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I. Voice Communication -- 1.1. The Advent of Telephony -- 1.2. Efficient Transmission of Speech -- 1.3. Capacity of the Human Channel -- 1.4. Analysis-Synthesis Telephony: An Approach to Improved Efficiency -- II. The Mechanism of Speech Production -- 2.1. Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus -- 2.2. The Sounds of Speech -- 2.3. Quantitative Description of Speech -- III. Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System -- 3.1. The Vocal Tract as an Acoustic System -- 3.2. Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe -- 3.3. The Radiation Load at the Mouth and Nostrils -- 3.4. Spreading of Sound About the Head -- 3.5. The Source for Voiced Sounds -- 3.6. The Source for Noise and Transient Excitation of the Tract. -- 3.7. Some Characteristics of Vocal Tract Transmission -- 3.8. Fundamentals of Speech and Hearing in Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- IV. The Ear and Hearing -- 4.1. Mechanism of the Ear -- 4.2. Computational Models for Ear Operation -- 4.3. Illustrative Relations Between Subjective and Physiological Behavior -- V. Techniques for Speech Analysis -- 5.1. Spectral Analysis of Speech -- 5.2. Formant Analysis of Speech -- 5.3. Analysis of Voice Pitch -- 5.4. Articulatory Analysis of the Vocal Mechanism -- 5.5. Automatic Recognition of Speech -- 5.6. Automatic Speaker Recognition -- VI. Speech Synthesis -- 6.1. Mechanical Speaking Machines; Historical Efforts -- 6.2. Electrical Methods for Speech Synthesis -- VII. Perception of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.1. Differential vs Absolute Discrimination -- 7.2. Differential Discriminations Along Signal Dimensions Related to Speech -- 7.3. Absolute Discrimination of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds.. -- 7.4. Effects of Context and Vocabulary Upon Speech Perception -- 7.5. The Perceptual Units of Speech -- 7.6. Articulation Tests for Transmission System Evaluation -- 7.7. Calculating Intelligibility Scores from System Response and Noise Level: The Articulation Index -- 7.8. Supplementary Sensory Channels for Speech Perception -- VIII. Systems for Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- 8.1. Channel Vocoders -- 8.2. Reduced Redundancy Channel Vocoders -- 8.3. Voice-Excited Vocoders -- 8.4. Correlation Vocoders -- 8.5. Formant Vocoders -- 8.6. Articulatory Vocoders -- 8.7. Other Methods for Bandwidth Reduction -- References -- Author Index.

1 Elementary Concepts of Specific Heats -- 1.1. Definitions -- 1.2. Thermodynamics of Simple Systems -- 1.3. Difference Between Cp and Cv -- 1.4. Variation of Specific Heats with Temperature and Pressure -- 1.5. Statistical Calculation of Specific Heats -- 1.6. Different Modes of Thermal Energy -- 1.7. Calorimetry -- 2 Lattice Heat Capacity -- 2.1. Dulong and Petit's Law -- 2.2. Equipartition Law -- 2.3. Quantum Theory of Specific Heats -- 2.4. Einstein's Model -- 2.5. Debye's Model -- 2.6. Comparison of Debye's Theory with Experiments -- 2.7. Shortcomings of the Debye Model -- 2.8. The Born-Von Kármán Model -- 2.9. Calculation of g(v) -- 2.10. Comparison of Lattice Theory with Experiments -- 2.11. Debye ? in Other Properties of Solids -- 3 Electronic Specific Heat -- 3.1. Specific Heat of Metals -- 3.2. Quantum Statistics of an Electron Gas -- 3.3. Specific Heat of Electrons in Metals -- 3.4. Electronic Specific Heat at Low Temperatures -- 3.5. Specific Heat and Band Structure of Metals -- 3.6. Specific Heat of Alloys -- 3.7. Specific Heat of Semiconductors -- 3.8. Phenomenon of Superconductivity -- 3.9. Specific Heat of Superconductors -- 3.10. Recent Studies -- 4 Magnetic Contribution to Specific Heats -- 4.1. Thermodynamics of Magnetic Materials -- 4.2. Types of Magnetic Behavior -- 4.3. Spin Waves—Magnons -- 4.4. Spin Wave Specific Heats -- 4.5. The Weiss Model for Magnetic Ordering -- 4.6. The Heisenberg and Ising Models -- 4.7. Specific Heats Near the Transition Temperature -- 4.8. Paramagnetic Relaxation -- 4.9. Schottky Effect -- 4.10. Specific Heat of Paramagnetic Salts -- 4.11. Nuclear Schottky Effects -- 5 Heat Capacity of Liquids -- 5.1. Nature of the Liquid State -- 5.2. Specific Heat of Ordinary Liquids and Liquid Mixtures -- 5.3. Liquid 4He at Low Temperatures -- 5.4. Phonon and Roton Specific Heats -- 5.5. Transition in Liquid 4He -- 5.6. Specific Heat of Liquid 3He -- 5.7. Liquid 3He as a Fermi Liquid -- 5.8. Mixtures of 4He and 3He -- 5.9. Supercooled Liquids—Glasses -- 6 Specific Heats of Gases -- 6.1. Cp and Cv of a Gas -- 6.2. Classical Theory of Cv of Gases -- 6.3. Quantum Theory of Cv of Gases -- 6.4. Rotational Partition Function -- 6.5. Homonuclear Molecules—Isotopes of Hydrogen -- 6.6. Vibrational and Electronic Specific Heats -- 6.7. Calorimetric and Statistical Entropies—Disorder in Solid State -- 6.8. Hindered Rotation -- 6.9. Entropy of Hydrogen -- 7 Specific-Heat Anomalies -- 7.1. Spurious and Genuine Anomalies -- 7.2. Cooperative and Noncooperative Anomalies -- 7.3. Order-Disorder Transitions -- 7.4. Onset of Molecular Rotation -- 7.5. Ferroelectricity -- 7.6. Transitions in Rare-Earth Metals -- 7.7. Liquid-Gas Critical Points -- 7.8. Models of Cooperative Transitions -- 8 Miscellaneous Problems in Specific Heats -- 8.1. Specific Heat Near Phase Transitions -- 8.2. Specific Heat at Saturated Vapor Pressure -- 8.3. Relaxation of Rotational and Vibrational Specific Heats -- 8.4. Defects in Solids -- 8.5. Surface Effects -- 8.6. Compilations of Specific-Heat Data -- 8.7. Tabulations of Specific-Heat Functions -- Appendix (Six-Figure Tables of Einstein and Debye Internal-Energy and Specific-Heat Functions) -- Author Index.

I. Introduction -- 1. The acquisition of territory: the evolution of the modern concept -- 2. The acquisition of territory: the differing approach of academic and practising lawyers -- 3. The various modes of acquiring territory — Classification -- 4. Plan of the work -- II. Prescription in International Law -- 5. The distinction between acquisitive prescription and extinctive prescription -- 6. Prescription as a private law concept -- 7. Private law concepts in international law -- 8. Divergence of the definition of prescription between the continental and English legal systems -- 9. Prescription in municipal law — Roman law -- 10. Prescription in municipal law — English law -- 11. Prescription in municipal law — Conclusions -- 12. Doctrinal reasons for the existence of prescription in international law -- 13. The existence of prescription in international law ? Opinions of writers -- 14. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by international tribunals -- 15. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by municipal courts -- 16. The existence of prescription in international law — Practice of States -- III. Acquiescence as the Juridical Basis of an Historic Title -- 17. General -- 18. The creation of a customary rule of international law — The generality of practice and the time element -- 19. The creation of a customary rule of international law — Opinio jurisand acquiescence -- 20. The consensual basis of customary international law -- 21. Recognition and acquiescence -- 22. The role of the time element in the creation of special customary or "historic" rights -- 23. Some historic rights viewed as remainders of more extensive ancient rights -- 24. Non-exclusive historic rights -- 25. Acquiescence versus prescription as the legal basis of historic rights -- 26. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of writers -- 27. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of learned bodies -- 28. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of international tribunals -- 29. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of municipal courts -- 30. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — State practice -- 31. Acquiescence and estoppel -- IV. The Requirements for the Formation of an Historic Title and its Constituent Elements -- 32. Introductory -- 33. Effective display of State authority — General -- 34. Effective display of State authority — The notion of continuity in respect of territorial situations -- 35. Effective display of State authority — Intention and will to act as sovereign -- 36. Effective display of State authority — Manifestations of State sovereignty -- 37. Effective display of State authority — Possession à titre de souverain -- 38. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — General -- 39. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — The meaning of "acquiescence" -- 40. Notoriety of territorial situations -- 41. Is notification a prerequisite of notoriety? -- 42. Constructive knowledge -- 43. The plea of excusable ignorance -- 44. The relevance of protest to the formation of an historic title -- 45. The conditions for the validity of a protest -- 46. Anticipatory protest -- 47. Protest as a bar to the acquisition of an historic title -- 48. The repetition of protest -- 49. The relevance of the protest of a single State -- 50. Lack of protest does not always indicate acquiescence -- 51. The geographical element in the formation of an historic title -- 52. The role of "legitimate interests" in the formation of an historic title -- 53. The role of the time element in the formation of an historic title -- V. Miscellaneous Problems of Interpretation and Evidence Relating to the Acquisition of an Historic Title -- 54. General -- 55. The application of intertemporal law in the interpretation of an historic title -- 56. The selection, of the "critical date" -- 56. 57. The relative strength of competing claims -- 58. The burden of proving an historic title -- 59. Strict geographical interpretation of an historic title -- VI. Juridical Aspects Specifically Related to the Formation of Maritime Historic Titles -- 60. General -- 61. The impact of the principle of the freedom of the high seas on the formation of maritime historic rights -- 62. What is international acquiescence? -- 63. Manifestations of State authority over maritime areas -- 64. Historic waters — Historic bays in general -- 65. Can multinational bays be claimed as historic bays? -- 66. The effects of territorial changes along the coast of a bay -- 67. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights of delimitation -- 68. Historic waters other than historic bays — Water areas lying within and around island formations -- 69. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights to a greater breadth of the territorial sea -- 70. The juridical status of historic waters — Historic waters are internal waters -- 71. The juridical status of historic waters — The distinction between internal inland waters and internal non-inland waters -- 72. The juridical status of historic waters — Multinational bays -- 73. Non-exclusive historic rights over maritime areas -- 74. Historic rights of fishing -- 75. Are claims to the sea-bed and subsoil of an "historic" character ? -- 76. Sedentary fisheries as historic rights -- VII. Conclusions -- 77. Consolidation as the legal root of historic titles -- 78. Critical appraisal of the doctrine of historic titles -- Appendix — Uti possidetis in international law -- Selected bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Indepc.

I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch'ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yüan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism VS. Republicanism: Political Institutions under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shihk'ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k'ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 4. Th Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan's Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments Under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament's Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People's Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry Out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People's Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao's Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and Its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People's Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People's Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of "Democratic Centralism": Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People's Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People's Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People's Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.