of Three Thirteenth-Century Female Saints /Dávid Falvay -- Dixit Quod Non Recordatur: Memory As Proof In Inquisitorial Trials (Early Fourteenth-Century France) /Irene Bueno -- Peasants' Revolts Memories: Damnatio Memoriae Or Hidden Memories? /Vincent Challet -- Remembering And Forgetting The Sabians: Moses Maimonides, Moses Narboni, And Eleazar Eilenburg /Tamás Visi -- The Past As A Precedent: Crusade, Reconquest And Twelfth-Century Memories Of A Christian Iberia /William J. Purkis -- Memory Of The Past And Old Norse Identity /Else Mundal -- In Memoriam Defunctorum: Visual Arts As Devices Of Memory /Milena Bartlová -- Index /L. Doležalová.

This book offers an in indictment of the nation's drug enforcement approach focusing on the short sighted policies that often deny patients suffering from chronic pain the medications they need. Over 70 million adult Americans suffer from chronic pain, which costs the U.S. economy $61 billion a year in lost productivity, not counting medical bills. Left untreated, chronic pain gradually kills its victims while ruining their lives. As a clinical and research oncologist responsible for the chronic pain management of thousands of cancer patients over the course of his 30 year career, he knows that the most effective and safest way to manage most cases of chronic pain is with opioids. All modern pain management textbooks advocate "titration to effect" in cases where opioids help: that is, gradually increasing the dosage until either the pain is acceptably controlled or the side effects begin to outweigh the pain relief benefits. Yet the vast majority of doctors do not practice what the medical textbooks teach and instead prescribe opioids very reluctantly and conservatively. As a result, only half of all chronic pain sufferers, and fewer than half of all cancer patients, get adequate pain relief from their doctors. Why do physicians radically undertreat pain that is susceptible to opioid analgesics? They fear that if they prescribe Schedule II opioids in accordance with the professional standards of pain management set by such medical bodies as the American Pain Society, they will be investigated by the DEA, stigmatized, prosecuted as criminals, stripped of their licenses, and sent to jail. This work focuses on America's national crisis in pain management caused by the widening divergence between the enormous contributions of opioids ("narcotics") to pain management in the clinical setting and the mistaken belief that they are dangerous, highly addictive drugs. After dissecting the strategy and tactics of the War on Drugs from medical, historical, legal, socioeconomic, and geopolitical perspectives, the author indicts the 40 year long War on Drugs for having failed to stem the supply of illicit drugs in America despite expenditures of half a trillion dollars, despite violating the basic human right to pain relief of tens of millions of American chronic pain sufferers, and despite fomenting organized crime, government corruption, racial injustice, and social disruption in both the United States and the producer countries. He concludes with a clarion call for the abandonment of the War on Drugs, disbanding the Drug Enforcement Administration, and encouraging Congress to repeal the Controlled Substances Act.

This study begins with a general introduction to the credit derivatives market and gives arguments for the growth catalysts which have driven the development to the current state. The financial participants in this market are presented as well. A comparison between market risk and credit risk follows to show the clear transition that helped credit risk to become an asset class. After that, a link to the recent Basel II guidelines is established in order to show the policies that banks have to consider when trading with credit risk. Chapter 2 deals with the historical evolution of credit derivatives and classifies different structures. A presentation of the main types of credit derivatives and their contract elements follow; these are mainly credit default swaps (CDS) and collaterized debt obligations (CDO). Chapter 2 also deals with definitions of a credit event and the calculation of risk premiums. Forms of default payment illustrate the possible settlement of a credit derivative contract. Afterwards, an account of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) is presented. This association serves as a supplier of standardized documentation to all market participants and facilitates transactions. Chapter 3 is the key element of this thesis and shows the applications of credit derivatives: they serve as portfolio diversifiers for asset managers, hedging instruments for banks or corporations and offer arbitrage possibilities for hedge funds and other institutions that monitor mispricings in bond and credit markets. This part delivers essential information for the final evaluation of such instruments from a practical point of view in Chapter 5. In Chapter 4, the thesis covers the most important pricing tools for credit derivatives. Three generally accepted and widely used models are presented and evaluated concerning their suitability for various parties. These models vary greatly. Recently, a German governmental organization has set a standard evaluation system in place; whereas multinational investment banks form their own capacities in house or through joint ventures. An efficient valuation system gives market participants a major competitive advantage because they can observe default probabilities on an ongoing basis under changing market conditions. Chapter 5 deals with an evaluation of credit derivatives from a practical point of view and discusses the opportunities and risks involved in credit derivatives. The author concludes with a critical evaluation about the role and responsibility of regulators in this market and a view on the current situation of the global credit markets.

The study examines Jorge Semprun´s literary reflections on his experiences made in the concentration camp of Buchenwald in "Le grand voyage" (1963), "Quel beau dimanche!" (1980), "L´écriture ou la vie" (1994) and "Le mort qu´il faut" (2001) with the aim to show the development in his retrospective treatment of the past. Therefore the texts are not considered as a unified "ecriture" but as a progressing approximation to his experiences in Buchenwald.

The study deals in narratological and poetological terms with Semprun´s growing awareness of what Buchenwald means to him: While "Le grand voyage" is deeply influenced by the authors communistic view. "Quel beau dimanche!" reflects Sempruns disconcertion caused by his awareness of the parallel existence of concentration camps in Nazi-Germany and in the Soviet Union. "L´ecriture ou la vie" and "Le mort qu´il faut", for their part, are written by an author who considers himself as survivor and witness.

This process is accompanied by Semprun´s shift to literature as a universe implying sense and creating identity. This becomes vitally important after his dissociation from communism and enables him to speak extensively about his experiences with death. Therefore Semprun´s conception of "witnessship" can be described as diametrically opposed to factual documentation. It is rather intended to function within a literary field: Only the intensive use of intertextuality allowes Semprun to comprehend Buchenwald finally as the centre of his life and as the origin of his own identity as well as to communicate his "truth" to the reader. - Die Studie untersucht Jorge Sempruns literarische Gestaltung seiner Erfahrungen des Konzentrationslagers Buchenwald in "Le grand voyage (1963), "Quel beau dimanche!" (1980), "L´ecriture ou la vie" (1994) und "Le mort qu´il faut (2001). Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Entwicklungslinien und Tendenzen in der retrospektiven Auseinandersetzung und literarischen Bearbeitung des persönlich Erlebten aufzuzeigen. Demzufolge werden die Texte nicht als einheitliches Sprechen, sondern als fortschreitende erzählerische Annäherung an den miterlebten Tod von Buchenwald betrachtet.

Die narratologisch und poetologisch ausgerichtete Studie fokussiert den Bewusstwerdungsprozess, der in den Texten zum Ausdruck gelangt: Während "Le grand voyage" noch deutlich vom kommunistischen Weltbild des Autors geprägt ist, spiegelt sich in "Quel beau dimanche!" - geschrieben im Bewusstsein über die gleichzeitige Existenz nationalsozialistischer und stalinistischer Lager - die existentielle Verunsicherung Sempruns, wohingegen in "L´ecriture ou la vie" und "Le mort qu´il faut" die Selbstdefinierung als Überlebender und Zeuge dominiert.

Paralell zu dieser Entwicklung vollzieht sich Sempruns Hinwendung zur Literatur als identitäts- und sinnstiftendem Universum, das, insbesondere nach der Lossage vom Kommunismus, verstärkt in den Vordergrund rückt und erst die umfassende Sagbarkeit der Erfahrung ermöglicht. Sempruns Konzeption von Zeugenschaft steht folglich in direkter Opposition zu einem dokumentarischen Bezeugen und bewegt sich stattdessen innerhalb eines genuin literarischen Feldes. Nur durch den intensiven Einsatz intertextueller Bezugnahmen gelingt es dem Autor, die Erfahrung von Buchenwald als Zentrum seines Lebens sowie als Ursprung seines Ichs zu begreifen und diese "Wahrheit" dem Leser mitzuteilen.

Globalization, commercialization and Americanization are changing the lives of almost everybody on the planet. The uniqueness of this book is that it tackles these trends together, and head-on. The balance of knowledge and feeling makes it an important book in a field plagued by one-sided pro- and anti- pieces.-David Arnold, author of The Mirage of Global Markets Millions of people around the world have come to despise the United States. One of the biggest reasons is American "in-your-face" marketing, which treats people everywhere as 24 × 7 consumers, drives U.S. free market materialism at the expense of local values, and seeks to "McDonaldize" the entire globe. In this book, one of the world's leading experts on global marketing steps back to see its true impact. Johny K. Johansson looks at American marketing from the perspective of the non-U.S. consumer: as the first wave of a cultural assault by an arrogant, wasteful society of overfed, gas-guzzling, SUV-driving bullies. Johansson considers the Bush administration's "repositioning" of America and the post-9/11 collapse of American popularity from the perspective of a professional global marketer. He then offers practical guidance for marketers who wish to succeed in global markets without becoming "ugly Americans." Meet the new "ugly American"-American marketers abroad: loud, short-sighted, and ineffective Live by the brand, die by the brand-Why American brands are the #1 targets of the anti-globalization movement One size does not fit all-No matter how much global marketers say it does After 9/11: The disastrous "repositioning" of America-Bush unilateralism versus traditional American values Toward a more humane global marketing-Local awareness and respect and the long-term route to sustainable profit The new global rebellion against American marketing "In-your-face" American marketing-the not-so-hidden cause of global anti-Americanism. The "repositioning" of America and why American popularity overseas has collapsed How to profitably market internationally, without promoting anti-Americanism A desperately needed wake-up call for American companies in global markets In Your Face reveals the new worldwide rebellion that's brewing against American marketing. Renowned international marketing expert Johny K. Johansson explains why global customers will no longer put up with the traditional tactics of western companies. Most important, he offers a new path to sustainable profits-a path based o...

Revised and updated to include the most current information on same-sex marriage, The Limits to Union documents a legal struggle at its moment of greatest historical importance. "The Limits to Union is a superb book about the complexities of recent political struggles over same-sex marriage. Goldberg-Hiller offers a sophisticated account of egalitarian rights advocacy and the reaction it has generated from established majorities animated by a 'new common sense' of exclusionary sovereign authority. The author's analysis is multidimensional and nuanced, but the core argument is bold, important, and well-supported. I recommend it very highly to everyone interested in understanding the character, possibilities, and constraints of civil rights amid our contemporary culture wars." ---Michael McCann, author of Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. "In this excellent book, Goldberg-Hiller uses Hawaii's experience to examine the interaction between courts and the political system. . . . Relying on briefs, legislative statements, and interviews with activists from both sides of the question, he views this familiar debate . . . through the unfamiliar prism of gay marriage, which allows him to gauge the viability and the pliability of the American civil rights ideal, and how gay and lesbian issues fit (or don't fit) within that ideal." ---Willian Heinzen, New York Law Journal. "Goldberg-Hiller presents the history of the same-sex marriage question since it first sparked debate in Hawaii. He follows the shifting debate through court cases, state propositions, and state and federal legislatures, considering questions about the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act and the concept of equal protection under the law for gays and lesbians. This detailed treatment of the legal issues surrounding same-sex marriages is highly recommended." ---R. L. Abbott, University of Evansville. "[A] valuable contribution to the field, situating the gay marriage debate in broader contexts of theory, law and practice. [S]ame-sex marriage is an important issue...that finds itself caught in the friction points of much larger debates over the nature of rights, the limits of sovereignty and the proper role of courts and law in a democratic society. The Limits to Union should therefore be of interest even to those who do not think of themselves as interested in gay and lesbian rights issues." ---Evan Gerstmann, Loyola Marymount University, Law and Politics Book Review.

Even as the evidence of global warming mounts, the international response to this serious threat is coming unraveled. The United States has formally withdrawn from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; other key nations are facing difficulty in meeting their Kyoto commitments; and developing countries face no limit on their emissions of the gases that cause global warming. In this clear and cogent book-reissued in paperback with an afterword that comments on recent events--David Victor explains why the Kyoto Protocol was never likely to become an effective legal instrument. He explores how its collapse offers opportunities to establish a more realistic alternative. Global warming continues to dominate environmental news as legislatures worldwide grapple with the process of ratification of the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The collapse of the November 2000 conference at the Hague showed clearly how difficult it will be to bring the Kyoto treaty into force. Yet most politicians, policymakers, and analysts hailed it as a vital first step in slowing greenhouse warming. David Victor was not among them. Kyoto's fatal flaw, Victor argues, is that it can work only if emissions trading works. The Protocol requires industrialized nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases to specific targets. Crucially, the Protocol also provides for so-called "emissions trading," whereby nations could offset the need for rapid cuts in their own emissions by buying emissions credits from other countries. But starting this trading system would require creating emission permits worth two trillion dollars--the largest single invention of assets by voluntary international treaty in world history. Even if it were politically possible to distribute such astronomical sums, the Protocol does not provide for adequate monitoring and enforcement of these new property rights. Nor does it offer an achievable plan for allocating new permits, which would be essential if the system were expanded to include developing countries. The collapse of the Kyoto Protocol--which Victor views as inevitable--will provide the political space to rethink strategy. Better alternatives would focus on policies that control emissions, such as emission taxes. Though economically sensible, however, a pure tax approach is impossible to monitor in practice. Thus, the author proposes a hybrid in which governments set targets for both emission quantities and tax levels. This offers the important advantages of both emission trading and taxes without the debilitating drawbacks of each. Individuals at all levels of environmental science, economics, public policy, and politics-from students to professionals--and anyone else hoping to participate in the debate over how to slow global warming will want to read this book.

Every United Nations member state is part of the human rights treaty system through the ratification of at least one of the six major human rights treaties, rendering universal participation a reality. For human rights victims, the treaty system is of central importance because international legal standards may offer benefits which political fora may not: the potential to generate remedies, attention, accessiblity. At the same time, the implementation mechanisms associated with the human rights treaties were designed at a time when the argument that international interest in human rights was an interference in domestic jurisdiction was at its peak. The challenge for the 21st Century is to move the theory of universality of international human rights standards towards effective implementation of human rights obligations. This book is a major contribution to the effort to focus attention on effective implementation of the human rights treaties. The contributors examine the major implementation shortfalls of the UN human rights treaty system, and offer concrete recommendations as to where future implementations efforts should be placed. The contributors are in a unique position to formulate and share their insights. They are drawn from among all of the constituencies involved in the human rights treaty system: the treaty bodies themselves, the NGO community, the UN secretariat, regional human rights regimes, UN agencies, UN human rights actors from the Human Rights Commission, the judiciary and academia. The book also includes, as a unique resource, all of the major documents concerning the UN human rights treaty system: the text of the treaties, the text of all amendments, statistics on individual communications to the treaty bodies, the text of all meetings of the chairpersons of the treaty bodies, reports and commentaries submitted to the UN Human Rights Commission, recent resolutions of the Human Rights Commission and the General Assembly on the human rights treaties, reform proposals by the International Law Association, regional human rights instruments. In the words of Philip Alston, the author of the UN report on enhancing the long-term effectiveness of the UN human rights treaty system, Professor Bayefsky's work `.has been more systematic and comprehensive, and has continued over a longer period of time, than any other comparable sholarly work on the subject.' (March 2000) In this volume Professor Bayefsky has collected the views of a range of authors immersed in the contribution and welfare of the UN human rights treaty system in the 21st century. It is necessary text for all those interested in the future of the international protection of human rights

Main description: With the publication of French Philosophy of the Sixties, Alain Renaut and Luc Ferry in 1985 launched their famous critique against canonical figures such as Foucault, Derrida, and Lacan, bringing under rigorous scrutiny the entire post-structuralist project that had dominated Western intellectual life for over two decades. Their goal was to defend the accomplishments of liberal democracy, particularly in terms of basic human rights, and to trace the reigning philosophers' distrust of liberalism to an "antihumanism" inherited mainly from Heidegger. In The Era of the Individual, widely hailed as Renaut's magnum opus, the author explores the most salient feature of post-structuralism: the elimination of the human subject. At the root of this thinking lies the belief that humans cannot know or control their basic natures, a premise that led to Heidegger's distrust of an individualistic, capitalist modern society and that allied him briefly with Hitler's National Socialist Party. While acknowledging some of Heidegger's misgivings toward modernity as legitimate, Renaut argues that it is nevertheless wrong to equate modernity with the triumph of individualism. Here he distinguishes between individualism and subjectivity and, by offering a history of the two, powerfully redirects the course of current thinking away from potentially dangerous, reductionist views of humanity.Renaut argues that modern philosophy contains within itself two opposed ways of conceiving the human person. The first, which has its roots in Descartes and Kant, views human beings as subjects capable of arriving at universal moral judgments. The second, stemming from Leibniz, Hegel, and Nietzsche, presents human beings as independent individuals sharing nothing with others. In a careful recounting of this philosophical tradition, Renaut shows the resonances of these traditions in more recent philosophers such as Heidegger and in the social anthropology of Louis Dumont.Renaut's distinction between individualism and subjectivity has become an important issue for young thinkers dissatisfied with the intellectual tradition originating in Nietzsche and Heidegger. Moreover, his proclivity toward the Kantian tradition, combined with his insights into the shortcomings of modernity, will interest anyone concerned about today's shifting cultural attitudes toward liberalism.Originally published in 1999.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This study on evidence before international tribunals, with an emphasis on the burden of proof, is one of the more important and interesting issues of evidence under both municipal and international law. The study is mainly based on documented cases and special attention is paid to the case law of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in the Hague. The study is divided into three parts. Part One presents the preliminary issues concerning the concept of the burden of proof and the burden of evidence, as well as the nature and scope of the burden of proof. Part Two discusses the main aspects of the burden of proof, identified by considering the fact that there are three main actors in each litigated case, viz. the claimant, the respondent and the judge or arbitrator. Different chapters are allocated to: the claimant's role in bearing the main task with respect to the burden of proof; general aspects of collaboration of parties in matters of evidence; and the authority and duties of international tribunals with respect to the burden of proof. Part Two ends with a chapter on the rules of the burden of proof and a discussion on whether or not there are any such rules that could be considered as principles of international law. Some related issues are discussed in Part Three. Among the items considered are presumptions and the effect that they may have on the burden of proof; practical aspects of the collaboration of parties; the issue of possible sanctions against non-production of evidence; and the question of the standard of proof to be applied in international proceedings and the discretion of international tribunals in that regard. The study ends with a concluding chapter. As noted by Professor Verhoeven in his foreword, the subtleties of evidence in international proceedings has not been systematically studied for a number of decades. The book will become a standard work of reference in the area. Audience: An invaluable tool for practitioners of international law and Government advisors as well as university professors and students of law. The long experience of the author as a judge in a civil law system, his intimate knowledge of the work of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, and currently with the United Nations (Security Council) Compensation Commission for Claims against Iraq have made him eminently well equipped to address the subject competently, both from a theoretical and practical perspective

Historical Overview -- Algorithms and Data Structures -- Applying Genetic Algorithms to the Load-Balancing Problem -- Parallel Update and Search in Skip Lists -- Asymptotic Probabilistic Analysis of an Algorithm for Addition Subtraction Chains -- Graph Clustering and Caching -- A Comparison of Algorithms for the Triangulation Refinement Problem -- Prime Length Symmetric FFTs and Their Computer Implementations -- Obtaining Intrinsic Shape Properties with a Disparity-Based Photometric Stereo -- Finding the Safest One-Dimensional Path among Obstacles for the Acceleration Constrained Robot -- An Optimized External Sort Algorithm -- Use of Genetic Algorithms to Optimize the Cost of Automotive Wire Harnesses -- Databases and Information Systems -- Hybrid Information Systems: Integrating Data and Knowledge Management -- A Semantic Data Model Approach for the Prototyping of Information Systems -- A Temporal Logic Language for Temporal Conditions Definition -- Multimedia Object Management in an O-O Database Environment -- Database Schema Design: The Contribution of Natural Language Techniques -- Distributed Systems and Computer Architecture -- Modelling Geographic Information Systems Using an Object-Oriented Framework -- The Role of Object Technology in Distributed Systems (Invited Paper) -- Analysis and Control of Computer Systems Distributed in Local Networks -- Garbage Collection in Distributed EZ -- A Design System for Massively Parallel Hardware -- A Collision Resolution Algorithm for Random Access Channels Using Multiple Transmission Levels -- Methodology for the Life Cycle Development of Enterprise Networks -- Channel Routing in the Knock-knee Diagonal Model -- Logic and Knowledge -- Inheritance and Recognition in the Cumulative Typed System for Knowledge Representation SC -- Making Argument Systems Computationally Attractive: Argument Construction and Maintenance -- Lexical Error Correction Using Contextual Linguistic Expectations -- Equilibration and Belief Revision: Strategies for Cooperative Tutoring and Learning -- Metacontrol of a Traffic Simulator Using Situation Semantics -- Abductive Inference of Plans and Intentions in Information Seeking Dialogues -- Cognitive Maps as Human Computer Interface Design Tools for Learning -- On Observational Equivalence and Relational Semantics -- Petri Nets -- Analysis of General Refined Petri Boxes -- Event Modeling with Petri Nets: A Survey and Discussion -- Morphisms to Preserve Structural Properties of Petri Nets -- Studying the Behaviour of Petri Nets through a Formalization as Term Rewriting Systems -- Software Engineering and Programming Languages -- The Management of a Cooperative Environment -- Combining Instance and Class-Based Descriptions in Hypermedia Authoring -- How Programming Can Be Visualized: A Practical Approach -- A Process Model to Transform Evaluation from Human Review to Automatic Measurement -- Planning Methodology of Information Systems under Cooperative Design -- Pacific: A Programming Language Based on the Idea of Natural Naming -- Evaluation of Logic Programs in a Relational Language -- A Synthetic Approach to Object Oriented Analysis -- Graphical Animation of LOTOS Specifications -- Integrated-Specifications Analysis -- Author Index.

1 Introduction -- 1.1 Arrivals in time -- 1.2 Reliability -- 1.3 Safety assessment -- 1.4 Random stress and strength -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 2 Point processes -- 2.1 The probabilistic context -- 2.2 Two methods of representation -- 2.3 Parameters of point processes -- 2.4 Transformation to a process with constant arrival rate -- 2.5 Time between arrivals -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 3 Homogeneous Poisson processes -- 3.1 Definition -- 3.2 Characterization -- 3.3 Time between arrivals for the hP process -- 3.4 Relations to the uniform distribution -- 3.5 A process with simultaneous arrivals -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 4 Application of point processes to a theory of safety assessment -- 4.1 The Reactor Safety Study -- 4.2 The annual probability of a reactor accident -- 4.3 A stochastic consequence model -- 4.4 A concept of rare events -- 4.5 Common mode failures -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 5 Renewal processes -- 5.1 Probabilistic theory -- 5.2 The renewal process cannot model equipment wearout -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 6 Poisson processes -- 6.1 The Poisson model -- 6.2 Characterization of regular Poisson processes -- 6.3 Time between arrivals for Poisson processes -- 6.4 Further observations on software error detection -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 7 Superimposed processes -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 8 Markov point processes -- 8.1 Theory -- 8.2 The Poisson process -- 8.3 Facilitation and hindrance -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 9 Applications of Markov point processes -- 9.1 Egg-laying dispersal of the bean weevil -- 9.2 Application of facilitation — hindrance to the spatial distribution of benthic invertebrates -- 9.3 The Luria-Delbrück model -- 9.4 Chance placement of balls in cells -- 9.5 A model for multiple vehicle automobile accidents -- 9.6 Engels' model -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 10 The order statistics process -- 10.1 The sampling of lifetimes -- 10.2 Derivation from the Poisson process -- 10.3 A Poisson model of equipment wearout -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- 11 Competing risk theory -- 11.1 Markov chain model -- 11.2 Classical competing risks -- 11.3 Competing risk presentation of reactor safety studies -- 11.4 Delayed fatalities -- 11.5 Proportional hazard rates -- Notes on the literature -- Problems -- Further reading -- Appendix 1 Probability background -- A1.1 Probability distributions -- A1.2 Expectation -- A1.3 Transformation of variables -- A1.4 The distribution of order statistics -- A1.5 Conditional probability -- A1.6 Operational methods in probability -- A1.7 Convergence concepts and results in the theory of probability -- Notes on the literature -- Appendix 2 Technical topics -- A2.1 Existence of point process parameters -- A2.2 No simultaneous arrivals -- Solutions to a few of the problems -- References -- Author index.