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I On the Origin of the Ideas -- 1. Origin in mathematical economics and mathematical physics. -- 2. Theory of motion in physics: Galileo, Newton, Euler, Lagrange, Hamilton. -- 3. Principle of Statics in economics and mechanics. -- 4. Idea of central principle of motion for economics. -- 5. Present theory differert from that of Samuelson and Hicks. -- 6. Ramsey's equations of motion. -- 7. Fisher's dynamical theory of valuation. -- 8. Duality between allocation and valuation in statics and dynamics. -- 9. Relation of present theory to dynamic programming and optimal control theory. -- 10. Conclusion -- II On the Objective Function of an Economic System -- 11. Importance of general theory of motion. -- 12. Influence of uncertainty on motion: first condition. -- 13. Concept of economic system. -- 14. Objective function and constraints: second condition. -- 15. Euler's method eliminates the constraints. -- 16. First example, motion of corporation. -- 17. Second example, motion of aggregate economy. -- III On the Principle of Stationary Present Value -- 18. Basic motive underlying motion is summarised in Axiom of Rational Choice: third condition. -- 19. The basic Principle of Motion is the Principle of Stationary Present Value. -- 20. Pure Allocation Equations of motion. -- 21. Convexity condition. -- 22. Example, equations of motion of corporation. -- 23. Economic, interpretation. -- 24. Example, equations of motion of aggregate economy. -- 25. Relation of present theory to analytical mechanics; Principle of Stationary Action, Lagrange's equations of motion -- IV On the Duality of Motion: Allocation and Valuation -- 26. Fisher's dynamical theory of valuation: the Valuation Principle. -- 27. The Maximum Principle and the Dual Equations of motion. -- 28. Geometric interpretation of dual theory. -- 29. Example of geometric interpretation. -- 30. The Principal Function, the Present Value Function and the fundamental valuation equation. -- 31. Example, dual theory for corporation. -- 32. Example, dual theory for aggregate economy. -- 33. Relation of dual theory to canonical theory of motion in analytical mechanics: the canonical equations, the Action Function, and Hamilton-Jacobi equation. -- V On the Possibility of Wave Motion -- 34. Present Value surfaces propagate according to Huygens Principle. -- 35. Huygens Principle and duality. -- 36. Wave phenomena in optics and mechanics lead to wave optics and quantum mechanics. -- 37. Parallel between geometrical optics, classical mechanics and economic theory of motion suggests transition to wave theory of motion: the fundamental relations. -- 38. Derivation of wave equation for economic system. -- 39. Interpretation of square of wave function as probability function on co-ordinate space: the emergence of uncertainty. -- 40. Principle of Stationary Present Value derived from wave theory in small wavelength limit.

I. The Relevance of Law -- Responsibility for a Law of Peace -- The Placement of Responsibility -- The Format of Responsibility -- The Present Design -- II. International Violence: The Total Challenge and the Partial Response -- International Violence: The Total Challenge -- The Partial Response -- The Response Appraised -- III. Mission: A Move toward Law -- The Exercise of Responsibility -- Mission: A Move Toward World Law -- Credentials of Acceptability: Effectiveness and Legitimacy -- Summary -- IV. Medium: An International Peace Court -- The Choice of Means -- The Choice of Method -- The Choice of Medium -- V. The Court in Design -- Effective Structure -- Participants -- Summary -- VI. The Court in Action -- Jurisdiction -- Judges -- Parties -- Claims -- Trying the Facts -- Applying the Law -- The Judgment -- VII. The Court in Impact -- Operational Effect -- The Circuitry of Deterrence -- Legal Consequence -- VIII. New Premises for a Legal Breakthrough -- First Premise: The Initiative of the Many -- Second Premise: Moral Power as a Base of International Influence -- Third Premise: Moral Power Harnessed to Legal Structure -- Fourth Premise: Legal Judgment Free of the Consent of the Adjudged -- Fifth Premise: The Unique Method of Implementation of International Law -- Summary -- IX. Making the Move -- Establishment of the Court -- Maintenance of the Court -- Summary -- X. Toward World Law -- Blessed are the Peacemakers -- Making Peace -- Making Law -- Conclusion -- Epilogue -- Model Statute for an International Peace Court -- I. General Principles -- II. Organization of the Court -- III. Jurisdiction of Parties and Subject Matter -- IV. Procedure -- V. Amendment and Participation -- Author index.

Use of a Microbalance for the Determination of the Mass of Oxygen Reacting during the Oxidation of Thin Films of Binary Alloys -- Static Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements on Small Solid Samples -- Measurements of Magnetic Thin-Film Parameters by the Use of an Automatic Microbalance -- Activation Energies of the Decomposition of Poly(methyl ?-phenylacrylate) from Static and Dynamic TGA. -- Apparatus for the Accurate Measurements of Magnetic Susceptibility with the Help of a Vacuum Electrobalance -- Reduction Characteristics of Certain Oxides of Nickel and Uranium -- A Temperature Error in the Gravimetric Determinations of Adsorption Isotherms -- Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Vapors by Means of a Microbalance -- Activation of Cellulose-Triacetate Carbon by Reaction with Carbon Dioxide: A Microgravimetric Study. -- Microweighing in Vacuo with the Aid of Vibrations of a Thin Band -- Some Uses of Wire-Suspended Microbalances -- Oxidation in Flow-Reaction Systems -- UHV Microbalance and Quartz Oscillator at Low Temperatures -- Dynamic Vacuum in Microbalance Chambers -- Methods for the Elimination of Weighing Troubles Due to Convection in a Microbalance -- Comments on the Applications and Improvement of a UHV Microbalance -- A New Microbalance Technique for Kinetic Studies of Gas — Metal Reactions at High Temperatures -- A Moving-Table Balance -- Fluctuations of the Weight Indicated by a Microbalance in the Pressure Range Between 1 and 103 torr with the Sample at a Lower Temperature than the Beam -- An Improved, Highly Sensitive, and Bakeable Microbalance System with a Built-In Calibration Device for Studying Condensation Phenomena Between ?128 and 70C in UHV -- Experimental Results and Theoretical Considerations on Thermogravimetric Decomposition Reactions of Chemical Compounds Under High Vacuum -- Author Index.

1 Theory of Algorithms and Discrete Processors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discrete Processors -- 3. Examples of Discrete Processors -- 4. Computers and Discrete Processors -- 5. Systems of Algorithmic Algebras -- 6. Application of Algorithmic Algebras to Transformations of Microprograms -- 7. Equivalence of Discrete Processors -- 8. Equivalence of Automata with Terminal States Relative to an Automaton without Cycles -- 9. Specific Cases of Solutions to the Equivalence Problem -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Programming Languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Basic Linguistic Nature of Programming Languages -- 3. Programming Languages and Semiotics -- 4. The Formal Definition of Programming Lan guages -- 5. The Definition of Programmable Automata and their Languages -- 6. Parallel Concurrent Processes -- 7. Machine Languages -- 8. Special and General-Purpose Algorithmic Languages -- 9. Special Problem-Oriented Languages -- 10. Simulation Languages -- 11. Conversational Languages -- 12. Conclusion -- References -- 3 Formula Manipulation—The User's Point of View -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Different Types of Formula Manipulation Systems -- 3. Toward a Mathematical Utility -- 4. The Formula Manipulation Language Symbal -- 5. The Syntax of Symbal -- 6. The Basic Symbols and Syntactic Entities -- 7. Expressions -- 8. The Remaining Parts of the Language -- 9. Standard Variables -- 10. Techniques and Applications -- 11. Summary -- References -- 4 Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Problems in Pattern Recognition -- 3. Feature Selection and Preprocessing -- 4. Pattern Classification by Distance Functions -- 5. Pattern Classification by Potential Functions.. -- 6. Pattern Classification by Likelihood Functions -- 7. Pattern Classification by Entropy Functions.. -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- 5 Learning Control Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Trainable Controllers -- 3. Reinforcement Learning Control Systems -- 4. Bayesian Learning in Control Systems -- 5. Learning Control Systems Using Stochastic Approximation -- 6. The Method of Potential Functions and its Application to Learning Control -- 7. Stochastic Automata as Models of Learning Controllers -- 8. Conclusions -- Appendix. Stochastic Approximation—A Brief Survey -- References -- Author Index.

I. Voice Communication -- 1.1. The Advent of Telephony -- 1.2. Efficient Transmission of Speech -- 1.3. Capacity of the Human Channel -- 1.4. Analysis-Synthesis Telephony: An Approach to Improved Efficiency -- II. The Mechanism of Speech Production -- 2.1. Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus -- 2.2. The Sounds of Speech -- 2.3. Quantitative Description of Speech -- III. Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System -- 3.1. The Vocal Tract as an Acoustic System -- 3.2. Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe -- 3.3. The Radiation Load at the Mouth and Nostrils -- 3.4. Spreading of Sound About the Head -- 3.5. The Source for Voiced Sounds -- 3.6. The Source for Noise and Transient Excitation of the Tract -- 3.7. Some Characteristics of Vocal Tract Transmission -- 3.8. Fundamentals of Speech and Hearing in Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- IV. The Ear and Hearing -- 4.1. Mechanism of the Ear -- 4.2. Computational Models for Ear Function -- 4.3. Illustrative Relations between Subjective and Physiological Behavior -- V. Techniques for Speech Analysis -- 5.1. Spectral Analysis of Speech -- 5.2. Formant Analysis of Speech -- 5.3. Analysis of Voice Pitch -- 5.4. Articulatory Analysis of the Vocal Mechanism -- 5.5. Automatic Recognition of Speech -- 5.6. Automatic Recognition and Verification of Speakers -- VI. Speech Synthesis -- 6.1. Mechanical Speaking Machines; Historical Efforts -- 6.2. Electrical Methods for Speech Synthesis -- VII. Perception of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.1, Differential vs. Absolute Discrimination -- 7.2. Differential Discriminations Along Signal Dimensions Related to Speech -- 7.3. Absolute Discrimination of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.4. Effects of Context and Vocabulary upon Speech Perception -- 7.5. The Perceptual Units of Speech -- 7.6. Subjective Evaluation of Transmission Systems -- 7.7. Calculating Intelligibility Scores from System Response and Noise Level: The Articulation Index -- 7.8. Supplementary Sensory Channels for Speech Perception -- VIII. Systems for Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- 8.1. Channel Vocoders -- 8.2. Reduced Redundancy Channel Vocoders -- 8.3. Voice-Excited Vocoders -- 8.4. Correlation Vocoders -- 8.5. Formant Vocoders -- 8.6. Orthogonal Function Vocoders -- 8.7. Homomorphic Vocoders -- 8.8. Maximum Likelihood Vocoders -- 8.9. Linear Prediction Vocoders -- 8.10. Articulatory Vocoders -- 8.11. Frequency-Dividing Vocoders -- 8.12. Time-Assignment Transmission of Speech -- 8.13. Predictive Coding of Speech -- 8.14. Delta Modulation -- References -- Author Index.

to Volume Two -- Classification -- The 18-electron rule -- 1. Two-Electron Ligands -- A. Classification -- B. The preparation of olefin-transition metal complexes -- C. A molecular orbital description of the bonding in organo-metallic complexes -- D. A description of the bonding of 2-electron ligands to transition metals -- E. General comments of 2-electron ligands -- F. Particular complexes of metals with 2-electron ligands -- 2. Three-Electron Ligands -- A. Preparation of ?-enyl complexes -- B. The structure of ?-enyl complexes -- C. The ?-allyl metal bond -- D. Dynamic equilibria in allyl complexes -- E. The chemistry of particular ?-enyl complexes -- 3. Four-Electron Ligands -- A. Some differences between unconjugated and conjugated olefin ligands -- B. The bonding of 4-electron ligands to transition metals -- C. Particular studies -- 4. Five-Electron Ligands -- A. Cyclopentadienyl metal complexes -- B. ?-Cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- C. Cyclopentadienide transition metal complexes -- D. The bonding in mono-?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- E. ?-Cyclopentadienyl carbonyl complexes -- F. ?-Cyclopentadienyl nitrosyl complexes -- G. Brief notes on binuclear ?-cyclopentadienyl complexes containing bridging ligands -- H. ?-Cyclopentadienyl hydride complexes -- I. ?-Cyclopentadienyl halides and oxides -- J. Other 5-electron ligands -- K. The organic chemistry of ?-cyclopentadienyl transition metal complexes -- L. Some particular reactions -- 5. Six-Electron Ligands -- A. Arene transition metal complexes -- (a) Preparation -- B. Olefin 6-electron ligands -- C. Transition metal complexes containing ?-bonded heterocyclic ligands -- 6. Seven-Electron Ligands Mixed Sandwich Complexes Related Azulene Derivatives and Cyclo-Octatetraene Complexes -- A. 7-Electron ligands -- B. Mixed sandwich complexes -- C. Metal complexes formed from azulenes -- D. Cyclo-octatetraene complexes -- 7. One-Electron Ligands -- I.1. Hydrocarbon alkyl and aryl complexes -- I.2 Transition metal-acyl complexes -- I.3. ?-Cyclopentadienyl complexes -- II. Transition metal fluorocarbon complexes -- III. Transition metal acetytides and alkynyls -- 8. Organometallic Complexes Formed From Acetylenes -- A. Monoacetylene, mononuclear complexes: acetylenes as 2-elec-tron ligands -- B. Monoacetylene binuclear complexes: acetylenes as 4-electron ligands -- C. Monoacetylene trinuclear complexes -- D. Monoacetylene tetranuclear complexes -- E. Bis-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- F. Bis-acetylene trinuclear complexes -- G. Tris-acetylene mononuclear complexes -- H. Tris-acetylene binuclear complexes -- I. Miscellaneous -- 9. The Role of Organotransition Metal Complexes in Some Catalytic Reactions -- A. Some chemistry of transition metal hydride complexes -- B. Some catalytic reactions which involve hydrogen transfer: isomerization reactions -- C. Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes -- D. Some dimerization oligomerization and polymerization reactions of olefins and acetylenes -- E. Hydroformylation and related carhonylation reactions -- F. Some general comments on the relationship between heterogeneous and homogeneous transition metal catalysts -- G. Miscellaneous -- Author -- Subject -- Crystal Structures>.

I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch'ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yuan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism vs. Republicanism: Political institutions Under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-K'ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k'ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k'ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 4. The Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k'ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan's Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament's Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China Under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People's Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People's Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions during the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao's Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People's Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People's Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of "Democratic Centralism": Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People's Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People's Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People's Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

1 Introduction -- Nomenclature of multiple forms of enzymes. Numbering of isoenzymes -- 2 Techniques for the Separation of Isoenzymes -- Preparation of materials for isoenzyme separation. Electrophoretic techniques: general considerations; paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starch-gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; column electrophoresis; iso-electric focusing. Chromatographic techniques:ion-exchange celluloses. Gel filtration -- 3 Detection and Determination of Isoenzymes -- Elution techniques: NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; esterases; peroxidases. Detection of isoenzymes in electrophoretic media: 'enzymoelectrophoresis'; tetrazoliumstaining techniques; 'nothing dehydrogenase' effect; staining techniques for esterases -- 4 The Chemical Nature of Isoenzymes -- Sub-unit structure: lactate dehydrogenase; creatine kinase;aldolase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; tryptophan synthetase; catalase; caeruloplasmin. Presence of charged groups in isoenzyme molecules: alkaline phosphatase. Polymerization as the source of enzyme heterogeneity: cholinesterases; amylase. Conformational isomerism: malate dehydrogenase. Differences in amino-acid sequence -- 5 Enzyme Multiplicity in the Glycolytic Pathway and the Pentose—Phosphate Cycle -- Hexokinase: detection of hexokinase after zone electrophoresis; hexokinase isoenzymes in the erythrocyte; hexokinase in other tissues. Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: demonstration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity; chemical structure and properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; genetic variants of human erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity in other tissues. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity in human erythrocytes; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in other species; structure of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Phosphoglucose isomerase. Aldolase: classification of the aldolases;electrophoretic studies; fructose 1-phosphate aldolase. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ?-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase). Pyruvate kinase -- 6 Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes -- Distribution. Chemical and kinetic properties: substrate specificities and affinities; effect of pH variation; effects of inhibitors; reactions with coenzyme analogues; effect of temperature. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Genetic variants of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Diagnostic applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes:myocardial infarction; liver diseases; malignant diseases;diseases of muscle; diseases of joints: anaemia; pregnancy;renal diseases; non-electrophoretic diagnostic techniques:serum 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in diagnosis; relative heat-stability test; solvent-precipitation techniques; selective absorption techniques. Summary -- 7 Multiple Molecular Forms of Other Oxidoreductases -- Malate dehydrogenase: mitochondrial and supernatant malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; biological significance of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in mammalian tissues; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in insect development; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the chicken embryo. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in heart and liver diseases. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase: alcohol dehydrogenases of insects; avian alcohol dehydrogenases; alcohol dehydrogenases in mammalian liver; alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in plants. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Miscellaneous dehydrogenases -- 8 Aminotransferase (Transaminase) Isoenzymes -- Separation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Properties of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Clinical applications of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Alanine aminotransferase -- 9 Phosphatase Isoenzymes -- Alkaline phosphatase: distribution, paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starchgel electrophoresis; acrylamide-gel electrophoresis; electrophoresis on Sephadex G-200; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; ion-exchange chromatography; properties of alkaline phosphatases; substrate affinities; effects of inhibitors; heat inactivation; effect of neuraminidase; summary of catalytic properties of tissue alkaline phosphatases; immunochemical reactions; genetic studies; alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in bacteria. Acid phosphatase; electrophoretic separation; chromatographic investigations; genetic variants of human acid phosphatases -- 10 Multiple Forms of Esterases -- Aliesterases: genetic variations of non-specific esterases; ontogenetic observations. Cholinesterases: plasma cholinesterases; genetic polymorphism of serum cholinesterases; Cholinesterase isoenzymes in other species. Arylesterases:serum arylesterases; tissue esterases. Esterases and isoenzymes -- 11 Miscellaneous Enzymes -- Arylamidase: arylamidase isoenzymes in man; arylamidases in other species. Alanine aminopeptidase. Creatine kinase: creatine kinase isoenzymes. Arginine kinase. Caeruloplasmin (copper oxidase). Catalase. Carbonic anhydrase. Amylase: serum and tissue amylases; urinary amylase; macroamylasaemia. Other enzymes occurring in multiple forms: glycogen Phosphorylase; adenylate kinase; adenosine deaminase; tyrosinase; ribonuclease; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase; peroxidase; hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase); ?-glycosidases -- 12 The Biological Significance of Isoenzymes -- Author Index.

I The Background of Temporal Logic -- II Topological Logic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The P-Operator -- 3. Three Basic Axioms -- 4. The Relation of P-Unqualified to P-Qualified Formulas: The Preferred Position ? : A Fourth Axiom -- 5. The Iteration of P: A Fifth Axiom and the Two Systems PI and PII -- 6. The Possible Worlds Interpretation of Topological Logic -- III Fundamental Distinctions for Temporal Logic -- 1. The Temporal Equivocality of IS -- 2. Translating Temporal to Atemporal IS -- 3. Temporally Definite and Indefinite Statements -- 4. The Implicit Ubiquity of "Now" in Tensed Statements -- 5. Dates and Pseudo-Dates -- 6. Times of Assertion -- 7. Two Styles of Chronology -- IV The Basic System R of Temporal Logic -- 1. The Concept of Temporal Realization -- 2. The Temporal Transparency of "Now" -- 3. Temporal Homogeneity -- 4. Axioms for the Logical Theory of Chronological Propositions -- 5. Temporal and Topological Logic -- 6. The Completeness and Decidability of R -- V The Introduction of Tense Operators -- 1. Presentness and Precedence -- 2. Tense -- VI The System Kt of Minimal Tense Logic -- 1. The Problem of a Minimal Tense Logic -- 2. Semantics for Tense Logic -- 3. Semantic Tableaux -- 4. The Completeness of Kt -- 5. Some Corollaries -- 6. Completeness of Kt with Respect to R -- VII Branching Time: The System Kb -- 1. Branching Structures -- 2. The Concept of an Open Future -- 3. The Logic of Branching Time -- 4. Axiomatization of Kb -- 5. Semantic Tableaux -- 6. Systematic Tableaux -- 7. Completeness Proof for Kb -- VIII Linear Time: The System Kl and Its Variants -- 1. The Logic of Linear Time, Kl -- 2. Extensions of Kl -- IX Additive Time: The Systems R? and R?± -- 1. Temporal-Groups and the System R? -- 2. Additive Temporal Logic and the System R?± -- X Metric Time and Chronological Logic: The System R+ -- 1. The Concept of Metric Time -- 2. Deriving a U-Relation from the Metric -- 3. The System R+ -- 4. "Distance" into Past and Future -- 5. Archimedeanism -- 6. Linear Realizability -- XI Tense Logical Characterizability and Definability -- 1. Expressibility and Characterizability -- 2. Tense-Logical Definability -- XII Temporal Modality -- 1. The Tensed Interpretation of Modality -- 2. Modality in Tense Logic -- 3. Further Definitions of Modality -- XIII Temporally Conditioned Descriptions and the Concept of Temporal Purity -- 1. Temporally Conditioned Descriptions -- 2. Chronological Purity -- 3. The "Purely Phenomenological" Characterization of the Occurrences of a Moment -- 4. The Absolute vs. the Relative Conception of Time -- XIV The Theory of Processes -- 1. What is a Process? -- 2. The Representation of Processes: Process Implications -- 3. Activities and Processes: Some Applicable Distinctions -- 4. Quasi-Processes: On Coming to Be and Passing Away -- 5. Stochastic vs. Deterministic Processes -- 6. Stochastic Processes and Branching Time -- 7. The Structure of Events -- XV The Logic of World States -- 1. The Concept of a World State -- 2. Some Further Perspectives on Instantaneous World States -- 3. The Concept of a World History -- 4. Development of R-calculi Within Tense Logic -- XVI The Dimensionality of Time -- XVII The "Master Argument" of Diodorus and Temporal Determinism -- 1. The "Master Argument" -- 2. Necessity and Determinism in the Context of the "Master Argument" -- 3. Evading the Deterministic Conclusion of the "Master Argument" -- 4. The Groundwork of a 3-Valued Conception of Temporal Truth -- 5. Alternative Futures and Future Contingency -- 6. Temporal Determination -- 7. Nomological Necessitation -- XVIII Many-Valued Approaches to Temporal Logic -- 1. A Mode of "Three-Valued" Tense Logic -- 2. A Many-Valued Articulation of Temporal Logic -- 3. A Three-Valued Tense Logic: Semantic Considerations -- 4. Generalizing the Preceding Approach -- XIX Propositional Quantification in Tensed Statements -- XX Quantification, Temporal Existence, and Identity -- 1. Individuals and Quantifiers -- 2. Quantification and Temporal Modality -- 3. Quantified Tense Logic -- 4. Temporal Change, Identity, and Leibniz' Law -- 5. Alternative Histories in Branching Time -- 6. Quantified Modal Logic in Branching Time -- Appendix I A Summary of Axiom Systems for Topological, Temporal and Modal Logics -- Appendix II The Modal Structure of Tense-Logical Systems -- Bibliography of Temporal Logic -- A. Chronological Listing -- B. Author Listing (Alphabetical) -- Index of Names.

Preparatory Considerations -- § 1. Outset from the significations of the word logos: speaking, thinking, what is thought -- § 2. The ideality of language. Exclusion of the problems pertaining to it -- § 3. Language as an expression of "thinking." Thinking in the broadest sense, as the sense-constituting mental process -- § 4. The problem of ascertaining the essential limits of the "thinking" capable of the significational Function -- § 5. Provisional delimination of logic as apriori theory of science -- § 6. The formal character of logic. The formal Apriori and the contingent Apriori -- § 7. The normative and practical functions of logic -- § 8. The two-sidedness of logic; the subjective and the Objective direction of its thematizing activity -- § 9. The straightforward thematizing activity of the "Objective" or "positive" sciences. The idea of two-sided sciences -- § 10. Historically existing psychology and scientific thematizing activity directed to the subjective -- §11. The thematizing tendencies of traditional logic -- a.Logic directed originally to the Objective theoretical formations produced by thinking -- b.Logic's interest in truth and the resultant reflection on subjective insight -- c. Result: the hybridism of historically existing logic as a theoretical and normative-practical discipline -- I / The structures and the sphere of objective formal logic -- The way from the tradition to the full idea of formal logic -- 1. Formal logic as apophantic analytics -- § 12. Discovery of the idea of the pure judgment-form -- § 13. The theory of the pure forms of judgments as the first discipline of formal logic -- a.The idea of theory of forms -- b.Universality of the judgment-form; the fundamental forms and their variants -- c.Operation as the guiding concept in the investigation of forms -- § 14. Consequence-logic (logic of non-contradiction) as the second level of formal logic -- § 15. Truth-logic and consequence-logic -- § 16. The differences in evidence that substantiate the separating of levels within apophantics. Clear evidence and distinct evidence -- a.Modes of performing the judgment. Distinctness and confusion -- b.Distinctness and clarity -- c.Clarity in the having of something itself and clarity of anticipation -- § 17. The essential genus, "distinct judgment," as the theme of "pure analytics" -- § 18. The fundamental question of pure analytics -- § 19. Pure analytics as fundamental to the formal logic of truth. Non-contradiction as a condition for possible truth -- § 20. The principles of logic and their analogues in pure analytics -- § 21. The evidence in the coinciding of "the same" confused and distinct judgment. The broadest concept of the judgment -- § 22. The concept defining the province belonging to the theory of apophantic forms, as the grammar of pure logic, is the judgment in the broadest sense -- 2. Formal apophantics, formal mathematics -- § 23. The internal unity of traditional logic and the problem of its position relative to formal mathematics -- a.The conceptual self-containedness of traditional logic as apophantic analytics -- b.The emerging of the idea of an enlarged analytics, Leibniz's "mathesis universalis," and the methodico-technical unification of traditional syllogistics and formal mathematics -- § 24. The new problem of a formal ontology. Characterization of traditional formal mathematics as formal ontology -- § 25. Formal apophantics and formal ontology as belonging together materially, notwithstanding the diversity of their respective themes -- § 26. The historical reasons why the problem of the unity of formal apophantics and formal mathematics was masked -- a.Lack of the concept of the pure empty form -- b.Lack of knowledge that apophantic formations are ideal -- c.Further reasons, particularly the lack of genuine scientific inquiries into origins -- d.Comment on Bolzano's position regarding the idea of formal ontology -- § 27. The introduction of the idea of formal ontology in the Logische Untersuchungen -- a.The first constitutional investigations of categorial objectivities, in the Philosophie der Arithmetik -- b.The way of the "Prolegomena" from formal apophantics to formal ontology -- 3. Theory of deductive systems and theory of multiplicities -- § 28. The highest level of formal logic: the theory of deductive systems; correlatively, the theory of multiplicities -- § 29. The theory of multiplicities and the formalizing reduction of the nomological sciences -- § 30. Multiplicity-theory as developed by Riemann and his successors -- §31. The pregnant concept of a multiplicity-correlatively, that of a "deductive" or "nomological" system-clarified by the concept of "definiteness" -- § 32. The highest idea of a theory of multiplicities: a universal nomological science of the forms of multiplicities -- § 33. Actual formal mathematics and mathematics of the rules of the game -- § 34. Complete formal mathematics identical with complete logical analytics -- § 35. Why only deductive theory-forms can become thematic within the domain of mathesis universalis as universal analytics -- a.Only deductive theory has a purely analytic system-form -- b.The problem of when a system of propositions has a system-form characterizable as analytic -- § 36. Retrospect and preliminary indication of our further tasks -- b. Phenomenological clarification of the two-sidedness of formal logic as formal apophantics and formal ontology -- 4. Focusing on objects and focusing on judgments -- § 37. The inquiry concerning the relationship between formal apophantics and formal ontology; insufficiency of our clarifications up to now -- § 38. Judgment-objects as such and syntactical formations -- § 39. The concept of the judgment broadened to cover all formations produced by syntactical actions -- § 40. Formal analytics as a playing with thoughts, and logical analytics. The relation to possible application is part of the logical sense of formal mathesis -- §41. The difference between an apophantic and an ontological focusing and the problem of clarifying that difference -- § 42. Solution of this problem -- a.Judging directed, not to the judgment, but to the thematic objectivity -- b.Identity of the thematic object throughout changes in the syntactical operations -- c.The types of syntactical object-forms as the typical modes of Something -- d.The dual function of syntactical operations -- e.Coherence of the judging by virtue of the unity of the substrate-object that is being determined. Constitution of the "concept" determining the substrate-object -- f. The categorial formations, which accrue in the determining, as habitual and inter subjective possessions -- g. The objectivity given beforehand to thinking contrasted with the categorial objectivity produced by thinking — Nature as an illustration -- § 43. Analytics, as formal theory of science, is formal ontology and, as ontology, is directed to objects 119 -- § 44. The shift from analytics as formal ontology to analytics as formal apophantics -- a.The change of thematizing focus from object- provinces to judgments as logic intends them -- b.Phenomenological clarification of this change of focus -- ?. The attitude of someone who is judging naïvely-straightforwardly -- ?. In the critical attitude of someone who intends to cognize, supposed objectivities as supposed are distinguished from actual objectivities -- ?. The scientist's attitude: the supposed, as supposed, the object of his criticism of cognition -- § 45. The judgment in the sense proper to apophantic logic -- § 46. Truth and falsity as results of criticism. The double sense of truth and evidence -- 5. Apophantics, as theory of sense, and truth-logic -- § 47. The adjustment of traditional logic to the critical attitude of science leads to its focusing on the apophansis -- § 48. Judgments, as mere suppositions, belong to the region of senses. Phenomenological characterization of the focusing on senses -- § 49. The double sense of judgment (positum, proposition) -- § 50. The broadening of the concept of sense to cover the whole positional sphere, and the broadening of formal logic to include a formal axiology and a formal theory of practice -- §51. Pure consequence-logic as a pure theory of senses. The division into consequence-logic and truth- logic is valid also for the theory of multiplicities, as the highest level of logic -- § 52. "Mathesis pura" as properly logical and as extralogical. The "mathematics of mathematicians" -- § 53. Elucidations by the example of the Euclidean multiplicity -- § 54. Concluding ascertainment of the relationship be-tween formal logic and formal ontology -- ?.The problem -- b.The two correlative senses of formal logic -- c. The idea of formal ontology can be separated from the idea of theory of science -- II / From Formal to Transcendental Logic -- 1. Psychologism and the laying of a transcendental foundation for logic -- § 55. Is the development of logic as Objective-formal enough to satisfy even the idea of a merely formal theory of science ? -- § 56. The reproach of psychologism cast at every consideration of logical formations that is directed to the subjective -- §57. Logical psychologism and logical idealism -- a. The motives for this psychologism -- b. The ideality of logical formations as their making their appearance irreally in the logico-psychic sphere -- § 58. The evidence of ideal objects analogous to that of individual objects -- § 59. A universal characterization of evidence as the giving of something itself -- § 60. The fundamental laws of intentionality and the universal function of evidence -- § 61. Evidence in general in the function pertaining to all objects, real and irreal, as synthetic unities -- § 62. The ideality of all species of objectivities over against the constituting consciousness. The po.