Suchergebnisse

An article about the regional priorities of open education in Russia. The author examines the trends, causes and patterns of development of open (distance) education in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of contradictions objectively encountered during implementation of open education. Subjected to criticism formal approach, dominant in the implementation of distance technologies in the Russian Federation.

In the article on the basis of the methodology of the theory of self-organization analyzes
the practice of monitoring social and economic contradictions in the Russian Federation. The author proposes to use as a methodological basis for indicative planning the system analysis of interlevel conflicts that arise in the social structure of society and the state.

This article is devoted to consideration of the forth-social effects, which resulted the market institutionalization in post-Soviet Ukrainian society. The main effects are the change of the forms of social alienation and the formation of a socioeconomic thresh old of exploitation, as against the organizational-bureaucratic exploitation inherent in the Soviet society, the displayed social cleavage on a line of the social alienation and the socioeconomic exploitation, the active symbolical struggle for legitimization of the specific discourses of the market, and the formation of a class system of the post-Soviet society as a system of the alternative social forces. These effects become the result of an indemnification of those structural— cultural "failures", which were comprised by a so cial system of a Soviet type. The author confirms that the post-socialist transformation has been developed as a spontaneous process of "alignment" of social space, before pulled together to one social pole — "nomenclature" class. Thus the "alignment" is a returning of the social space to a complex, emergence, dynamic balance, which is inherent to the complex social phenomenon. The author considers the market institutionalization as a compensator reaction of a Soviet type of industrial society, which exhausted its internal resources and was compelled to rush in search of other necessary resources of development. It is considered in what way the social cleavage is institutionalizing in the forms of a specific class position and practice.

The article is written in form of pseudo dialogue between sociologist and lawyer. The data of interrogation of Kharkiv region in habitants in few indicators is showed in the article:
1. A part of victimized residents during last 12 months (population's victimization proportion).
2. General quantity of reported crimes during survey.
3. Quantity of police reports.
4. Degree of latency.
The so called "Latency paradox" as a world-view and as a methodological problem is discussed in the article. The author maintains the thought about necessity of developing the domestic sociology of crime in cooperation with other criminal-law disciplines.

Reporting on foreigners in magazines and newspapers of the Federal
Republic.

Topics: 1. Formal aspects: magazine or newspaper name; date of
publication; number of the article taken from the edition; number of
first page; placement on page; extent; series part; category;
information on title or headline; authorship; article genre; layout and
presentation; language level of article; attitude of author to topic.

2. Topic and content aspect: sources of information of the article;
manner of presentation; spatial reference; time reference; foreigner
group; group articulating itself in the article; main topic of the
article; reports about foreigner crime, criminal offenses, culprits,
crime victims and causes of crime; contents of sensationalism articles
as well as reports on discrimination against foreigners, political
inflitration and political dangers from foreigners; foreigners and
women; foreigners and health problems; topics of good-will reports;
integration as a topic; foreigners as vehicle of culture; topics of
non-fiction articles; causes and motives of migration; contents of
reports about country of origin; statistical information; reports about
political interest and political participation of foreigners; reports
about social problems of foreigners; information about family
questions; information about foreign children and young people; housing
problems; support measures reported on and support organizations;
reports about accidents, accident frequency and causes of accidents;
rights of foreigners; information about the attitude of the German
population to foreigners; job market reports and reports aout the
economic situation; assessment and evaluation of national economy and
business management aspects of foreigner employment; occupational
trainers and qualification; statement about adaptation to industrial
work and frequency of change of job; foreigners as competition for
German workers; demands of the author raised in the article;
characteristics attributed to foreigners in the article.

Also encoded was: assessment of the ease of encoding by the coder.

"Martina Fischer's article gives an overview of the problems of reconstruction, rehabilitation and (re)integration in war tom societies. In the context of post-war situations reconstruction turns out to be an ambiguous or even contradictory concept: it is considered as useful by some actors and others refuse the notion that society can and should be reconstructed. The author argues that (re)integration of refugees and displaced persons is one of the main challenges and precondition for conflict transformation. Support and intervention from external actors are all too often reduced to material reconstruction of houses and infrastructure whereas the need for rebuilding communities is forgotten. In order to move from reconstruction to constructive conflict transformation and peacebuilding, joint efforts are needed which combine development approaches, economic perspectives and empowerment of local actors for civil society issues, peace-education and social work. In order to make third party intervention effective, co-ordination of activities is needed. Positive and negative lessons can be drawn from the Balkans." (author's abstract).

Gesellschaftliche Grundwerte und Normen in 22 Ländern.

Themen: 1.) Freizeit: Präferenz für aktive oder entspannende
Freizeitgestaltung; präferierte Freizeitpartner; Mitgliedschaft
in ausgewählten Organisationen und Vereinen; ehrenamtliche
Tätigkeit in Vereinen; regelmäßiges Zeitunglesen; täglicher
Fernsehkonsum; Einstellung zu Menschen mit abweichenden
Überzeugungen; Einsamkeitsgefühle; Einschätzung der Veränderung
der Hilfsbereitschaft der Menschen; ungeliebte Personengruppen
in der Nachbarschaft; Selbsteinschätzung des
Gesundheitszustands; psychologische Selbstcharakterisierung als
rastlos, depressiv und glücklich; allgemeines Vertrauen in die
Mitmenschen und Vertrauen in jüngere und ältere Menschen;
Kontrolle über den eigenen Lebensverlauf (Skala); Glücksgefühl;
Einschätzung der aktuellen Lebenszufriedenheit sowie der
Lebenszufriedenheit vor fünf Jahren und in der Zukunft anhand
von Skalometern.

2.) Arbeit: Arbeitszufriedenheit; Stolz auf den Beruf;
Entscheidungsfreiheit im Beruf; Nutzung zusätzlicher Freizeit;
Gefühl, durch die Arbeit ausgenutzt zu werden; allgemeine
Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstandard; erwartete Veränderungen
der finanziellen Situation in der Zukunft; Einstellung zum
Leistungsprinzip und zur Mitbestimmung der Beschäftigten bei
der Nominierung des Geschäftsführers eines Unternehmens;
Einstellung zum Befolgen von Anordnungen des Vorgesetzten;
Einstellung zum technischen Fortschritt.

3.) Sinn des Lebens: Nachdenken über den Sinn des Lebens und
den Tod; Glaube an das Gute und Böse im Menschen; Häufigkeit
des Bedauerns eigenen Fehlverhaltens; Bereitschaft zur
Landesverteidigung; Werte und Institutionen, für die es sich
lohnt, sein Leben einzusetzen; Kriegsgefahr; Selbsteinstufung
der Religiosität; Einschätzung der Kompetenz der Kirche in
moralischen Fragen, in Fragen des Familienlebens und der Frage
nach dem Sinn des Lebens; erwartete Bedeutung der Religionen in
der Zukunft; Glauben an Gott, Tod, Seele, Teufel, Hölle,
Himmel, Sünde und Wiedergeburt; Wichtigkeit von Gott im eigenen
Leben; Suche nach Kraft und Trost im Glauben; Beten; die
Bedeutung der einzelnen 10 Gebote für den Befragten sowie
Einschätzung der Bedeutung für die meisten Menschen;
übersinnliche Erfahrungen und daraus erfolgte Veränderungen des
Lebens.

4.) Familienleben: Bindung an die Eltern; Strenge der Eltern;
Einschätzung der Entspanntheit, der Geborgenheit, der
Ängstlichkeit, der Gereiztheit und des Glücks im eigenen
Zuhause; Zufriedenheit mit dem häuslichen Leben; gemeinsame
Wertorientierungen und Meinungen mit dem Partner sowie den
Eltern; Einstellung zur Heirat und zur sexuellen Freizügigkeit;
wichtigste Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Ehe; ideale
Kinderzahl; mögliche Gründe für eine Scheidung; die Bedeutung
von Vater und Mutter für ein heranwachsendes Kind; Mutterschaft
als Voraussetzung für eine glückliche Frau; Notwendigkeit
sexueller Normen; Einstellung zu einer bedingungslosen Liebe zu
den Eltern sowie einer aufopfernden Liebe der Eltern zu ihren
Kindern; Einstellung zu einer freiwillig alleinerziehenden
Mutter; Erziehungsziele; Kinderzahl.

5.) Soziale und politische Fragen: Politikinteresse;
Einstellung zu ausgewählten Formen politischer Partizipation;
Freiheit oder Gleichheit als wichtigster Wert; Selbsteinstufung
auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Einstellung zum sozialen
Wandel und zu revolutionären Veränderungen; Postmaterialismus;
Ziel von Freiheitsstrafen; Ziele einer idealen
Gesellschaftsordnung; Rechtsempfinden und Einstufung der
Verwerflichkeit von Schwarzfahren, Akzeptanz von
Schmiergeldern, Homosexualität, Prostitution, Scheidung,
Widerstand gegen die Staatsgewalt, Fahrerflucht, Euthanasie,
Selbstmord und politischem Mord; Alkoholkonsum; Einschätzung
des Drogen- und Alkoholproblems im eigenen Lande; Einstellung
zur Abtreibung und Akzeptanz möglicher Abtreibungsgründe;
eigene Meinungsführerschaft und Häufigkeit politischer
Diskussionen mit Freunden; Parteineigung; Verbundenheit mit dem
Ort oder der Nation; Nationalstolz; Einstellung zum
Terrorismus; Vertrauen in ausgewählte Institutionen;
Zukunftsunsicherheit; Wohnstatus.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Zusammenleben mit den Eltern; Alter bei
Beendigung der Ausbildung; Berufstätigkeit; Branche des Betriebes;
Betriebsgröße; Haushaltseinkommen (klassiert); Befragter ist
Haushaltsvorstand; Charakteristika des Haushaltsvorstands;
Urbanisierungsgrad; Regionale Herkunft.

Interviewerrating: Ethnische Zugehörigkeit; sozio-ökonomischer
Status des Befragten; Kooperationsbereitschaft und
Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten.

Interest in the topic of violence against women has grown strongly over the last two decades. During the nineties, and following studies on the subject in Canada and the United States, the focus has shifted to violence against women in general, and no longer exclusively on domestic violence against women. Following the preparatory work of two UN institutes (UNICRI in Turin and HEUNI in Helsinki), and once the method had been standardized (identical questionnaire and survey method), national studies on this issue have been planned in approximately 30 countries.
The Swiss survey is based on a telephone interview, between April and August 2003, of 1975 women aged 18 to 70 living in the German-speaking and the French-speaking parts of Switzerland. The sample thus obtained is representative of the female population. The method used was the computer-assisted telephone survey, which had already proved adequate in previous victimization surveys. This choice was also motivated by the great complexity of the questionnaire. The latter should indeed allow to apprehend different categories of violence, relating to different types of relationship between the author and his victim (marriage, cohabitation, former partners, colleagues, strangers) since the age of 16 years (experiences lived in childhood are not taken into account).
There are several objectives for this study:
- to increase the awareness of this problem among the authorities and the public
- to promote prevention
- to provide reliable information for the development of legislation, policies and means of assistance to victims
- to set up an internationally comparable database
- to help the police in their work practices concerning violence against women
- to formulate and test certain hypotheses
On thjs basis, here are the hypotheses and research questions:
- What is the extent of this type of violence in Switzerland, compared to other countries? How to explain these differences?
- How has the situation of domestic violence evolved since the study by Gillioz et al. (1994)?
- How important are various factors, including situational and biographical, in experiences of violence?
- What is the influence of the past and current criminal history of men on their tendency to domestic violence?
- What particular interaction effects are revealed among the variables studied?
- How is the role of the police perceived among the victims?
- Does (institutionalized) aid to victims achieve its objectives?

The present article is a summary of a quantitative Social History in three volumes (can be obtained directly from the author) treating of the 24 cathedral chapters of the Old German Empire in the 17th and 18th Century. The research on the cathedral chapters which were as well spiritual as secular corporations, until now is rather traditional in its methods, i.e. focusing on the constitutions and the biographies of the canons. Actually there are only a few monographies. Our study which comprehends all chapters examines 5 725 cases. The case-unit is not the person, but the prebend. The following variables are taken up: name (locality) of the chapter, dignitaries, degrees (for commoners), the ways of applying to and retiring from the chapters, social status (seven categories for the nobility, two for the commoners), advancements in rank, origin, cumulations. The completeness of the data is generally more than 90%, often towards 100%. All data is published in form of chronological lists of the canons in every chapter, besides an index of names is given. Therefore our work serves as a reference-book too. The data were processed with SPSS, crosstabulations and other statistics are published also. For regional inquiries the chapters were classified into three groups: Northern Germany, the chapters of the Knights of the Empire (i. e. Rhineland and Franconia), Southern Germany and Austria. To show the chronological development we divided the entire period (1601-1803) into four periods of about fifty years. The article presents some important results for every variable. Some general Statements are possible. From the viewpoint of social history the hypothesis of three regional types has been verified. Chapters at the border of the Empire form a particular group which shows more and more deviations to the Standard. On the other hand the chapters in the center assimilate. Spatial mobility decreases, local recruitment increases. There are tendencies to closeness and occasional provincialism. Cumulations increase in the second half of 18th Century. Canons from the middle and lower classes were almost completely eliminated during the two centuries. Thus the European feudal reaction can clearly be demonstrated using the example of the German cathedral chapters. Our research shows that the chapters get into a crisis in the late 18th Century. They could no more accomplish their functions as providing institutions for the German nobility. For many reasons the run to the prebends grew as well as the commoners' criticism influenced by the Enlightenment. They disapproved the loss of the chapters' spiritual functions, the prevalence of the nobility, the grewing exclusion of the commoners and the enormous cumulations. Proposals to a reform failed. The difficult Situation in the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars forced the secularization (1803) which brought the end to the old German cathedral chapters.