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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Banhatti Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 830 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 702 ha (85%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 52 ha (6%) by rock outcrops and about 76 ha (9%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 85 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 12 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 8 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 2 percent soils are sandy, 22 percent soils are loamy and 60 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 74 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 12 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 18 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 53 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 32 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 65 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 20 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 25 percent is high (>20ppm), 30 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 29 percent area is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 49 per cent and dificient (<4.5 ppm) in about 35 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 504(61) Guava - - Maize - 504(61) Sapota - - Bajra - 504(61) Pomegranate - 399(48) Groundnut - 86(10) Musambi - 399(48) Sunflower - 399(48) Lime - 399(48) Redgram - 418(50) Amla - 86(10) Bengal gram - 399(48) Cashew - - Cotton - 399(48) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 485(58) Jamun - - Tomato - 86(10) Custard apple - 485(58) Brinjal - 86(10) Tamarind - - Onion - 86(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 485(58) Marigold - 485(58) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 485(58) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 36 farmers were sampled in Banhatti micro-watershed among them 7 (20 %) were landless, 8 (22.86 %) were marginal farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were small farmers, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium farmers and 6 (17.14 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 102 (61.82 %) men and 63 (38.18 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 4.77, semi medium farmers' was 4.2 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 20 (12.12 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (52.12 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (31.52 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (4.24 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Banhatti had 33.33 per cent illiterates, 21.82 per cent of them had Primary School, 3.64 per cent of them had Middle School education, 21.21 per cent of them had High School education, 3.64 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.82 per cent of them had Diploma education, 0.61 per cent of them had ITI education and 10.30 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer, 2.86 per cent were Trade & Business and 5.71 per cent were Housewife.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 35.76 per cent of the household members, 25.45 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.61 per cent were general laborers and Household industry, 1.21 per cent were in private service, 13.94 per cent were students, 16.36 per cent were Housewife and 2.42 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 94.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.71 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 82.86 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 31.43 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator,17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,785, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 59,333, tempo was Rs. 180,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,002. 2  About 2.86 per cent each of the households possess Tractor, Thresher, Sprinkler, Chaff Cutter and Drip system, 31.43 per cent of the households possess Sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess weeder and 22.86 per cent of them possess Harvester.  For tractor it was Rs. 7,500, Sprayer was Rs. 4,090, Sprinkler was Rs. 10,000, Weeder was Rs. 957, Harvester was Rs. 600, Thresher was Rs. 400, Chaff Cutter was Rs. 200 and Drip system was Rs. 300.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, average own labour (women) available was 1.07, average hired labour (men) available was 5.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.24.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Banhatti micro-watershed possess 43.23 ha (78.38 %) of dry land and 11.92 ha (21.62 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.49 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 10.60 ha (85.44 %) of dry land and 1.80 ha (14.56 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.36 ha (90.34 %) of dry land and 1.21 ha (9.66 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.78 ha (63.93 %) of dry land and 8.90 ha (36.07 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 518,191.29 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 326,986.58. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,130,375.39 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 594,385.03 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs.1,107,623.31. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 598,361.24 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,157,812.48 of irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 196,333.33 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 213,318.18 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.96 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (28.22 ha), Paddy (6.07 ha), cotton (17.08 ha) and sorghum (0.16 ha). 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Banhatti micro-watershed was found to be 96.22 per cent.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have borrowed from Commercial Bank, 3.57 per cent from Friends/Relatives and 21.43 per cent from Grameena Bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 54,214.29.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private credit for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from Private source.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to Easy accessibility of credit.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 49387.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78695.08. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 29307.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.59  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 37760.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62872.09. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 25111.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.67.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 28165.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76570. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 48404.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.72.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 60649.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76000. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 15350.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.25.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 19,142.86 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 80,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 118,333.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 184,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 343,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,509.52. For landless households it was Rs. 8,285.71, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,888.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,600 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 37,638.89 .  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 coconut, 2 madarin, 5 mango and 2 lime trees in their field and 1 mango in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 68 neem, 14Tamarind and 2 Pongamia trees in their field and 1 neem in backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8,485.71 for land development.  The results indicated that Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 74.29per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Paddy was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 85.22 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 60 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 57.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders, 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 14.29 per cent of them sold in regulated markets and 5.71 per cent of them sold in Cooperative marketing Society.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, Summer Graded Bund, Contour Cultivation and Bore Well Recharge Pit were adopted for 2.86 per cent, Summer Ploughing was adopted for 54.29 per cent, Dead Furrow was adopted for 22.86 per cent, Mulching was adopted for 54.29 per cent and Combination of deep and shallow root crops was adopted for 5.71per cent.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.71 per cent of the households used Dung Cake.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 85.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed . 5  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 85.71 per cent of the households, oilseed and Vegetables were adequate for 62.86 per cent, Milk were adequate for 8.57 per cent, fruits was adequate for 48.57 per cent, eggs were adequate for 5.71 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals and pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 28.57 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 37.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, Meat were inadequate for 85.71 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 77.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 71.43 per cent, Wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 48.57 per cent, frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent, Inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 68.57 per cent of the households and Low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (40 %), Inadequate extension services (20 %) and Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (14.29 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 625 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 66 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent is covered by mining/industrial, 29 per cent is covered by rock out crops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 43 per cent area, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 20 per cent area and low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 5 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in 3 per cent area, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 19 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 17 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 15 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 108(17) Sapota - 54(9) Maize - 108(17) Pomegranate - 54(9) Bajra - 170(27) Guava - 54(9) Groundnut - 173(28) Jackfruit - 54(9) Sunflower - - Jamun - 54(9) Cotton - 108(17) Musambi - 54(9) Red gram - - Lime - 54(9) Bengalgram - 80(13) Cashew - 205(33) Chilli - 101(16) Custard apple - 340(55) Tomato - 101(16) Amla - 340(55) Brinjal - 213(34) Tamarind - 12(2) Onion - 206(33) Marigold - 108(17) Bhendi - 213(34) Chrysanthemum - 108(17) Drumstick - 19(3) Jasmine - 108(17) Mulberry - 224(36) Crossandra - 101(16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 108 (56.25%) men and 84 (43.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.4, marginal farmers' was 5.14, small farmers' was 5.82, semi medium farmers' was 5.40 and medium farmers' was 5.50.  The data indicated that, 56 (29.17%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (42.19%) were in 16-35 years of age, 41 (21.35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.29%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bagnalu-4 had 35.42 per cent illiterates, 31.25 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.85 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.90 per cent of them had high school education, 4.17 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.04 per cent of them did diploma and 3.65 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of them were general labourers and 2.86 per cent were in trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.94 per cent of the household members, 9.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.52 per cent were general labourers, 1.04 per cent were in private service, 0.52 per cent were into trade and business, 21.35 per cent were students and 5.73 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 80 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 60 per cent of the households possess TV, 25.71 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto, 74.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,285, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,333, motor cycle was Rs. 63,125, auto was Rs. 100,000, car/four wheeler was Rs.400,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,407.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.57 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 17.14 per cent of them possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 14.29 per cent possess thresher and 45.71 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19,166, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,175, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,000, irrigation pump was Rs.2250, tractor was Rs. 683,333, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1,740, thresher was Rs. 288 and weeder was Rs.76.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 34.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 11.43 per cent of them possess buffalo and 2.86 per cent of them possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.40, average hired labour (men) available was 19.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 27.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bagnalu-4 micro-watershed possess 17.97 ha (46.98%) of dry land, 18.66 ha (48.79%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (4.23%) of permanent fallow. Marginal farmers possess 2.99 ha (95.85%) of dry land and 0.13 ha of (4.15%) irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.88 ha (54.31%) of dry land, 4.17 ha (32.91%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (12.78%) of permanent fallow. Semi medium farmers possess 8.10 ha (44.96%) of dry land and 9.92 per cent (55.04%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.45 (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 1,485,003.37, average value of irrigated land was Rs. 808,694.71 and average value of permanent fallow was Rs.123,500. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,468,648.64 for dry land and Rs. 2,315,625.05 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,394,823.53 for dry land, was Rs. 479,611.65 for irrigated land and was Rs.123,500 for permanent fallow. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,567,666.15 for dry land and Rs. 725,877.55 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,257,454.55 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 20.12 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.26 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.13 ha, 2.11 ha, 4.86 ha and 0.81 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (27.4 ha), bajra (3.64 ha), sugarcane (1.62 ha), turmeric (1.21 ha), navane (0.57 ha), groundnut (0.4 ha), pearl millet (0.4 ha), tomato (0.4 ha) and paddy (0.08 ha). 3  Marginal farmers had grown maize and pearl millet. Small farmers had grown maize, bajra, sugarcane, navane, groundnut, tomato and paddy. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and turmeric. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and sugarcane.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-4 micro-watershed was found to be 66.68 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 95.23 per cent, small farmers it was 72.47 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 66.50 and medium farmers it was 47.83 per cent.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 209286.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 314925. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 105638.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69786.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -20386.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 55122.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61853.31. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6731.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 39740.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25060.21. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 14680.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 50203.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 48596.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  the total cost of cultivation for Horsegram was Rs. 23515.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Horsegram cultivation was Rs. 17650.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  the total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 219057.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 493999.99. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 274942.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26.  the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 73478.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 624910. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 551431.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.5.  the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 29986.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51870. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 21883.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.73. 4  the total cost of cultivation for Turmeric was Rs. 40825.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from Turmeric cultivation was Rs. -16125.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 5,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,071.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 82,045.55, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,050 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 3,695.51. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,020.41, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,427.27, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,650 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 22 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 45 neem tree, 4 acacia trees and 2 eucalyptus trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,771.43 for land development, Rs. 257.14 for irrigation facility, Rs. 3,857.14 for improved crop production and Rs.228.57 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent for land development, for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 22.86 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development, for 11.43 per cent for improved crop production and 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 25 per cent, Sugarcane to the extent of 60 per cent, maize to the extent of 4.03 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.86 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 100 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 68.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 90.91 per cent of the small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent of the households used biogas as a source of fuel. 5  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 57.14 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 28.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 92.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 48.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 34.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (71.43%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (37.14%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), less rainfall (2.86%) and source of agri-technology information (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dombarahalli-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 26 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 66 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 90 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 14 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 78 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75 %) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (57 kg/ha) 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 42 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 50 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 26 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 26 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 67(12) 186(33) Sapota 1(<1) 36(6) Maize 12(2) 241 (43) Pomegranate 1(<1) 134(24) Bajra 24(4) 275(49) Guava 1(<1) 23(4) Redgram 1(<1) 114(20) Jackfruit 1(<1) 23(4) Bengal gram 43(8) 255(45) Jamun 1(<1) 44(8) Groundnut 1 (<1) 141(25) Musambi 10(2) 116(21) Sunflower 10 (2) 116 (21) Lime 10(2) 116(21) Cotton 45(8) 209(37) Cashew 14(2) 51(9) Chilli 24(4) 118(21) Custard apple 67(12) 282(50) Tomato 24(4) 131(23) Amla 24(4) 325(58) Brinjal 24(4) 193(34) Tamarind 1(<1) 33 (6) Onion - 94(17) Marigold 14(2) 240(42) Bhendi - 216(38) Chrysanthemum 14(2) 240 (42) Drumstick 1(<1) 134(24) Jasmine 14(2) 139(25) Mulberry 1(<1) 128(23) Crossandra 14(2) 157(28) Mango 1(<1) - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 10 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 92 (57.86%) men and 67 (42.14%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.38, small farmers' was 3.7, semi medium farmers' was 5.25 and medium farmers' was 16.  The data indicated that, 22 (13.84%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 77 (48.43%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (31.45%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.29%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Dombarahalli-1 had 25.79 per cent illiterates, 22.64 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.81 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.62 per cent of them had high school education, 10.06 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.89 per cent of them did diploma and 0.63 per cent ITI, 10.06 per cent of them had degree education and 1.89 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 22.86 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent were general labourers and 2.86 were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.36 per cent of the household members, 21.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 10.69 per cent were general labour, 3.77 per cent were in private service, 24.53 per cent were students and 1.06 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 98.74 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and 1.26 per cent of the population has participated in cooperative bank.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 31.43 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.41 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1888, bicycle was Rs. 1888, motor cycle was Rs.30000 and mobile phone was Rs.1941.  About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of them possess weeder and 5.71 per cent of them possess tractor. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18666, plough was Rs.3125, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2200, the average value of tractor was Rs.350000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.100.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow, 14.29 per cent possess crossbred cow and 2.86 per cent possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.76, average own labour (women) available was 1.48, average hired labour (men) available was 11.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.45.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Dombarahalli-1 micro watershed possess 6.66 ha (23.77%) of dry land and 4.68 ha (16.70%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.25 ha (86.72%) of dry land and 1.72 ha (13.28%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (62.50%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (37.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (21.05%) of dry land and 18.21 ha (78.95%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 327,956.72 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 622,471.12. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 458,436.44 for dry land and Rs. 1,534,615.39 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 226,605.50 for dry land and Rs. 858,774.84 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 413,231.94 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 329,333.33 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 12 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 34.29 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 34.05 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.37 ha, 2.45 ha, 5.32 ha and 2.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (0.40 ha), banana (3.89 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), groundnut (7.13 ha), maize (6.71 ha), onion (2.02 ha), paddy (1.28 ha), papaya (1.21 ha), red gram (1.21 ha) and sunflower (3.15 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, banana, groundnut, maize, onion and sunflower. Small farmers have grown banana, cotton, groundnut, maize, onion, redgram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown banana, paddy and papaya. Medium farmers have grown banana and maize. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Dombarahalli-1 micro watershed was found to be 87.65 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 93.53 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.16 and medium farmers it was 50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and 37.14 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 81.25 per cent of the households have availed loan from grameena bank and 18.75 per cent have availed loan from money lender.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs. 77500, Rs. 63571.43, Rs. 135000 and Rs. 45000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions like marriage which accounted for 66.67 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 33.33 per cent of the households borrowed for agriculture production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 23.08 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 76.92 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfill their requirements.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 67015.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 290064.95. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 223049.11, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.33.  The total cost of cultivation for papaya was Rs. 62464.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 724533.33. The net income from papaya cultivation was Rs. 662068.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.6.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24509.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24009.69. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 499.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 61811.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74057.36. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12246.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2. 4  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 32161.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63975.99. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 31814.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.99.  The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 79292.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19384193.71. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 19304901.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:244.47.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 78743.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 170626.03. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 91882.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.17.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29954.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72453.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 42498.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.42.  The total cost of cultivation for Redgram was Rs. 22946.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58868.33. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 35921.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.57.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 54734.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 19365.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 58,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 126,503.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 194,418.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 351,375 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 300,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 21,910.26. For landless households it was Rs. 6,055.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 10,386.59, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,681.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 73,750, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 150,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 35 coconut and 1 mango tree in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field. They have also grown 1 cashew tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 571.43, for irrigation facility Rs. 228.57, for improved crop production Rs. 285.71 and for improved livestock management Rs. 142.86.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 2.86 per cent of the households for land development, 2.86 per cent for 5 irrigation facility, 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  All crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 80 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 5.71 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 2.86 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 17.14 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 23.08 per cent of the marginal farmers, 9.09 per cent of the small farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of irrigation for remaining 8.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 7.69 per cent of the marginal, 9.09 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 2.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 45.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (34.29%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (25.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%), and inadequate extension services (82.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 749 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 645 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 104 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4thweek of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 53 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow to moderately shallow (0 -75 cm) and 33 per cent soils are moderately deep to very deep (75->150 cm).  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 55 per cent of loamy soils and 20 per cent clayey soil1 at the surface.  About 66 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 59 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 76 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 10 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha)  About 26 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 60 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha)  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 116 (16) 424 (57) Guava - 114 (15) Maize - 540 (72) Sapota - 114(15) Bajra - 556 (74) Pomegranate - 230(31) Groundnut - 382 (51) Musambi 34(5) 196(26) Sunflower 64 (9) 166(22) Lime 34 (5) 196 (26) Redgram - 192 (26) Amla 34 (5) 522 (70) Bengal gram 116(16) 310 (42) Cashew - - Cotton 68 (9) 358 (49) Jackfruit - 114 (15) Chilli - 540 (73) Jamun - 116(16) Tomato - 458(63) Custard apple 231(31) 326 (44) Brinjal 66 (9) 491 (65) Tamarind - 116 (15) Bhendi 181 (24) 10(2) Mulberry - 131 (17) Onion 197 (26) 343(46) Marigold - 540 (72) Drumstick - 247 (33) Chrysanthemum - 540 (72) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 45 farmers were sampled in Haligeri-2 micro-watershed among them 1 (2.22 %) were landless, 15 (33.33 %) were marginal farmers, 16 (35.56 %) were small farmers, 10 (22.22 %) were semi medium farmers and 3 (6.67 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 126 (61.17 %) men and 80 (38.83 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.25, marginal farmers' was 6.02, small farmers' was 4.54, semi medium farmers' was 4.5 and medium farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 36 (17.48 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 89 (43.20 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 71 (34.47 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (4.85 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Haligeri-2had 49.03 per cent illiterates, 14.08 per cent of them had primary school, 2.43 per cent of them had middle school and Diploma, 13.59 per cent of them had high school education, 8.74 per cent of them had PUC, 0.49 per cent of them had ITI, 4.37 per cent of them had Degree education and 0.49 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.22 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and Housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 72.33 per cent of the household members, 2.43 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.49 per cent were Artisans and Government Service, 1.94 per cent were private service, 16.50 per cent were Student, 1.94 per cent were housewives and 3.88 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.89 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 68.89 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 24.44 per cent of them possess Pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 62.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 24.44 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and Motor Cycle, 4.44 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator, 6.67 per cent of the households possess Auto, 2.22 per cent of the households possess Tempo and Car/Four Wheeler and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,985, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,936, Refrigerator was Rs. 9,000, motor cycle was Rs. 60,909, Auto was 2 Rs. 125,000, Tempo was Rs. 3,00,000, Car/Four Wheeler was Rs. 4,00,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,993.  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 31.11 per cent of the households possess Plough, 31.11 2.22 per cent of the households possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill, Transplanter/Grinder and Tractor, 4.44 per cent of the households possess Harvester, 8.89 per cent of the households possess Sprinkler, 20 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 53.33 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 6,214, Seed/Fertilizer Drill was Rs. 2,000, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 650,000, Tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,411, sprinkler was Rs. 7,700 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 189.  The results indicate that, 13.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.89 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.22 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and Goat and 4.44 per cent of the households possess Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.13, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 8.04 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.62.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 2.53, average own labour (women) was 1.07, average hired labour (men) was 7.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.93. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 2.25, average own labour (women) was 1.44, average hired labour (men) was 7.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.75. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.40, average own labour (women) was 1.10, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.33 and average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 11.67 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.67.  The results indicate that, 97.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results show that, 0.97 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated.  The results show that, average distance of migration was 600 kms and average duration of migration was 12 months.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work.  The results indicate that, households of the Haligeri-2 micro-watershed possess 42.36 ha (69.16 %) of dry land, 16.06 ha (26.22 %) of irrigated land, 2.83 ha 3 (4.63 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 7.31 ha (100 %) of dry land and. Small farmers possess 12.23 ha (68.22 %) of dry land and 5.70 ha (31.78 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.27 ha (48.12 %) of dry land and 8.24 ha (38.60 %) of irrigated land and 2.83 ha (13.28 %) of Permanent Fallow land. Medium farmers possess 12.55 ha (85.52 %) of dry land and 2.12 ha (14.48 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 464,924.52, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 722,076.62 and the average value of Permanent Fallow land was Rs. 141,142.86. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,530,935.25 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 408,669.76 for dry land and Rs. 894,673.30 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 214,189.99 for dry land and Rs. 691,842.76 for irrigated land and the average value of Permanent Fallow land was Rs. 141,142.86. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 103,580.65 for dry land and Rs. 376,380.95 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for 17.78 per cent of the farmers and Open Well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for 6.67 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 12.67 meters and the depth of Open Well was found to be 4.13 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium farmers and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 4.87 ha, 4.88 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (22.88 ha), Groundnut (6.48 ha), green gram (5.29 ha), Paddy (11.19 ha), Sorghum (1.21 ha) and red gram (11.84 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, Groundnut, cotton and green gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, Sorghum, red gram, green gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, Groundnut, paddy and Red gram. Medium farmers have grown cotton and red gram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Haligeri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 99.70 per cent.  The results indicate that, 73.33 per cent of the households have bank account and 64.44 per cent of the households have bank Savings.  The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 71877.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195001.60. The net income 4 from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 123123.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.71.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 52884.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58336.08. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 5451.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.1.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 27561.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57974.01. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 30412.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.1.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 59540.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93411.60. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 33870.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.57.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 23706.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65866.67. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 42159.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.78.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34959.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79494.55. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 44534.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.27.  The results indicate that, 15.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.11 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 35,000 for landless, Rs. 181,266.67 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 214,875, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 175,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 440,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,339.62. For landless it was Rs. 15,000, marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,232.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,598.18, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,705.36 and medium farmers it was Rs. 58,055.56.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 59 Neem, 5 Banyan, 1 Banyan, 3 Teak and 4 tamarind trees in their field and 4 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,250 for land development.  The results indicated that, Groundnut, Sorghum and Red gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 93.84 per cent and Green gram was sold to the extent of 77.61 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, about 86.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 8.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Regulated Market.  The results indicated that, 6.67 per cent of the households have used Head Load as a mode of transportation, 20 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation, 57.78 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation and 11.11 per cent of the households have used Truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 68.89 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 68.89 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 82.22 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel, 4.44 per cent of the households used Kerosene as a source of fuel and 13.33 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 82.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 15.56 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 95.56 per cent of the households in micro watershed and Kerosene Lamp was the major source of light for 2.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 53.33 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 95.56 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards .  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 95.56 per cent of the households, Pulses were adequate for 88.89 per cent of the households, Oilseed were adequate for 15.56 per cent of the households, Vegetables were adequate for 8.89 per cent, Egg were adequate for 22.22 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, Milk was adequate for 24.44 per cent and Meat were adequate for 2.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, Pulses were inadequate for 6.67 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 86.67 per cent, milk were inadequate for 57.78 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 57.78 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households and Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 68.89 per cent of the households, Frequent incidence of pest and 6 diseases were the constraint experienced by 82.22 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field (51.11 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.22 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %), High rate of interest on credit (80 %), Inadequacy of irrigation water (64.44 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (86.67 %), Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (26.67 %) and Less Rainfall (24.44 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil, two per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 60 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 26 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 23 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 56 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5), 34 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils and 7 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 38 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 8(2) - Pomegranate - 83(18) Maize - 8 (2) Guava - 75(17) Bajra - 90(20) Jackfruit - 75(17) Redgram - 8 (2) Jamun - 83(18) Bengal gram 8(2) 7(2) Musambi 8(2) 75(17) Groundnut - 303 (68) Lime 8 (2) 75(17) Sunflower 8(2) - Cashew - 184(41) Cotton 8(2) - Custard apple 8(2) 419(94) Chilli - - Amla - 427 (96) Tomato - - Tamarind - 8(2) Drumstick - 236(53) Marigold - 8(2) Mulberry - 421(94) Chrysanthemum 8(2) Mango - - Jasmine - - Sapota - 75(17) Crossandra - 8(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 78 (60%) men and 52 (40%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.3, small farmer was 2.9, semi medium farmer was 4.1, medium farmer was 7 and for landless farmers it was 4.  The data indicated that the there were 22 (16.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 50 (38.46%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (33.85 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (10.77%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Kanakapura-2 had 23.08 per cent illiterates, 20.77 per cent of them had primary school education, 15.38 per cent of them had middle school education, 25.38 per cent of them had high school education, 6.92 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.77 per cent of them had diploma, 5.38 per cent of them had degree education and 2.31 per cent of them had masters education.  The results indicate that, 64.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 2.94 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 8.82 per cent were general labourers and 11.76 per cent of the households heads were doing other occupation.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.92 per cent of the household members, 0.77 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.15 per cent were general labours,0.77 percent were in private service, 26.15 per cent of them were students and 3.85 per cent were housewives.  The results shows that 1.54 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.77 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 4.62 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank, 0.77 percent of them participated in zilla panchayat and 92.31 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 91.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.88 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8.82 per cent of them possess thatched house. Cent percent of the landless farmers possess katcha house.  The results shows that 79.41 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 55.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.24 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  About 50 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 41.18 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 100 per cent of the households possess weeder. Other implements owned by households in the micro watershed were tractor, sprinkler, harvester, thresher, groundnut decorticator, JCB and earth remover/duster. 2  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.775, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18200, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1715, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 5000, the average value of harvester was Rs. 30000, the average value of thresher was Rs. 45000 and the average value of tractor was Rs. 300000.  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.88 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows and 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.17, average hired labour (men) available was 4.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.39.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  There was 1 person each migrated from micro watershed who belonged to landless and small farmer category. Total migration in the micro watershed was only 1.54 per cent.  People have migrated on an average of 527 Kms and average duration was 8 months. Landless farmers have migrated 455 kms and on an average for 9 months. Small farmers migrated 600 kms and on an average for 7 months.  Job/work was the most important reasons for migration for all the migrants. Improved quality of the life was the major positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-2 micro watershed possess 30.64 ha (88.85%) of dry land and 3.44 ha (9.98%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.48 ha (94.87%) of dry land and 0.4 ha (5.13 %) permanent fallow. Small farmers possess 17.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.4 ha (81.64%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (18.36%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.23 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs.233054 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.443202. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 469662 for dry land and Rs. 1235000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 1 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. There were 2 functioning and 1 defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 11.65 meters and the depth of open well was 3.23 meters. 3  The results indicate that, there were around 11.34 ha of irrigated area in kharif and 7.69 ha of irrigated area in rabi.  Farmers have grown Anthorium (0.81 ha), Bajra (4.16 ha), Cotton (0.81 ha), Groundnut-Kharif (1.3 ha), Horse gram (1.43 ha), Jowar (1.21 ha), Maize (23.35 ha), Paddy (2.43 ha), Red gram (1.3 ha), Sorghum (0.85 ha), Tomato (0.4 ha), Groundnut-Rabi (4.6 ha), Navane (2.43 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-2 micro watershed was found to be 96.32 per cent.  The results indicate that, 97.06 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings. Among landless farmers 75 percent of them possess bank account and savings. Hundred per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium category of farmers possess bank account and also savings.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  Around 66.67 per cent have availed loan in grameena bank and 21.21 per cent have availed loan in money lender.  Landless, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed loans to the exent Rs. 43333, Rs. 48500, Rs. 76250, Rs. 276428 and Rs. 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is Rs. 111060.  The results indicate that, from institutional sources around 95.45 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture and 4.55 per cent of them have borrowed loan for social functions like marriage. Landless farmer has borrowed credit for social functions and all other category of farmers have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Around 66.67 per cent farmers borrowed credit for agriculture production purpose, 16.67 per cent borrowed for house hold consumption and another 16.67 percent of small farmers also borrowed loan for education purpose from non-institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs.29848.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45530.08. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.15681.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.53.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42148.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80968.77. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs.38820.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16353.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22620.68. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6267.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.38. 4  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 34734.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20616.37. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 14118.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 10587.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23547.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 12959.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.22. The total cost of cultivation for horse gram was Rs. 13526.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16781.39. The net income from horse gram cultivation was Rs. 3254.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 48019.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86046.57. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 38027.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.79.  The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 23.53 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate and 2.94 per cent opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicated that the average annual gross income of households in the micro watershed was Rs.124166. Landless farmers had an income of Rs. 86250, marginal farmers had Rs.109908, small farmers had Rs. 88469, semi medium farmers had Rs. 187994 and medium farmers had Rs. 400000 average annual gross income.  The average annual expenditure of households in the micro watershed was Rs.14792. Landless farmers had an expenditure of Rs.21562, marginal farmers had Rs. 4775, small farmers had Rs. 3720, semi medium farmers had Rs. 16325 and medium farmers had Rs. 210000 average annual expenditure.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, jowar, maize, navane, paddy, red gram and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  Only 14.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants. About 91.18 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets.  Around 44.12 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 61.76 per cent have used tractor. 5  The results indicated that, 8.82 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 8.33 percent of small farmers and 28.57 percent semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 88.24 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 38.24 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 55.88 per cent of the farmers. Farm pond was adopted by 42.86 per cent of semi medium farmers.  Around 7.96 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 92.31 per cent opined that dull replacement required. About 66.67 per cent of the households who adopted farm pond opined that the ponds are in good condition and 33.33 per cent opined that they need full replacement.  About 35.29 per cent of soil conservation structure were constructed by farmers on their own, 29.41 per cent of the soil conservation structures were constructed by the government, 5.88 per cent were constructed.  The results indicated that, 91.18 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel and another 8.82 percent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless 100 per cent of marginal, 91.67 per cent of small farmers, 85.71 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers. Another 2.94 per cent of the household had bore well as their major source of drinking water.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed and another 2.94 per cent of the households used kerosene lamp.  The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 75 per cent of landless, 50 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farm households had sanitary toilet facility.  Around 82.35 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 17.65 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 100 percent of the marginal, 25 per cent of the small, 57.14 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 41.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.47%), inadequacy of irrigation 6 water (82.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85,92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.29%), inadequate extension services (85.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.29%), less rainfall (88.24%) and source of agri-technology information was a constraint for 85.29 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sowrashtrahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 614 ha in Sowrashtrahalli microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by rock lands, habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 26 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 21 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 37 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 64 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 20 per cent loamy soils and 10 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 94 per cent has non-gravelly soils.  About 33 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m), 10 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 24 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and about 26 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are non-saline (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 33 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 32 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 12 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Sowrashtrahalli microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 12 (2) 380 (62) Sapota - 107 (17) Maize 12 (2) 129 (21) Guava - 107 (17) Red gram - 332 (54) Pomegranate - 332 (54) Bajra 12 (2) 377(62) Jackfruit - 107 (17) Ground nut - 118 (19) Jamun - 205 (33) Sunflower - 332 (54) Musambi - 332 (54) Cotton - 389 (63) Lime - 332 (54) Bengalgram - 389 (63) Cashew - 104 (17) Chilli - 369 (60) Custard apple - 380 (62) Tomato 12 (2) 132 (22) Amla 12 (2) 380 (62) Drumstick - 332 (54) Tamarind - 205 (33) Mulberry - 107 (17) Marigold - 392 (64) Mango - 353 (57) Chrysanthemum - 392 (64) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Sowrashtrahalli micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 9 (25.71 %) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 90 (58.82 %) men and 63 (41.18 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 3.55, small farmers' was 4.9, semi medium farmers' was 4.44 and medium farmers' was 5.5.  The data indicated that, 23 (15.03 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (50.98 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (28.10 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.88 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Sowrashtrahalli had 32.03 per cent illiterates, 3.27 per cent of them had functional literate, 12.42 per cent of them had primary school, 8.50 per cent of them had middle school, 17.65 per cent of them had High School, 12.42 per cent of them had PUC, 1.96 per cent of them had Diploma, 3.27 per cent of them had ITI, 5.88 per cent of them had Degree education and 1.31 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were General labourers, 2.86 cent of the household heads were in private service and 2.86 per cent of them were trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.56 per cent of the household members, 16.34 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.61 per cent were in general labour, 3.27 per cent were private service, 24.18 per cent were Student, 12.42 per cent were housewives and 1.96 per cent were children.  The results show that, 1.31 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in Self Help Group.  The results indicate that 54.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 48.57 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Auto, LPG Stove and Car/Four Wheeler and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,142, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,007, Motor Cycle was Rs. 103,800, Auto was Rs. 120,000, Car/Four Wheeler was Rs. 800,000, LPG Stove was Rs. 2,000, and mobile phone was Rs. 3,141. 2  About 31.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 5.71 per cent of them possess Power Tiller, 8.57 per cent of them possess Tractor, 17.14 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 2.86 per cent of them possess Weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19,181, plough was Rs. 2,483, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 4,000, Power Tiller was Rs.150,000, Tractor was Rs. 800,000, Sprayer was Rs. 4,633 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 2,000.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo and Sheep and 5.71 per cent of the households possess goat and poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, average own labour (women) available was 1.32, average hired labour (men) available was 9.19 and average hired labour (women) available was 15.84.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 45.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 2 (1.31 %) of the households migrated.  The results indicate that, the average distance was 600 (kms) and average duration was around 12 months.  The results indicate that, job/wage/work was the main reason for the migration of the households.  The results indicate that, there were no such positive consequences for the migration of the households.  The results indicate that, there were no such negative consequences for the migration of the households.  The results indicate that, households of the Sowrashtrahalli micro-watershed possess 51.15 ha (96.75 %) of dry land, 1.72 ha (3.25 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.53 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.72 ha (87.20 %) of dry land and 1.72 ha (12.80 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 23.31 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 10.59 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 305,061.32 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,310,612.24. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 715,523.05 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 290,086.36 for dry land and Rs. 639,294.12 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 302,265.23 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 113,302.75 for dry land. 3  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 3.64 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (29.25 ha), Cotton (11.51 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha), Jowar (3.79 ha) and Sorghum (1.78 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, Sorghum and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, Jowar, Sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, Cotton and Jowar. Medium farmers have grown red gram and Cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Sowrashtrahalli micro-watershed was found to be 87.69 per cent.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households have bank account and 71.43 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households have borrowed from Commercial Bank, 33.33 per cent from Friends/Relatives, 9.52 per cent from Grameena Bank and 9.52 per cent from Traders.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 7,714.29.  The results indicate that, 37.50 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households borrowed from private credit for the purpose of agricultural production and Education purpose.  The results indicated that 12.50 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 22.22 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from Private source.  The results indicate that, around 25 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 31742.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48886.66. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs.17143.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 34622.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49202.42. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 14579.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.42. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 85452.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72247.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -13205.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.85.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 34976.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56970.03. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 21993.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.63.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 48.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 108,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 105,785, for small farmers it was Rs. 179,718.18 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 191,928.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,063.15. For landless households it was Rs. 4,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,746.91, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,200, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,609.79 and medium farmers it was Rs. 150,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 Lemon, 16 lime and 3 mango tree in their field.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicate that, households have planted 104 neem and 12 tamarind trees in their field and also 12 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6,514.34 for land development, Rs. 2,085.71 for irrigation facility and Rs. 428.57 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.86 per cent for land development, 5.71 for irrigation facility and for 5.71 per cent of irrigation facility. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 42.86 per cent for land development and 2.86 for irrigation facility.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 93.67 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 91.22 per cent and Sorghum was sold to the extent of 97.92 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 57.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 34.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. 5  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation and 2.86 per cent of the households have used Cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households practicing field bunding and 2.86 per cent of the households practicing Farm Pond.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the household's farm pond conservation structures were good and 80 per cent of the households field bunding conservation structure were good and 20 per cent of the conservation structures were slightly damaged.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households depend on own funds and 2.86 per cent of the households were depend on Farmer organization  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 17.14 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 28.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 57.14 per cent, Pulses were adequate for 54.29 per cent, Oilseed were adequate for 40 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 14.29 per cent, Milk were adequate for 40 per cent, Egg were adequate for 37.14 per cent and Meat were adequate for 25.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 34.29 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 77.14 per cent of the households, Milk were inadequate for 45.71 per cent of the households, Egg were inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households and Meat were inadequate for 37.14 per cent of the households,. 6  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil (77.14% ), Wild animal menace on farm field (77.14% ), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (22.86 % ), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29 % ), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals was the constraint experienced by 71.43 per cent of the households, high rate of interest on credit (31.43 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (48.57 %), inadequate extension services (25.71 %), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (68.57 %), Less rainfall (62.86 %) and Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (17.14 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Die dynamische Bevölkerungsentwicklung Ostdeutschlands seit 1990 zeigt am Beispiel der Entstehung einer Residualbevölkerung die unterschiedlichen Variationen der Selektivität von Wanderungen: Einer Bevölkerung, die aufgrund langfristig wirkender selektiven Wanderungsverluste im ländlich-peripheren Raum ein spezifisches demographisches Verhalten aufweist. Der Wanderungsverlust Ostdeutschlands mit über 2,5 Millionen Menschen hat tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf die alters-, geschlechts- und bildungsspezifische Bevölkerungsstruktur der neuen Bundesländer hinterlassen. Auch wenn die jungen Generationen zumeist das politisch geeinte Deutschland leben, existieren mit Blick auf die vorliegenden demographischen Prozesse und Strukturen bis heute nahezu zwei deutsche Staaten. Die Entwicklungen sowie die Auswirkungen insbesondere der räumlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung wurden entsprechend dem Stand der Forschung vor dem Hintergrund der Situation Ostdeutschlands vorgestellt und die darauf aufbauenden Forschungsthesen benannt. Das bisher nur theoretische Konstrukt der Residualbevölkerung, die Interdependenz aus natürlicher und räumlicher Bevölkerungsbewegung, wurde anhand von unterschiedlichen demographischen Parametern (u. a. hohe Fertilität, hohe Mortalität, starke Wanderungsverluste, großes Frauendefizit, Überalterung) eingeordnet und damit als messbar definiert. Am Beispiel Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns konnte anschließend gezeigt werden, wie sich die Bevölkerungsstruktur des ehemals jüngsten Bundeslandes aufgrund der selektiven Migration innerhalb eines Vierteljahrhunderts in das älteste umkehrte. Um diesen Verlauf nachzuvollziehen, wurden auf Gemeindeebene die unterschiedlichen Bewegungsentwicklungen ab 1990 dargestellt: Der Rückgang der Sterblichkeit, der Wiederanstieg der Fertilität sowie der sich manifestierende Wanderungsverlust junger Frauen. Daran anschließend zeigten Strukturberechnungen, wie sowohl das Billeter-Maß als auch Geschlechterproportionen, die umfassenden Auswirkungen der Bewegungen auf den Bevölkerungsstand und dessen Struktur Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns: Einen stetigen Rückgang der Bevölkerungszahlen, ein über-proportionales Frauendefizit in jüngeren Altersjahren und eine fortlaufend beschleunigte Alterung der Bevölkerung. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Rahmenbedingungen wurde für die Zeiträume 1990-2001 und 2002-2013 jeweils eine Clusteranalyse durchgeführt, die als Ergebnis eine Typisierung von Gemeinden hinsichtlich einer messbaren Residualbevölkerung ermöglichten. Entsprechend der Vordefinition eines solchen migrationellen Konstruktes konnte für etwa jede fünfte Gemeinde in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern solcherart demographische Bedingungen identifiziert werden. Diese Gemeinden liegen tendenziell im Binnenland und fern der Zentren – eine zentrale Verortung konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Von Gemeinde zu Gemeinde unterschieden sich die demographischen Parameter teils stark, so dass von einflussreichen lokalen (nicht betrachteten) Rahmenbedingungen ausgegangen werden muss. Dagegen konnten auch Gemeinden ohne residuale Züge identifiziert werden. Etwa jede dritte Gemeinde Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns wies keine Parameter einer Residualbevölkerung auf. Diese Regionen waren vor allem in der Nähe der Zentren und der Küste zu finden. Die verbliebenen Gemeinden zeigten nur kurzfristig oder nur im geringfügigem Maße Indizien für eine solche Bevölkerung – das betraf etwa die Hälfte aller Gemeinden im Land. Nach der gesamtgemeindlichen Analyse wurde die Bevölkerungs- und Sozialstruktur der dabei betroffenen Gemeinden Strasburg (Um.) im Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald und Dargun im Landkreis Mecklenburgische Seenplatte detailliert analysiert. Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung beider Betrachtungsgemeinden entsprach der vieler ostdeutscher Kleinstädte im ländlichen Raum nach der politischen Wende: Während die Gemeinden in der DDR Bevölkerungswachstum erfuhren oder zumindest gleichbleibende Bevölkerungszahlen als regionales Zentrum aufwiesen, verursachte die Abwanderung vor allem junger Menschen und ein manifestierter Sterbeüberschuss nach 1990 stetig rückläufige Zahlen. In diesen beiden Gemeinden wurden dann nicht gesamtgemeindliche Bevölkerungszahlen analysiert, sondern vielmehr die Zusammensetzung einer Gemeindebevölkerung vor dem Hintergrund ihres Migrationsstatus differenziert. Für den Zeitraum 1979-2014 wurden deshalb anhand dieses Status die Bevölkerungen beider Gemeinden in Sesshafte und Zugezogene unterteilt. Aufgrund der sowohl vorhandenen Sterbe- als auch Geburtsstatistik war es möglich, die natürliche und räumliche Bevölkerungsbewegung der insgesamt fast 22.000 Men-schen direkt herauszuarbeiten. Die sesshafte Bevölkerung repräsentiert dabei die Menschen, die am ehesten dem Typus "Residualbevölkerung" entsprechen. Nach Berechnung der Mortalitäten für unterschiedliche Zeiträume ergab sich tendenziell eine höhere Sterblichkeit bzw. geringere Lebenserwartung der Sesshaften gegenüber den Zuzüglern bei Frauen wie Männern. Wurden darüber hinaus die Zugezogenen nach Lebensdauer in den Betrachtungsgemeinden differenziert, ergab bei beiden Geschlechtern eine längere Zugehörigkeit zu den Gemeinden auch eine höhere Sterblichkeit. Damit wurde einerseits die generell höhere Mortalität des ländlich-peripheren Raums gegenüber dem urbanen Raum bestätigt. Andererseits entspricht die höhere Sterblichkeit der sesshaften gegenüber der der nichtsesshaften Bevölkerung den Vorüberlegungen zur Residualbevölkerung. Darüber hinaus wurde zusätzlich der Parameter "Bedürftigkeit" berücksichtigt. Hier konnte erwartungsgemäß für beide Betrachtungsgemeinden die höchste Sterblichkeit der von Sozial-leistungen betroffenen Menschen festgestellt werden. Je länger dabei die Bezugsdauer, umso höher war die aufgezeigte Mortalität – dies sogar zumeist vor der sesshaften Bevölkerung. Bezieher von Sozialhilfe waren im Vergleich zu Beziehern von Wohngeld am stärksten betroffen; Unterschiede bei Männern besonders stark vertreten. Die Nichtbezieher wiesen bei beiden Geschlechtern die geringste Sterblichkeit auf. Neben der Mortalität wurde als zweite Variable der natürlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung die Fertilität der beiden Bevölkerungsgruppen untersucht. Hier ergaben sich jedoch keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Bevölkerungsgruppen Im Bereich der Periodenfertilität wiesen Zuzügler gegenüber den Sesshaften eine erhöhte Fertilität auf. Berechnungen der Kohortenfertilität ergaben wiederrum eine leicht höhere Fertilität der Sesshaften. Auch eine detaillierte Analyse der Zuzüglerinnen offenbarte kein einheitliches Bild. Mit Blick auf die Bedürftigkeit war festzustellen, dass die Bezieherinnen eine deutlich höhere Fertilität gegenüber Nichtbezieherinnen – unabhängig von der Bezugsdauer – aufwiesen. Im Ergebnis wurde damit zwar die generell höhere Fertilität des ländlich-peripheren Raums gegenüber dem urbanen Raum bestätigt. Die entsprechenden Vorüberlegungen zur Fertilität der sesshaften gegenüber der nichtsesshaften Bevölkerung konnten aber nicht eindeutig verifiziert werden. Die gesamtheitliche Betrachtung der Gemeindeberechnungen zeigte demzufolge ein zweitgeteiltes Bild: Die Ergebnisse der Mortalität bestätigen die Annahmen zur Residualbevölkerung, die Ergebnisse der Fertilität nur in Teilen. Auch wenn die festgestellten Fertilitäts- und Morta-litätsunterschiede ortsbehaftet sind – sei es durch Umwelteinflüsse vor Ort oder die Art der Menschen zu leben: Je länger die Menschen in Regionen mit einem bestimmten Fertilitäts- und Mortalitätsniveau leben, umso stärker passen sie sich diesem an – in beide Richtungen. Vor dem Hintergrund sowohl der Typisierung aller Gemeinden als auch der beiden Betrach-tungsgemeinden ist zu konstatieren, dass beide Variablen der natürlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung nichtgleichberechtigt nebeneinander zur Erklärung einer Residualbevölkerung fungieren müssen. Unter der Beibehaltung der theoretischen Annahmen ist dementsprechend zukünftig von einer Residualbevölkerung mit Schwerpunkt einer hohen Mortalität einerseits und mit Schwerpunkt einer hohen Fertilität andererseits auszugehen. Das bisher in der Literatur benannte Frauendefizit stellt darüber hinaus nur einen Parameter unter mehreren dar und sollte bei nachfolgenden Betrachtungen nicht als alleiniger Indikator dienen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse sowohl aus beiden Gemeinden als auch aus den Clus-teranalysen wurde ein Modell einerseits zur Entstehung der Residualbevölkerung, andererseits zum Wirken der selektiven Migration generell erstellt. In Abhängigkeit von Alter und Geschlecht und unter Voraussetzung einer langfristig konstanten Wanderungsbewegung konnte so der theoretische Einfluss der räumlichen Bevölkerungsbewegung auf die Bevölkerungsstruktur – und damit indirekt auch auf die natürliche Bevölkerungsbewegung – vereinfacht projiziert werden. Der ostdeutsche ländlich-periphere Raum ist abschließend als Sonderform des ländlich-peripheren Raums einzuordnen. Die hier gezeigte Residualbevölkerung kann als ein Indikator für – den gesellschaftlichen, kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Verwerfungen geschuldeten – langfristige Wanderungsverluste eingeordnet werden. Die überproportional ausgeprägte Bedürftigkeit im ländlich-peripheren Raum kann deshalb auch als ein Merkmal der Sesshaftigkeit eingeordnet werden. Insofern ist die Residualbevölkerung, vor dem Hintergrund der darüber hinaus als perspektivisch ungünstig erachteten Zukunftsaussicht, als Bevölkerungsgruppe eines Raumes abnehmender Entwicklungsstufe zu verstehen. Es ist daher ratsam, einerseits eine Verbesserung der Lebenssituation betroffener Menschen in ländlich-peripheren Räumen zu erwirken und andererseits diesen Herausforderungen raumplanerisch stärkeres Gewicht zu verleihen. Die zukünftige dahingehende Gestaltung ländlich-peripherer Räume in Ostdeutschland bedarf aus Sicht des Autors deshalb mehr an Autarkie sowie flexibler Kreativität. ; The dynamic population development in East Germany since 1990 shows the different variations in the selectivity of migration: A population that has a specific demographic behavior due to long-term selective migration losses in the rural-peripheral area. The migration loss of more than 2,5 million people in East Germany has profound effects on the age-specific, gender-specific and education-specific population structure of the new federal states. Even though the younger generations mostly live in a politically united Germany, with regard to the present demographic processes and structures, almost two German states still exist today. The developments as well as the effects of the spatial population movement in particular were presented according to the state of research against the background of the situation of East Germany and the research theses based on it were named. The so far only theoretical construct of the Residualbevölkerung, in the interdependency of natural and spatial population movement, was arranged on the basis of different demographic parameters (among the things high fertility, high mortality, strong migration losses, large woman deficit, overaging) and thus defined as measurable. The example of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has shown afterwards explained how the population structure of the formerly youngest federal state reversed into the oldest within a quarter of a century due to selective migration. In order to follow this course, the different movements from 1990 onwards were presented at community level: The decline in mortality, the increase in fertility and the apparent continuation of migration loss in young women. Subsequently, structural calculations, such as the Billeter-Maß, as well as gender proportions, showed the overall impact of movements on the population level and its structure of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, viz a steady decline in population, a disproportionate deficit of young women and an accelerated aging of the population. Against the backdrop of these conditions, a cluster analysis was carried out for the periods 1990-2001 and 2002-2013 respectively which allowed typologies of communities for a measurable residual population. According to the predefinition of such a migration construct, demographic conditions could be identified for about one in five communities in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern. These communities tend to be inland and remote from the centre, centralized location could not be determined. From community to community, the demographic parameters are sometimes very different, so that influential local conditions (not considered) have to be assumed. On the other hand, communities without residual traits could be identified. About one in three municipalities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern had no parameters of a Residualbevölkerung. These regions were mainly found near the centres and the coast. The remaining municipalities showed only short-term or insignificant evidence for such a population, that was about half of all communities in the country. According to the analysis of the total community, the population and social structure of the affected communities Strasburg (Um.) in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald and Dargun in the district of Mecklenburger Seenplatte are analyzed in detail. The population development of both viewing communities corresponded to that of many eastern German rural towns after the political change, while the communities in the GDR experienced population growth or at least a constant population as a regional centre, the emigration of mainly young people and a manifested death surplus after 1990 caused steadily declining numbers. In these two communities population numbers were not analyzed, but rather the composition of a community population was differentiated against the background of their migration status. For the period 1979-2014, therefore, this status has divided the populations of both communities into settled and immigrant communities. Based on the existing mortality and birth statistics it was possible to work out directly the natural and spatial population movement of the nearly 22.000 people. The sedentary population represents the people most closely associated with the type of " Residualbevölkerung". Calculating mortality rates for different periods, there was a tendency towards higher mortality rates and lower life expecting for sedentary people compared with the immigrants (in women as well as in men). In addition, if the immigrants were differentiated by their duration of life in the viewing communities, a longer affiliation to the communities also resulted in a higher mortality in both sexes. On the one hand, this confirmed the generally higher mortality of the rural-peripheral area compared to the urban area. On the other hand, the higher mortality of the sedentary population compared to that of the non-sedentary population corresponds to the consideration of the Residualbevölkerung. In addition, the parameter "neediness" was additionally taken into account. Here, as expected, the highest mortality rate of people affected by social benefits could be determined for both viewing communities. The longer the duration of the treatment, the higher is the mortality rate and this is even higher than that of the sedentary population. Beneficiares of social assistance were the most affected compared with beneficiares of housing assistance. Differences in men are particulary strong. The non-recipients showed the lowest mortality in both sexes. In addition to mortality, the fertility of the two populations was studied as the second variable of the natural population movement. However, there were no significant differences between the two populations. In the area of period fertility, newcomers showed increased fertility compared to the sedentary population. Calculations of cohort fertility, in turn, showed a slightly higher fertility of the sedentary population. A detailed analysis of the newcomers also revealed no uniform picture. With regard to the neediness, it was noted that the recipients had a significantly higher fertility rate vis-a`-vis non-recipients, regardless of the duration of receipt of social benefits. As a result, the generally higher fertility of the peripheral area compared to the urban area was confirmed. However, the respective considerations of fertility of the sedentary versus non-indigenous population could not be clearly verified. The holistic consideration of the municipal calculations thus showed a split picture: The results of the mortality confirm the assumptions about the Residualbevölkerung, the results of the fertility only partially. Even if the observed differences in fertility and mortality are location-dependent, whether due to environmental factors on site or the way people live: The longer people live in regions with a defined fertility and mortality level, the more they adapt to it - in both directions. The background to both the typification of all communities and the two communities of concern is that both variables of the natural population movement do not have to function equally alongside one another to explain a Residualbevölkerung. Accordingly while maintaining the theoretical assumptions, a Residualbevölkerung with a high mortality focus on the one hand and a high fertility focus on the other hand should be assumed. The women`s deficit mentioned so far in the literature also represents only one parameter among several and should not be used as a sole indicator in subsequent considerations. Taking into account the results from both municipalities and cluster analysis, a model was created on the one hand for the emergence of the Residualbevölkerung and on the other hand for act of selective migration. Depending on age and gender and assuming a long-term constant migration, the theoretical influence of the spatial population movement on the population structure and thus also indirectly on the natural population movement could be projected in a simplified manner. The eastern German rural-peripheral area is finally classified as a special form of rural-peripheral space. The Residualbevölkerung shown here can be categorized as an indicator of long-term migration losses owed to societal, cultural and economic upheavals. This disproportionately high need in the rural-peripheral area can therefore also be classified as a feature of sedentary life. In this respect, the Residualbevölkerung as seen against the background of a poor future is to be understood as the population group of a decreasing development level. It is therefore advisable, on the one hand, to improve the living conditions of affected people in rural-peripheral areas and, on the other hand, to give these challenges greater emphasis in terms of spatial planning. From the author`s point of view, the future design of rural-peripheral areas in East Germany therefore needs more self-sufficiency and flexible creativity.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkashindhag-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 659 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 94 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 5 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 87 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 80 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 36 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 58 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 53 per cent soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) and 41 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 46 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 89 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 81 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 101(15) 362(55) Sapota - 139(21) Maize - 462(70) Pomegranate - 300(45) Bajra 139(21) 323(49) Guava - 139(21) Groundnut 33(5) 106(16) Jackfruit - 139(21) Sunflower 1(<1) 299(45) Jamun - 288(44) Cotton 1(<1) 463(70) Musambi 1(<1) 299(45) Red gram - 289(44) Lime 1(<1) 299(45) Bengalgram 1(<1) 462(70) Cashew - 139(21) Chilli 106(16) 33(5) Custard apple 140(21) 322(49) Tomato 106(16) 33(5) Amla 139(21) 323(49) Brinjal 139(21) 323(49) Tamarind - 149(23) Onion 33(5) 106(16) Marigold - 462(70) Bhendi 33(5) 429(65) Chrysanthemum - 462(70) Drumstick - 300(45) Jasmine - 302(46) Mulberry - 299(45) Crossandra - 152(23) Mango - 98(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 109 (54.50%) men and 90 (45%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 7.1, small farmers' was 6.1, semi medium farmers' was 6.1, medium farmers' was 9.5 and for large farmers it was 6.  The data indicated that, 42 (21%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (44%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (25.50 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (9.50 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Chikkasindhogi-1 had 29.50 per cent illiterates, 12.50 per cent of them had primary school education, 22.50 per cent of them had middle school education, 25.50 per cent of them had high school education, 4 per cent of them had PUC education, 1 per cent of them had diploma, 0.5 per cent of them had ITI and 4.5 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 6.45 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 67 per cent of the household members, 2 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1 per cent had household industry, 27.5 per cent of them were student, 1.5 per cent of them were housewife and 0.5 per cent of them were in government and private services.  The results shows that 8 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 91.50 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 35.48 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 6.45 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 54.84 per cent of them possess pucca house and 3.23 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 77.42 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 51.61 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.45 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and bicycle, and 93.55 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs.6276, mixer grinder was Rs.1515, motor cycle was Rs.52437, mobile phone was Rs.1710, refrigerator was Rs.8000 and bicycle was Rs.3000.  About 22.58 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.23 per cent of them possess tractor, 12.90 per cent of them posses bullocks cart, 38.17 per cent of them power tiller and 93.55 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of tractor was Rs. 5,00,000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.3,953, the average value of bullock cart Rs.18,500, and the average value of weeder Rs.95. 2  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.58 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.23 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 22.58 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, goat and poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.27, average own labour (women) available was 1.90, average hired labour (men) available was 3.47 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.77.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 3.23 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 6 (3.0%) persons were migrated from the micro watershed which includes 3 persons from semi medium farmers and 3 persons from medium farmer category.  People have migrated on average of 299.2 Kms and average duration was 8 months. Semi medium farmers have migrated 433.33 kms and on an average 10 months in a year.  Improved quality of the life was the major positive consequence of migration of 16.67 per cent of the households and construction house was the major positive consequence for 33.33 per cent.  Increased workload for other family members was the major negative consequence of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Chikkasindhogi-1 micro watershed possess 17.89 ha (39.72%) of dry land and 27.14 ha (60.28%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 267994.14 and average value of irrigated was Rs.1, 89,272.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells and 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by small farmers, medium farmers, semi medium farmers and large farmers.  The depth of bore well was found to be 47.64 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.29 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.75 hectares, small farmers had 6.67 hectares, semi medium farmers had 8.73 hectares, medium farmers had 7.69 hectares and large farmers had 4.05 hectares of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (26.34 ha), Tomato (2.4 ha), Cotton (2.05 ha), Groundnut (1.68 ha), Pearlmillet (2.59 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha), Sorghum (0.81 ha), Bengal gram (0.51 ha), Chilly (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikkasindhogi-1 micro watershed was found to be 96.83 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 87.82 per cent, for small farmers it was 93.99 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 per 3 cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent and large farmers had 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the households possess bank account and 12.90 per cent of them have savings. Around 50 per cent of landless, 44.44 per cent of marginal, 22.22 per cent of small, 50 per cent semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  About 10 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 40 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 100 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture, 4.55 per cent have borrowed for buying irrigation related equipments and 4.55 per cent have borrowed for social functions like marriage, from institutional and non institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 234356.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 167960. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -66396.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 46729.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925.00. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 21195.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 72133.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62490.23. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -9643.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 44743.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75381.17. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 30637.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.68.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 251848.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -140698.19, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.44.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25747.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 1047.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 76456.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 22343.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50384.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38902.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 11481.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77. 4  The results indicate that, 35.48 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. Only 19.35 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate. The data also revealed that 19.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder were inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 22500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 61655.56, for small farmers it was Rs.56222, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.94688, for medium farmers it was Rs.191500 and for large farmers it was Rs.73000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13296.47. For landless farmers it was 6250, for marginal farmers it was Rs 8969, for small farmers it was Rs. 4464.51, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10348.48 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 70500 and for large farmers it was Rs. 55000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 22 coconut, 19 mango and 3 sapota trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 5 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers.  Households have planted 31 neem trees, 1 banyan tree in field and 9 neem trees in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6193 for land development, Rs. 2241 for irrigation facility, Rs.4113 for improved crop production and Rs.1774 for improved livestock management.  Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 78.13 per cent of households for land development. For irrigation facility 25 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank, 12.5 per cent depend on own funds and 9.38 per cent of the households depend on soft loans. For improved crop production 59.38 per cent of the households depend on bank loan and for improved livestock management 21.88 per cent of the households depend on bank loan.  The results indicated that, Bengal gram, chilly, cotton, maize and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, About 73.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 85.71 per cent of the small farmers, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 33.33 per cent medium farmers. About 23.33 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets, which include 14.29 per cent of small farmers, 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers, 66.67 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  About 9.68 per cent of the households have used tractor as mode of transport and 116.13 per cent have used truck. 5  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 88.89 per cent of marginal farmers and 100 per cent of small, semi medium, medium and large farmers. 90.32 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 51.61 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted contour bunds, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 29.03 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 45.16 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing.  About 100 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding, farm pond and contour bund and 33.33 per cent the households who adopted bore well recharge pit, opined that they were in good condition. Around 66 per cent of the households opined that bore well recharge pits require full replacement.  The results indicated that 87.10 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, 41.94 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government and another 3.23 per cent is constructed by farmer organizations.  The results indicated that, canal was the major source of drinking water for 93.55 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 3.23 per cent of the households.  About 83.87 percent used fire wood and another 12.9 percent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed.  About 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card.  About 67.74 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 55.56 percent of the marginal, 55.56 per cent of the small, 75 per cent of the semi medium, 100 percent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 90.32 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 87.10 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 3.23 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.58 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 16.13 per cent and meat was adequate for 6.45 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 6.45 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 3.23 per cent, fruits were inadequate 6 for 25.18 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 35.48 per cent and meat was inadequate for 41.94 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were market surplus for 70.97 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 3.23 per cent, fruits were market surplus for 16.13 per cent, eggs were market surplus for 6.45 per cent and meat was market surplus for 9.68 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 48.39 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.19%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (3.23%), inadequacy of irrigation water (38.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (41.94%), high rate of interest on credit (29.03%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (9.68%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (16.13%), less rainfall (87.10%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (16.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tavargere microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 516 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soil, four per cent by rock out crops and three per cent by water bodies, settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 14 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 75 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 5 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 65 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 57 kg/ha) in 37 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm)in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 23 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 19(4) 15 (3) Pomegranate - 85(17) Maize - 37 (7) Guava - 66(13) Bajra 15(3) 135(26) Jackfruit - 66(13) Redgram - 34(3) Jamun - 85(17) Bengal gram 19(4) 77(15) Musambi 19(4) 66(13) Groundnut 15(3) 315 (61) Lime 19(4) 66(13) Sunflower 19 (4) 15 (3) Cashew - 171(33) Cotton 19(4) 15(3) Custard apple 34(7) 444(86) Chilli - 15(3) Amla 15(3) 463 (90) Tomato - 15(3) Tamarind - 20(4) Drumstick - 260(50) Marigold - 34(7) Mulberry - 416(81) Chrysanthemum - 34 (7) Mango - - Jasmine - 15(3) Sapota - 66(13) Crossandra - 34(7)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 114 (60%) men and 76 (40%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.09, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 6.28.  The data indicated that, 33 (17.37%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (40%) were in 16-35 years of age, 65 (34.21%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.42%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Tavaregere had 34.21 per cent illiterates, 24.74 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.32 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.32 per cent of them had high school education, 7.37 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.11 per cent of them did ITI, and 6.32 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 65 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 20 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 12.50 per cent were general labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 46.84 per cent of the household members, 17.37 per cent were agricultural laborers, 9.47 per cent were general labour, 1.05 per cent were in private, 20.53 per cent were students, 2.11 per cent were housewives and 2.11 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 15 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 67.50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 15 per cent of them possess pucca house and 2.50 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 92.50 per cent of the households possess TV, 60 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 17.50 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 50 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.50 per cent of them possess auto and 90 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.7989, mixer grinder was Rs.1980, bicycle was Rs. 2142, motor cycle was Rs.34800, auto phone was Rs.35000 and mobile phone was Rs.2295.  About 22.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.50 per cent of them possess plough, 7.50 per cent of them possess tractor, 30 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.50 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 87.50 per cent of them possess weeder, 5 per cent of them possess harvester, 2.50 per cent of them possess thresher and 2.50 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20333, plough was Rs.894, the average value of tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer 2 was Rs.2331, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3200, the average value of harvester was Rs.60000, the average value of thresher was Rs.45000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.3000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.87.  The results indicate that, 30 per cent of the households possess bullocks, and 17.50 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.86, average own labour (women) available was 1.46, average hired labour (men) available was 12.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.40.  The results indicate that, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Tavaregere micro watershed possess 23.76 ha (46.71%) of dry land and 27.10 ha (53.29%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.24 ha (93.72%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (6.28%). Small farmers possess 6.16 ha (57.35%) of dry land and 4.58 ha (42.65%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.25 ha (27.54%) of dry land and 8.54 ha (72.46%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.11 ha (34.50%) of dry land and 13.49 ha (65.50%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 307,172.06 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 545,937.87. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 579,553.08 for dry land and Rs. 1,646,666.60 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 275,886.99 for dry land and Rs. 850,971.74 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,192.01 for dry land and Rs. 561,895.74 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 140,660.59 for dry land and Rs. 392,651.47 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 18 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 45 per cent of the farmers, and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 49.62 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 3.44 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 4.58 ha, 8.54 ha and 13.36 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.62 ha), brinjal (1.78 ha), groundnut (5.15 ha), ladies finger (1.21 ha), maize (21.74 ha), navane (1.70 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), pearlmillet (1.62 ha), sunflower (2.18 ha) and tomato (0.89 ha). 3  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, watermelon and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, paddy and watermelon. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, paddy, sorghum, tomato, watermelon and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, horsegram, paddy, redgram sorghum and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Tavaregere micro watershed was found to be 93.29 per cent. In case of marginal and small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 96.97 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 84.93 per cent.  The results indicate that, 72.50 per cent of the households have bank account and 42.50 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 81.25 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 6.25 per cent availed loan from cooperative bank, 75 per cent availed loan from grameena bank, and 37.50 per cent availed loan from money lenders.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs. 90,375, Rs. 258,500, Rs. 525,000 and Rs. 260,000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production which accounted for 50 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 16.67 per cent of the households borrowed for social functions, 16.67 per cent of the households borrowed for animal husbandry and 16.67 per cent borrowed for the purpose of borewell/irrigation related equipments.  The results indicated that 84.62 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 15.38 per cent of the households partially paid their loan.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households partially paid their loan.  The results indicate that, around 42.31 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 53.85 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 3.85 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 27.27 per cent opined that the rate of interest was high in non institutional source of credits. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 52582.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 179075. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126492.37, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.41.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 49699.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 105455.28. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 55755.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.12.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27360.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35390.45. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8030.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 23644.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36489.05. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1006.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 49015.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57055.21. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 8039.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 40080.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -3030.30. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The total cost of cultivation for ladies finger was Rs. 41939.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95363.45. The net income from ladies finger cultivation was Rs. 53423.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.27.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 13772.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28106.90. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 14334.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.04.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 53235.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 186686.05. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 133450.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.51.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.50 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 97,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 64,581.82, for small farmers it was Rs. 98,320, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 69,571.43, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 108,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,532.54. For landless households it was Rs. 19,360, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,727.27, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,604.44, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,387.76, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 8,534.69.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 126 coconuts and 22 mangoes in their fields. They have also grown 1 coconut tree in their backyard. 5  The results indicate that, households have planted 147 neem trees, 5 tamarind trees, 2 banyan trees and 2 peepul tree in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 2125, for irrigation facility Rs. 1175, for improved crop production Rs. 1075 and for improved livestock management Rs. 575.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 22.5 per cent of the households for land development, 20 per cent for irrigation facility, 22.5 per cent for improved crop production and 15 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, brinjal, groundnut, ladies finger, maize, navane, paddy, sunflower and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 55 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 15 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 2.50 per cent of the farmers have sold through agents/traders and 27.50 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 37.50 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 22.50 per cent have used truck and 40 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 18.18 per cent of marginal farmers, 71.43 per cent of semi medium farmers and 14.29 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 72.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.50 per cent used fire wood and 2.50 per cent of the households used dung cake.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 92.50 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.50 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42.50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 27.27 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 28.57 per cent of the semi medium and 14.29 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 72.50 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.50 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.50 per cent, fruits were adequate for 30 per cent, 6 milk was adequate for 87.50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 85 per cent and meat was adequate for 82.50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 25 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 90 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 70 per cent, milk was inadequate for 10 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 10 per cent and meat was inadequate for 12.50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 12.50 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 2.50 per cent and milk was market surplus for 2.50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 70 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (72.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (52.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (45%), high rate of interest on credit (50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.50%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (72.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (72.50%), less rainfall (12.50%), inadequate extension services (72.50%), and source of agri-technology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (7.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkashindhag-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 659 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 94 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 5 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 87 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 80 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 36 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 58 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 53 per cent soils are moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8-9.0) and 41 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 46 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 89 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 81 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 101(15) 362(55) Sapota - 139(21) Maize - 462(70) Pomegranate - 300(45) Bajra 139(21) 323(49) Guava - 139(21) Groundnut 33(5) 106(16) Jackfruit - 139(21) Sunflower 1(<1) 299(45) Jamun - 288(44) Cotton 1(<1) 463(70) Musambi 1(<1) 299(45) Red gram - 289(44) Lime 1(<1) 299(45) Bengalgram 1(<1) 462(70) Cashew - 139(21) Chilli 106(16) 33(5) Custard apple 140(21) 322(49) Tomato 106(16) 33(5) Amla 139(21) 323(49) Brinjal 139(21) 323(49) Tamarind - 149(23) Onion 33(5) 106(16) Marigold - 462(70) Bhendi 33(5) 429(65) Chrysanthemum - 462(70) Drumstick - 300(45) Jasmine - 302(46) Mulberry - 299(45) Crossandra - 152(23) Mango - 98(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 109 (54.50%) men and 90 (45%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 7.1, small farmers' was 6.1, semi medium farmers' was 6.1, medium farmers' was 9.5 and for large farmers it was 6.  The data indicated that, 42 (21%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (44%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (25.50 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (9.50 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Chikkasindhogi-1 had 29.50 per cent illiterates, 12.50 per cent of them had primary school education, 22.50 per cent of them had middle school education, 25.50 per cent of them had high school education, 4 per cent of them had PUC education, 1 per cent of them had diploma, 0.5 per cent of them had ITI and 4.5 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 6.45 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 67 per cent of the household members, 2 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1 per cent had household industry, 27.5 per cent of them were student, 1.5 per cent of them were housewife and 0.5 per cent of them were in government and private services.  The results shows that 8 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 91.50 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 35.48 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 6.45 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 54.84 per cent of them possess pucca house and 3.23 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 77.42 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 51.61 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.45 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and bicycle, and 93.55 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs.6276, mixer grinder was Rs.1515, motor cycle was Rs.52437, mobile phone was Rs.1710, refrigerator was Rs.8000 and bicycle was Rs.3000.  About 22.58 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.23 per cent of them possess tractor, 12.90 per cent of them posses bullocks cart, 38.17 per cent of them power tiller and 93.55 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of tractor was Rs. 5,00,000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.3,953, the average value of bullock cart Rs.18,500, and the average value of weeder Rs.95. 2  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.58 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.23 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 22.58 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, goat and poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.27, average own labour (women) available was 1.90, average hired labour (men) available was 3.47 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.77.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 3.23 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, 6 (3.0%) persons were migrated from the micro watershed which includes 3 persons from semi medium farmers and 3 persons from medium farmer category.  People have migrated on average of 299.2 Kms and average duration was 8 months. Semi medium farmers have migrated 433.33 kms and on an average 10 months in a year.  Improved quality of the life was the major positive consequence of migration of 16.67 per cent of the households and construction house was the major positive consequence for 33.33 per cent.  Increased workload for other family members was the major negative consequence of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Chikkasindhogi-1 micro watershed possess 17.89 ha (39.72%) of dry land and 27.14 ha (60.28%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 267994.14 and average value of irrigated was Rs.1, 89,272.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning bore wells and 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by small farmers, medium farmers, semi medium farmers and large farmers.  The depth of bore well was found to be 47.64 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.29 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.75 hectares, small farmers had 6.67 hectares, semi medium farmers had 8.73 hectares, medium farmers had 7.69 hectares and large farmers had 4.05 hectares of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (26.34 ha), Tomato (2.4 ha), Cotton (2.05 ha), Groundnut (1.68 ha), Pearlmillet (2.59 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha), Sorghum (0.81 ha), Bengal gram (0.51 ha), Chilly (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikkasindhogi-1 micro watershed was found to be 96.83 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 87.82 per cent, for small farmers it was 93.99 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 per 3 cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent and large farmers had 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the households possess bank account and 12.90 per cent of them have savings. Around 50 per cent of landless, 44.44 per cent of marginal, 22.22 per cent of small, 50 per cent semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  About 10 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 40 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 100 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture, 4.55 per cent have borrowed for buying irrigation related equipments and 4.55 per cent have borrowed for social functions like marriage, from institutional and non institutional sources.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 234356.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 167960. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -66396.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 46729.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925.00. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 21195.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 72133.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62490.23. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -9643.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 44743.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75381.17. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 30637.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.68.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 251848.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -140698.19, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.44.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25747.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 1047.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 76456.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 22343.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50384.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38902.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 11481.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77. 4  The results indicate that, 35.48 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. Only 19.35 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate. The data also revealed that 19.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder were inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 22500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 61655.56, for small farmers it was Rs.56222, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.94688, for medium farmers it was Rs.191500 and for large farmers it was Rs.73000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13296.47. For landless farmers it was 6250, for marginal farmers it was Rs 8969, for small farmers it was Rs. 4464.51, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10348.48 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 70500 and for large farmers it was Rs. 55000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 22 coconut, 19 mango and 3 sapota trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 5 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers.  Households have planted 31 neem trees, 1 banyan tree in field and 9 neem trees in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6193 for land development, Rs. 2241 for irrigation facility, Rs.4113 for improved crop production and Rs.1774 for improved livestock management.  Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 78.13 per cent of households for land development. For irrigation facility 25 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank, 12.5 per cent depend on own funds and 9.38 per cent of the households depend on soft loans. For improved crop production 59.38 per cent of the households depend on bank loan and for improved livestock management 21.88 per cent of the households depend on bank loan.  The results indicated that, Bengal gram, chilly, cotton, maize and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, About 73.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 85.71 per cent of the small farmers, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 33.33 per cent medium farmers. About 23.33 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets, which include 14.29 per cent of small farmers, 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers, 66.67 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  About 9.68 per cent of the households have used tractor as mode of transport and 116.13 per cent have used truck. 5  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 88.89 per cent of marginal farmers and 100 per cent of small, semi medium, medium and large farmers. 90.32 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 51.61 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted contour bunds, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 29.03 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 45.16 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing.  About 100 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding, farm pond and contour bund and 33.33 per cent the households who adopted bore well recharge pit, opined that they were in good condition. Around 66 per cent of the households opined that bore well recharge pits require full replacement.  The results indicated that 87.10 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, 41.94 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government and another 3.23 per cent is constructed by farmer organizations.  The results indicated that, canal was the major source of drinking water for 93.55 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 3.23 per cent of the households.  About 83.87 percent used fire wood and another 12.9 percent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed.  About 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card.  About 67.74 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 55.56 percent of the marginal, 55.56 per cent of the small, 75 per cent of the semi medium, 100 percent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 90.32 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 87.10 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 3.23 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.58 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 16.13 per cent and meat was adequate for 6.45 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 6.45 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 3.23 per cent, fruits were inadequate 6 for 25.18 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 35.48 per cent and meat was inadequate for 41.94 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were market surplus for 70.97 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 3.23 per cent, fruits were market surplus for 16.13 per cent, eggs were market surplus for 6.45 per cent and meat was market surplus for 9.68 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 48.39 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.19%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (3.23%), inadequacy of irrigation water (38.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (41.94%), high rate of interest on credit (29.03%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (9.68%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (16.13%), less rainfall (87.10%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (16.13%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maslapur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 510 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils and 8 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 10 per cent has sandy soils at the surface, 78 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 4 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 6 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 22 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 70 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 56 per cent are very neutral (pH pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 34 per cent are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 336 (66) Sapota 18 (4) 70 (14) Maize - 336 (66) Pomegranate 18 (4) 79 (15) Bajra 26 (5) 383 (75) Musambi 18 (4) 79 (15) Groundnut 26 (5) 377 (74) Lime 18 (4) 79 (15) Sunflower - 53 (10) Amla 44 (9) 382 (75) Red gram - 53 (10) Cashew - 88 (17) Bengalgram 9 (2) 257 (50) Jackfruit 18 (4) 70 (14) Cotton - 336 (66) Jamun - 97 (19) Chilli - 327 (64) Custard apple 44 (9) 382 (75) Tomato - 327 (64) Tamarind - 27 (5) Brinjal 26 (5) 284 (56) Mulberry 18 (4) 95 (19) Onion 26 (5) 284 (56) Marigold - 336 (66) Bhendi - 284 (56) Chrysanthemum - 336 (66) Drumstick 18 (4) 51 (10) Jasmine - 327 (64) Mango - 18 (4) Crossandra - 327 (64) Guava - 88 (17) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The result indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Maslapur-2 micro watershed among them 5(14.29%) were landless, 4 (11.43%) were marginal farmers, 16 (45.71%) were small farmers and 10 (28.57%) were semi medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 98 (58.68%) men and 69 (41.32%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal farmers' was 3.75, small farmers' was 4.56 and semi medium farmers' was 5.40.  The data indicated that, 27 (16.17%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (44.31%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (29.94%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16(9.58%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Maslapur-2 had 30.54 per cent illiterates, 49.70 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.80 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.38 per cent of them had high school education, 4.79 per cent of them had PUC, 0.60 per cent of them had diploma and ITI education, 2.99 per cent of them had degree education and 0.60 per cent of them did other education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.96 per cent of the household members, 56.29 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.80 per cent was in private sector, 20.36 per cent were students and 0.60 per cent was children. In case of landless farmers, 8 per cent were agriculturist, 60 per cent were general labourers and 32 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 20 per cent of them were practicing agriculture, 40 per cent were agricultural labourers, 6.67 per cent were in private service and 33.33 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 21.92 per cent were agriculturists, 58.90 per cent were agricultural labourers and 19.18 per cent were students. In case of semi medium farmers 25.93 per cent were agriculturist, 55.56 per cent were agriculture labourers, 3.70 per cent were in private service, 12.96 per cent were students and 1.85 per cent was housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 51.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 40 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of them possess Pucca house.  The results showed that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 80 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.4906, mixer grinder was Rs.1332, bicycle was Rs. 1650, motor cycle was Rs.33583 and mobile phone was Rs.1707.  Data showed 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 31.43 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess both power tiller and tractor, 28.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 94.29 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.86per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18500, plough was Rs.2029, the average value of power tiller was Rs.30000, the average value was tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3368, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.3000, and the average value of weeder was Rs.17.  The results indicate that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess both bullocks and local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess both crossbreed cow and sheep respectively.  In case of marginal households, 25 per cent of them possess bullocks, local cow and sheep respectively. 43.75 per cent of the small farmers possess bullock and local cow correspondingly, 6.25 per cent of the small farmers possess crossbred cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 30 per cent of households possess bullock and local cow respectively.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.80, average own labour (women) available was 1.63, average hired labour (men) available was 6.80 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.09.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 7.75 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.50. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.88, average own labour (women) was 1.63, average hired labour (men) was 8.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.25. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1.90, average hired labour (men) was 5.20 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.30.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Maslapur-2 micro watershed possess 23.43 ha (61.01%) of dry land and 14.97 ha (38.99%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.59 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 18.81 ha (88.74%) of dry land and 2.39 ha (11.26%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.03 ha (13.90%) of dry land and 12.58 ha (86.10%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 243,202.62 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 460,746.14. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 579,812.21 for dry land. In case of small famers, the 3 average land value was Rs. 207,250.43 for dry land and Rs. 753,559.31for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 147,609.56 for dry land and Rs. 405,178.51 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning and 14 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers in micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 29.52 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40ha, 3.48 ha and 11.05 ha of irrigated land respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (14.71 ha), groundnut (8.40 ha), bajra (1.88 ha), Sunflower (1.62 ha), Bengal gram (1.21 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha), Sorghum (1.21 ha), castor (0.81 ha), Tomato (0.81 ha), water melon (0.81 ha) and Banana (0.49 ha) in kharif season and also grown maize (1.62 ha) and groundnut (1.21 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower and Bengal gram. Small farmers had grown maize, groundnut, bajra, Bengal gram, paddy, red gram, sorghum, castor and banana. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, groundnut, sunflower, tomato and watermelon.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Maslapur-2 micro watershed was found to be 92.65 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 92.25 per cent and in case of semi medium it was 92.18 per cent.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.71 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27663.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28612.58. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 949.39, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53510.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54452.62. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 942.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.02.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 30927.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 43172.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.4.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for water melon was Rs. 37280.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69160. The net income from water melon cultivation was Rs. 31879.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 95816.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 679249.97. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 583433.42. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.09.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 58817.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 156227.50. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 97410.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.66.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 45612.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45960.53. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 348.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 27395.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50931.76. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 23535.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 21266.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20729.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -537.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 14285.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31369. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 17083.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 13687.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31122.00. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 17434.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.27.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Castor was Rs. 32673.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from Castor cultivation was Rs. -3033.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that, in landless farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 43000, in marginal farmers, the average annual gross income from service/salary was Rs.27500, wage was Rs.23750, agriculture was Rs.28025 and goat farming was Rs.10000. In small farmers, the average annual gross income from service/salary was Rs.5312.50, wage was Rs.24187.50, agriculture was Rs.64390.63 and dairy farming was Rs.3937.50. In semi medium farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs.13500, agriculture was Rs.69100 and dairy farming was Rs.800. 5  The results indicate that, in case of landless the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 17000. In marginal farmers, the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.5000, wage was Rs.8333.33, agriculture was Rs.14750 and goat farming was Rs.15000. In small farmers, the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.20000, wage was Rs.7133.33, agriculture was Rs.31875 and dairy farming was Rs.5800. In semi medium farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.10000, agriculture was Rs.29000 and dairy farming was Rs.1333.33.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 24 coconut, 2 lemon trees and 13 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem trees and 5 tamarind trees in their field and also planted 1 neem tree in their back yard.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 7342.86, for irrigation facility Rs. 1057.14 and for improved crop production Rs. 285.71.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 85.71 per cent of the households for land development, 22.86 per cent of the households for irrigation facility and 5.71 per cent of the households for improved crop production .  The results indicated that, banana, Bengal gram, castor, red gram, sorghum, tomato and water melon crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra, groundnut, maize, paddy and sunflower crops were sold to an extent of 92.05 per cent, 92.02 per cent, 98.89 per cent, 88.89 per cent and 28 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 87.50 per cent of the small farmers and 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent of the households were using bore well for drinking water in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 6  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal, 6.25 per cent of the small and 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 60 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 40 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 54.29 per cent, fruits were adequate for 82.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 45.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 60 per cent and meat was adequate for 60 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 40 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 54.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk were inadequate for 17.14 per cent and egg was inadequate for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (28.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25.71%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (62.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (14.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Dengan semakin berkembangnya kehidupan demokratisasi di sebuah negara akan mendorong pada semakin suburnya semangat desentralisasi, termasuk di Indonesia. Sejak era reformasi digulirkan pada rentang waktu tahun 1998 – 2000 tuntutan desentralisasi semakin menguat. Banyak daerah ingin "melepaskan diri" baik ditingkat provinsi maupun kabupaten/kota ingin berdiri sendiri mendirikan pemerintah daerah lepas dari kekuasaan pemerintah daerah induk. Berbagai upaya dan pergerakan banyak dilakukan oleh masyarakat maupun elit politik lokal untuk "melepaskan diri". Pergerakan tersebut dapat dibaca sebagai salah satu upaya reformasi dan modernisasi pemerintahan. Pelaksanaan desentralisasi di Indonesia secara resmi dimulai pada tanggal 1 Januari 1999 dengan diundangkannya UU Nomor 22/1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (yang kemudian disempurnakan menjadi UU Nomor 32/2004). Melalui undang-undang tersebut, pemerintah berupaya untuk mendelegasikan kewenangan kepada pemerintah kabupaten/kota. Dari semangat desentralisasi inilah diharapkan lahir dan berkembang pemerintahan daerah yang otonom. Ada 3 hal utama yang secara eksplisit diamanatkan oleh UU Nomor 32/2004 yang menjadi tujuan dilaksanakannya Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia, yaitu : meningkatnya kesejahteraan masyarakat, meningkatnya pelayanan public, dan meningkatnya daya saing daerah. Era reformasi telah berlangsung sepuluh tahun lebih , banyak hal positif yang memperkuat eksistensi pemerintahan dan masyarakat lokal. Penguatan tersebut tercermin antara lain dalam upaya pemerintah pusat melakukan pelimpahan berbagai urusan yang semula menjadi kewenangannya kepada pemerintah daerah. Dengan semangat inilah, optimisme akan lahirnya daerah-daerah otonom yang mampu mensejahterakan masyarakat, menyelenggarakan pelayanan public dengan baik, serta berdaya saing tinggi mulai mencuat ke permukaan. Namun demikian, proses pelaksanaan desentralisasi di Indonesia juga diwarnai dengan euphoria. Hal ini bisa dilihat dari banyaknya daerah ingin melakukan pemekaran wilayah seperti pemekaran provinsi, pemekaran kabupaten/kota, pemekaran kecamatan, dan bahkan pemekaran kelurahan. Pemekaran daerah yang sejatinya ditujukan untuk makin memudahkan pencapaian tujuan desentralisasi, tidak jarang hanya menjadi ajang untuk mengakomodasi kepentingan elit politik lokal yang kalah dalam pemilihan. Salah satu akibat serius dari adanya euforia tersebut adalah terjadinya peningkatan jumlah daerah otonom baru sebagai hasil dari proses pemekaran daerah, tanpa diimbangi oleh kemampuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja daerah yang bersangkutan. Ada beberapa sumber yang bisa dijadikan rujukan terkait masalah pemekaran, baik yang dilakukan oleh Bappenas (2005), Lembaga Administrasi Negara (2005), Kementerian Dalam Negeri (2005) dan BRIDGE (2008); menunjukkan bahwa hasil-hasil yang dicapai oleh daerah pemekaran, baik dalam bidang ekonomi, keuangan daerah, pelayanan public maupun aparatur pemerintah daerah tidaklah seperti yang diharapkan ketika pemekaran dilakukan. Ada indikasi kuat, bahwa proses pemekaran dilakukan terutama untuk mengakomodasi kepentingan elit politik lokal semata, ketimbang didedikasikan bagi usaha pencapaian tujuan desentralisasi seperti yang diamanatkan dalam undang-undang yang mengatur masalah pemekaran. Studi BRIDGE (2008) secara spesifik menyimpulkan, bahwa selama lima tahun posisi daerah induk dan daerah control selalu lebih baik dari daerah otonomi baru dalam semua aspek yang diteliti. Kondisi tersebut diatas juga terjadi di Palangka Raya, sebagai ibukota Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah yang berpenduduk tidak lebih dari 200.000 jiwa, kota ini juga begitu antusias menyambut era desentralisasi. Semangat desentralisasi diwujudkan dalam berbagai kebijakan, diantaranya ialah pemekaran wilayah kelurahan. Ada beberapa wilayah kelurahan yang dimekarkan, salah satunya Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan, Kecamatan Pahandut. Kelurahan ini sebelumnya masuk wilayah Kelurahan Pahandut Seberang, Kecamatan Pahandut, Kota Palangka Raya. Secara geografis kelurahan ini masuk dalam wilayah perkotaan akan tetapi bila dilihat dari kondisi social dan ekonominya kelurahan seakan berada diwilayah yang jauh dari kemajuan dan hiruk pikuk masyarakat perkotaan. Jarak kelurahan Tumbangan Rungan dengan pusat kota hanya sekitar 10 km. Sungguh suatu jarak yang sangat mudah untuk ditempuh. Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan terletak dipesisir sungai Kahayan dimana sebagian besar masyarakatnya bermatapencaharian sebagai petani karet, penangkap ikan, buruh tani, dan serabutan. Semenjak kelurahan Tumbang Rungan dimekarkan lepas dari kelurahan induk kondisi kelurahan ini relative tidak berkembang. Kurang lebih lima tahun kelurahan ini mencoba untuk mandiri ; memiliki kantor lurah sendiri, puskesmas sendiri, dan Lembaga Keswadayaan Masyarakat. Berbagai program pemerintah dalam upaya peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan pengentasan kemiskinan telah masuk dan dilaksanakan di kelurahan ini. Menurut narasumber dalam hal ini Lurah Tumbang Rungan (Purwanto;2010) ; "program-program pemerintah tersebut memang betul telah sampai ke tangan masyarakat, akan tetapi tidak ada satupun program yang bisa dianggap berhasil dalam mengentaskan kemiskinan di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ". Menurut narasumber yang lain dalam hal ini tokoh masyarakat setempat (Uhing;2010) berpendapat bahwa; "kami merasa tidak ada manfatnya membentuk pemerintahan sendiri, ingin mandiri dan lebih sejahtera, kondisi kami tidak ada bedanya dengan sebelum kelurahan ini dimekarkan, kami masih tergolong miskin dan tertinggal, pembangunan fisik diwilayah kami masih sangat kurang". Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ialah satu contoh kecil dari sekian ratus wilayah kelurahan/desa pemekaran di Indonesia yang belum dapat merasakan dampak positif dari kebijakan pemekaran wilayah. Dalam kurun waktu kurang lebih lima tahun kelurahan Tumbang Rungan belum bisa mewujudkan impian daripada semangat desentralisasi yakni meningkatnya kesejahteraan masyarakat, meningkatnya pelayanan public, dan meningkatnya daya saing daerah. Hal ini bisa menjadi permasalahan yang sangat penting untuk segera dipecahkan mengingat bahwa untuk membentuk sebuah daerah pemekaran tentulah tidak mudah. Banyak prosedur dan persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh pemerintah daerah agar sebuah bisa dimekarkan. Selain itu dalam proses pemekaran dibutuhkan biaya yang tidak sedikit, yang biaya tersebut juga menjadi beban dari pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini Kota Palangka Raya. Dampak Sosial dan Ekonomi Masalah keterbatasan kemudian terjadi pada sarana pelayanan kesehatan yang ada di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan. Hal ini dikarenakan hanya ada satu Puskesmas Pembantu saja di Tumbang Rungan yang secara kelayakan masih kurang, baik itu dalam segi fasilitas kesehatan yang masih minim, dana kesehatan yang terbatas dan tenaga medis yang masih kurang jumlahnya (baik itu jumlah perawat dan bidan). Hal ini menjadi masalah, karena mengingat ketika kita berbicara masalah pemekaran kelurahan, maka kita juga harus berbicara tentang bagaimana mendekatkan dan mengoptimalisasi pelayanan terhadap masyarakat di berbagai bidang, dan bidang kesehatan adalah salah satu hal yang paling krusial yang menyangkut salah satu pelayanan penting bagi masyarakat di Tumbang Rungan dalam rangka menaikan taraf kehidupan masyarakatnya. Selain itu, masalah lain adalah anak-anak mengalami rentan untuk mengalami keadaan kurang gizi terutama untuk balita akibat orang tua (ibu) tidak punya uang untuk membeli makanan yang sehat dan bergizi. Serta, yang tak ketinggalan adalah pencemaran Sungai Rungan akibat zat merkuri dengan konsentrasi yang boleh dibilang cukup tinggi sekitar 2966-4.687 mikro gram/liter oleh penambang emas liar mengakibatkan warga yang kesulitan mendapatkan air bersih yang sehat. Apalagi, warga Tumbang Rungan sehari-hari menkonsumsi dan menggunakan air sungai yang tercemar seperti untuk MCK, memasak dan lain-lain, sehingga rawan akan gangguan kesehatan yang diakibatkan oleh zat merkuri dalam jangka panjang seperti kanker kulit, kerusakan ginjal, hati hingga otak. Hal ini dikarenakan, masyarakat masih jarang menggunakan sumur bor karena tidak adanya dana untuk pembuatannya dan tidak adanya akses air bersih dan sehat seperti fasilitas PDAM. Tidak hanya itu, mengingat kelurahan Tumbang Rungan adalah daerah yang rawan banjir ketika musim hujan ekstrim terjadi, maka penyakit yang disebabkan akibat banjir seperti demam berdarah, malaria selalu mengincar warganya. Seharusnya, dalam hal ini Pemerintah harus meningkatkan perhatiannya terhadap bidang kesehatan yang ada di daerah pinggiran. Untuk masalah keamanan, Kelurahan Tumban Rungan cukup dikatakan sebagai daerah yang tergolong aman dan sangat jarang terjadi peristiwa criminal, konflik sosial dan sejenisnya. Jumlah Penduduk yang ada di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ialah 602 jiwa. Sedangkan , jumlah penduduk berdasarkan KK ialah 156 KK, dengan penduduk miskin berdasarkan jiwa 413 jiwa dan penduduk miskin berdasarkan KK ialah 112 KK. Jika dilihat dari tabel diatas, maka dapat disimpulkan rata-rata tingkat pendidikan warga yang ada di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan masih rendah berkisar antara lulusan Sekolah Dasar (SD) dan Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama dan bahkan tidak tamat sekolah/putus sekolah sama sekali. Hal ini mungkin karena fasilitas pendidikannya masih terbatas disebabkan seperti SDN 1 Tumbang Rungan dan SMPN 8 Palangkaraya dalam penggunaan gedungnya bergantian atau istilahnya "Sekolah Satu Atap". Namun faktor kemiskinan lebih terlihat dominan disini. Bagi anak-anak yang berasal dari keluarga yang kurang mampu lebih memilih bekerja membantu orang tua, merantau keluar desa untuk menjadi buruh bangunan/pekerja tidak tetap di Kota Palangkaraya atau bagi yang perempuan menikah di usia yang masih muda. Tenaga kerja yang ada di wilayah Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini, rata-rata terbanyaknya adalah yang masih berusia produktif. Namun, karena hampir sebagian tingkat pendidikan masyarakat masih rendah, tidak memungkinkan mereka untuk mencari pekerjaan yang memenuhi kualifikasi cukup tinggi saat ini. Masalah yang paling tinggi frekuensinya adalah rendahnya tingkat pendapatan yang kemudian menyebabkan kerentanan kemiskinan. Hal ini dikarenakan karena warganya mayoritas memiliki profesi yang tidak tetap atau serabutan dengan hasil pendapatan yang tidak menentu juga. Hal ini tentu berdampak secara sosial dimana merembet ke masalah- masalah lain seperti pendidikan yang rendah karena tidak sanggupnya membiayai pendidikan yang kian mahal sementara pendapatan mereka tidak mengalami peningkatan hal ini kemudian berimbas lagi kepada kualitas SDM yang rendah, tingkat kesehatan yang kurang yang mempengaruhi kualitas hidupnya dan lain-lain, sehingga membentuk sebuah lingkaran setan. Pola pemukiman warga di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan umumnya mengelompok di tengah wilayah kelurahan. Dan umumnya didirikan di tepi-tepi jalan dibuat sejajar atau ada pula yang mengikuti pola aliran sungai. Rumah warga Tumbang Rungan pada umumnya terbuat dari kayu atau papan, dengan ada yang menggunakan atap yang terbuat dari genteng, seng dan daun kelapa atau rumbia. Potensi rekreasi di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan sebenarnya cukup banyak jika jeli dalam hal melihat peluang dan dikelola dengan optimal baik itu jika dengan bantuan masyarakat setempat dengan bekerja sama dengan Pemerintah. Beberapa potensi wisata yang dapat dikembangkan, misalnya kegiatan wisata alam. Mengenai karakteristik penduduk yang ada di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan adalah bersifat heterogen dimana komposisi penduduknya berasal dari beragam suku bangsa dan agama., baik itu yang tergolong sebagai penduduk lokal asli (Dayak dan Banjar) maupun penduduk pendatang seperti Jawa, Madura dan Sunda. Masalah kependudukan yang ada di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan lain adalah penyebaran penduduk yang masih tidak merata dan kualitas penduduk masih rendah tidak sebanding dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang cukup tinggi, hal ini lebih dikarenakan banyak yang melakukan pernikahan di usia muda. Biasanya hal ini dikarenakan selain faktor ekonomi, juga dikarenakan minimnya kesadaran untuk mengikuti Program Keluarga Berencana untuk membentuk keluarga kecil, sederhana yang berkualitas. Selain itu minimnya kuantitas dan kualitas sarana, prasarana dan SDM yang mengakibatkan rendahnya kuantitas dan kualitas pelayanan peristiwa kependudukan di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan. Pemerintahan di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan umumnya berjalan dengan baik, peran lurah disini cukup dominan dalam hal menjalankan pemerintahan di wilayah ini. Hal ini dikarenakan posisi lurah di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan cukup disegani oleh masyarakat yang ada di wilayah ini. Dalam hal nilai politik di wilayah ini, pada dasarnya masyarakat Tumbang Rungan boleh dikatakan cukup memiliki atensi atas berbagai kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya, walaupun tak dapat di pungkiri masih ada sikap yang cenderung apatis dan terbiasa menunggu. Tapi, hal ini bukanlah masalah yang cukup berarti jika pemerintah lebih menstimulasi untuk mendorong kepedulian masyarakat setempat. Warga Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan cenderung memiliki kohesivitas yang tinggi mau berbaur dan ramah sekalipun dengan warga pendatang. Warga Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan yang memilki komposisi yang beragam baik itu suku bangsa dan agama mampu menciptakan harmonisasi dan toleransi antar sesama. Namun, warga Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan sangat rentan mengalami tekanan eksternal akibat kemiskinan. Mobilitas sosial yang ada di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ialah cenderung mengalami mobilitas sosial horizontal dan vertical ke bawah. Penyebab mobilitas sosial horizontal, contohnya adalah seperti penduduk pendatang dari Pulau Jawa mengganti statusnya sebagai bagian dari penduduk di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan. Sementara penyebab mobilitas vertical ke bawah, misalnya petani karet yang memiliki lahan kebun karet namun ketika faktor cuaca tidak mendukung untuk menjalankan usaha karetnya mereka kemudian beralih profesi misalnya menjadi petani keramba sebagai sambilan agar tidak menganggur dan untuk menambah pendapatan. Namun, ketika usaha karet sudah bisa dijalankan kembali maka mereka kembali menjadi petani karet. Dapat dikatakan alih profesi sementara ini sebagai "proses belajar" petani karet merambah menjadi petani keramba sebagai mobilitas vertical. Dampak mobilitas sosial yang lain adalah dengan adanya heterogenitas (multietnik) yang ada di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan adalah adanya kohesivitas (semangat kebersamaan) yang tinggi dapat menjadi sebuah potensi tapi sekaligus dapat pula menjadi sumber konflik sosial bahkan fisik terutama antara penduduk asli dan penduduk pendatang yang datang dari luar, namun hal ini dapat diantisipasi. Kelurahan Tumbang Ringan sangat rentan akan faktor alam (iklim) terutama di kala musim hujan yang mengakibatkan banjir sehingga menghambat laju perekonomian. Kemurahan alam di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan mengakibatkan daerah ini memiliki potensi perikanan (usaha keramba), pertanian dan perkebunan karet yang cukup baik. Namun, hal ini masih belum bisa dioptimalkan dalam pengelolaannya, misalnya dalam hal pengelolaan lahan tidur yang luas. Jalan-jalan disana cukup licin dan terjal kala hujan dan berdebu dikala musim kemarau. Namun, geliat perhatian Pemerintah Kota Palangkaraya yang sebelumnya terhambat akibat terbatasnya anggaran mulai terlihat dengan adanya program pembuatan dan pelebaran jalan aspal permanen di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan serta pembangunan konstruksi jembatan yang sebelumnya amblas dan system sanitasi dan drainase di tahun 2011 yang kondisi sebelumnya cukup memprihatinkan. Menurut, Walikota H. Riban Satia hal ini selain mempercepat pembangunan, membuka keterisolasian juga untuk menangani masalah banjir yang terjadi pada musim hujan. Dapat disimpulkan jika warga masyarakat masyarakat memiilki harapan akan mengecap manisnya pembangunan. Sekalipun daerah mereka termasuk daerah pinggiran, mereka juga tak mau nasibnya juga ikut terpinggirkan. Pengembangan sains dan teknologi yang ada di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan masih terbatas karena penguasaan dan pengetahuan sains serta teknologi yang masih kurang. Masyarakatnya hanya menguasai teknologi yang bersifat tradisional dan manual misalnya dalam pengembangan tanaman karet, perikanan dan peternakan, hal ini mungkin dipengaruhi oleh kurangnya tingkat pendidikan warga, informasi dan sosialisasi daripada Pemerintah Kota Palangkaraya untuk daerah pinggiran seperti Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan yang masih dirasa masih belum optimal. Padahal saat ini sains dan teknologi saat ini juga memiliki peran penting dalam percepatan pembangunan di suatu wilayah. Pendapatan perkapita di wilayah kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini adalah sekitar kurang dari Rp.10.000,-/hari. Sehingga boleh dikatakan pendapatan perkapita di wilayah ini masih rendah. Penduduk di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan dapat dikatakan sebagai masyarakat menengah ke bawah. Rata-rata warga di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan berprofesi sebagai petani dan buruh karet, petani keramba, nelayan tradisional yang dijadikan sebagai sandaran ekonomi keluarga. Umumnya warga yang bermukim di bantaran Sungai Rungan hidup dari usaha menangkap ikan (nelayan tradisonal). Hanya sedikit dari mereka yang memiliki dana dan membuka usaha menjadi petani keramba. Selebihnya menjalani keseharian dengan memancing, malunta dan marengge di anak-anak Sungai Rungan. Sedangkan, mereka yang tinggal agak jauh dari sungai membuka usaha karet. Bagi yang tak punya tanaman, lahan dan modal terpaksa menjadi buruh penyadap. Bagi petani dan buruh penyadap karet, jika cuaca ekstrim terjadi di Januari hingga Desember atau di saat musim hujan yang mengakibatkan banjir akibat luberan Sungai Rungan yang tak mampu lagi menampung tingginya curah hujan, maka warga disana tidak bisa menyadap karet serta terpaksa menganggur dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Oleh karena itu, warga kelurahan Tumbang Rungan bertahan hidup dengan cara melakukan usaha alternative lain, misalnya dengan memanfaatkan keberadaan sungai dan rawa dengan cara mencari ikan dengan peralatan nelayan tradisional seperti pancing, rengge, tampirai, lukah dan lain sebagainya. Namun, sangat disayangkan hasil usaha seperti ini tidak dapat diandalkan. Hal ini lebih dikarenakan hasil tangkapan masih belum cukup untuk memenuhi kehidupan sehari-hari, selain itu jumlah tangkapan yang makin hari kian berkurang akibat banyaknya orang yang datang dari kota Palangkaraya yang ikut melakukan penangkapan ikan namun tak pernah dilarang oleh warga setempat. Selain itu, kalaupun hasil tangkapan mereka banyak, mereka kemudian akan dipusingkan dengan begitu murahnya harga jual ikan yang tak sebanding dengan lelah atau modal dan sulitnya rantai distribusi akibat minimnya aksesibilitas masyarakat dalam rangka melakukan aktivitas sosial ekonomi masih menjadi kendala, sementara penghasilan rumah tangga mereka masih rendah. Beberapa warga mengaku sempat melakukan usaha alternative lainya yaitu dengan membuka usaha keramba dengan modal nekad dan pinjaman uang dari keluarga, salah satunya ialah Bapak Abdul Shani. Namun, usaha itu kemudian bangkrut karena mengalami kerugian, seiring dengan naiknya harga pakan untuk ikan dan harga ikan usaha keramba mengalami penurunan lantaran berlimpahnya suplai ikan yang ada di pasaran kota Palangkaraya . Dapat disimpulkan, bahwa faktor alam (cuaca) dan faktor kendala yang bersifat ekonomi (permintaan, penawaran, distribusi dalam aksesibilitas berupa transportasi) selama ini turut memiliki andil dalam mempengaruhi perekonomian warga di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan terutama bagi petani karet. Namun, ketika faktor cuaca mendukung, maka keadaan ekonomi mereka pun mulai membaik, paling-paling hal yang menjadi kendala adalah harga karet yang jatuh. Oleh karena itu, kaum petani karet di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan berharap agar Pemerintah memiliki mekanisme yang mengatur harga karet standar, hal ini cukup menjadi sebuah pembuktian bagi mereka bahwa Pemerintah mempunyai kepedulian terhadap petani-petani karet terutama di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan. Di wilayah Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini masih tingkat pengangguran masih cukup tinggi, ada sekitar ±167 jiwa yang menjadi pengangguran di wilayah ini. Sehingga dirasa perlu adanya sebuah terobosan kebijakan dari Pemerintah Kota Palangkaraya dalam rangka mengurangi tingkat pengangguran Tingkat kemiskinan masih cukup tinggi, dimana berdasarkan jumlah KK ada sekitar ±156 KK dan yang tercatat sebagai keluarga miskin di Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini menurut Kep WKP Nomor 57 tahun 2009 Tentang Penetapan Keluarga Miskin di Kota Palangkaraya tahun 2009 adalah ada sekitar 112 KK yang termasuk sebagai bagian dari Keluarga Miskin. Sedangkan, berdasarkan jumlah jiwa dari 602 jiwa, ada sekitar 413 jiwa yang termasuk sebagai kategori miskin. Hal ini dikarenakan usaha masyarakat dirasa masih belum optimal karena banyaknya kendala. Padahal, Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan memiliki potensi di bidang perikanan. Berbagai program penanggulangan kemiskinan seperti BLT, Raskin, PNPM, PM2L, dan Askeskin diluncurkan untuk menurunkan angka kemiskinan, seharusnya hal yang paling difokuskan adalah program yang bersifat pemberdayaan masyarakat. Karena itu, dirasa perlu ada semacam rehabilitasi ekonomi untuk mendorong warga Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan dalam sector perekonomian misalnya dengan cara memberikan bantuan permodalan bagi masyarakat miskin agar usahanya dapat berkembang dan lebih kompetitif, membuka lapangan kerja baru berupa industry lanjutan pengelolaan hasil alam, pemerataan pembangunan, aksesibilitas masyarakat berupa jalan, transportasi ke kecamatan/kota untuk mendukung aktivitas sosial ekonomi masyarakat menjadi poin penting. Kelurahan Tumbang Rungan sebagai kelurahan pemekaran yang masih relative baru, tentu ada begitu banyak hal yang harus dibenahi. Jika dikaji lebih lanjut mengenai dampak sosial yang dipahami ketika kebijakan pemekaran kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini, ada beberapa hal penting yang disoroti. Dengan memainkan peran pemantauan dalam analisis kebijakan, tentulah kita dapat langsung melihat bahwa kebijakan pemekaran kelurahan untuk kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini pada dasarnya tidak dapat dinyatakan secara layak untuk dijadikan sebagai kelurahan. Hal ini harus menjadi dasar pemikiran ulang bagi Pemerintah Kota Palangkaraya apabila hendak mengambil sebuah kebijakan. Agar kelak tidak diambil secara serampangan, tanpa memperhatikan aspek sosial, ekonomi, lingkungan fisik dan lain-lain. Karena jika tidak, yang terjadi bukan sebuah kemajuan seperti yang diharapkan melainkan sebaliknya. Aspek sosial memainkan peran penting dalam hal proses pengambilan kebijakan. Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya boleh saja memiliki rancangan yang baik diatas kertas, tapi rancangan tanpa relevansi di lapangan adalah hal yang mustahil. Pekerjaan berat bagi Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya dalam rangka untuk menyelesaikan hal ini. Kembali mempersoalkan mengenai dampak sosial akibat pemekaran kelurahan ini berdasarkan pemantauan sebagai analisis kebijakan. Tujuan dari suatu pemekaran wilayah kelurahan ini sendiri adalah dalam rangka peningkatan efektivitas pelayanan pemerintah kepada public, agar masyarakat merasa dekat dan memiliki pemerintah. Namun jika, kebijakan ini tidak dibarengi dengan persiapan seperti penyediaan sarana dan prasarana yang baik serta tidak dibarengi dengan anggaran yang memadai. Alhasil, pemekaran wilayah kelurahan ini menjadi sia-sia. Alih-alih untuk mendapat sebuah kemajuan seperti yang ditargetkan, justru malah terjadi kelalaian. Beberapa hal yang direncanakan menjadi meleset, daerah terpinggir seperti kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini memiliki kesamaan dengan daerah pinggiran pada umumnya. Dimana sarana prasana yang buruk baik itu kantor, jalan dan lain-lain, masyarakat miskin, taraf pendidikan yang masih rendah, semua itu jelas tergambar di wilayah ini. Perencanaan yang tidak matang hanya akan menimbulkan masalah baru. Artinya kebijakan pemekaran kelurahan ini masih dikatakan premature dan tujuan yang ditargetkan serta manfaat yang seharusnya dirasakan masyarakat masih belum diterima oleh masyarakat kelurahan Tumbang Rungan itu sendiri. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa hasil penelitian diatas seperti bagaimana tingkat pendidikan masyarakat disana yang masih rendah, putus sekolah karena alasan kemiskinan. Tingkat kesehatan mereka pun masih rendah, tidak adanya perhatian terhadap anak-anak dan wanita sebagai kelompok yang palin rawan kemiskinan, namun begitu tidak atensi yang berarti dari Pemerintah Kota Palangkaraya terkait dengan beberapa hal diatas. Bukan mustahil, masalah sosial seperti kemiskinan, pengangguran yang cukup tinggi di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan jika tidak segera diatasi hanya akan menimbulkan masalah sosial baru yang lainya, yang hanya tinggal menunggu waktu saja. Dari sisi ekonomi berdasarkan fungsi pemantauan, dapat dilihat tidak ada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang begitu berarti atau kearah implikasi yang positif di wilayah kelurahan Tumbang Rungan ini. Persentase kemiskinan dan pengangguran masih cukup tinggi, pendapatan perkapita yang rendah. Hal ini dikarenakan, ketika kebijakan pemekaran wilayah kelurahan ini diambil tanpa mempertimbangkan kebijakan strategis apa yang akan diambil untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah pinggiran ini. Dari hasil penelitian diatas banyak hal yang mempengaruhi mengapa pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah ini sangat lamban. Kebijakan pemekaran kelurahan ini tidak dibarengi dengan langkah-langkah konkrit di bidang ekonomi, misalnya pemberian modal dan pengadaan teknologi tepat guna bagi pengembangan usaha di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan. Keluhan masyarakat di kelurahan Tumbang Rungan mengenai perekonomian, taraf kehidupan dan kesejahteraan yang masih rendah yang terjadi hamper sebagian mereka menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya untuk lebih memikirkan kelurahan yang tertinggal ini. Dirasa sangat perlu untuk bagi Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya untuk melakukan rehabilitasi ekonomi di wilayah ini, dengan mendayagunakan segenap potensi yang dimiliki kelurahan Tumbang Rungan dengan memberdayakan masyarakat setempat dan di stimulasi oleh Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ashanal-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 775 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 651 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 71 ha covered by rock outcrops and about 52 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 62 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 22 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 28 per cent loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 21 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 12 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 50 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 33 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and one per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 23 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium and 81 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 354(46) 190 (24) Guava - 83(11) Maize - 530(68) Sapota - 83(11) Bajra 14(2) 547(70) Pomegranate - 476(62) Groundnut - 83(11) Musambi 277(36) 199(26) Sunflower 237(31) 224(29) Lime 277(36) 199(26) Redgram - 477(62) Amla 25(3) 519(67) Bengal gram 393(60) 108(14) Cashew - 25(3) Cotton 276(36) 225(29) Jackfruit - 68(9) Chilli - 521(67) Jamun - 394(51) Tomato - 388(50) Custard apple 434(56) 111(14) Brinjal 177(23) 382(49) Tamarind - 394(51) Onion 236(30) 83(11) Mulberry - 68(9) Bhendi 280(36) 280(36) Marigold - 561(72) Drumstick - 477(62) Chrysanthemum - 561(72) Mango - 35(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Ashanal-1 micro watershed among them 12 (34.29%) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 4(11.43 %) were semi medium farmers, 3(8.57%) were medium farmers, 1(2.86%) was large farmer and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 177 population households in the studied micro watershed. Among them 88 (49.72%) men and 89 (50.28 %) were women. The average family size of landless, small farmers and medium farmers were 5, semi medium and large farmer was 4.  The data indicated that 24 (13.56%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 93 (52.54 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (27.12 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.78 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Ashanal-1 had 54.24 per cent illiterates, 0.56 per cent of them were functional literates, 14.69 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.13 per cent of them had middle school, 14.12 per cent them had high school education, 5.08 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.08 per cent of them had degree education and 1.13 per cent them had masters.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 5.71 per cent of them were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the occupation for 54.80 per cent of the household members, 4.52 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.39 per cent of them were general labours, 2.26 per cent were students and 19.21 per cent of them were housewives and 3.35 per cent were children's. In case of landless farmers, 5.26 per cent were doing agriculture, 42.11 per cent were agricultural labour, 31.58 per cent were general labour, 15.79 per cent were housewives and 5.26 per cent were children's. In case of marginal farmers 52.17 per cent were agriculturist, 1.45 percent was in private service, 18.84 per cent were students and 20.29 per cent of them were housewives. In case of small farmers 72.22 per cent of them were agriculturist, 5.56 per cent of them were private service and 7.41 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 64.71 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 5.58 per cent of them were students and 23.53 per cent of them were housewives. In case of medium farmers 64.29 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 7.14 per cent of them were students and 28.57 per cent of them were housewives. In case of large farmers 25 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, and 50 per cent of them were housewives.  The results showed that 99.44 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions and 0.56 per cent of the household participated in cooperative bank. 2  The results indicated that 57.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 42.86 per cent of the households possess Pucca house.  The results showed that, 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 37.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile.  The results showed that the average value, television was Rs.8837, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.54625 and mobile phone was Rs.2002.  The data showed that, about 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 54.29 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 2.86 per cent possess power tiller, 11.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of the households possess tractor and 20 per cent of them possess sprinkler.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18769; the average value of plough was Rs. 1700, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.50200, the average value of power tiller was Rs. 50000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 700000, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 8000 and the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 470.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow, buffalo, goat and poultry birds.  The results showed that, in case of marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the households possess bullock and 8.33 buffalo, goat and poultry birds respectively. In case of small farmers, 40 per cent of households possess equally bullock In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock. In medium farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.66, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 9.60 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.33.In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was also 1.58, average hired labour (men) was 7.42 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.58. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.78, average own labour (women) was 1.70, average hired labour (men) was 7.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.60. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 13.75 and average hired labour (women) available was also 13.75. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 18.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 18.33. In large farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 15 and average hired labour (women) available was 15. 3  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Ashanal-1 micro watershed possess 30.04 ha (71.62%) of dry land and 11.90 ha (28.37%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.28 ha (88.23 %) of dry land and 0.97 ha (11.77%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.67 ha (81.15 %) of dry land and 2.25 ha (18.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.26 ha (63.11%) of dry land and 3.08 ha (36.89%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.41 ha (49.08%) of dry land and 5.61 ha (50.92%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 2.42 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  Results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 368076.52 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 571,098.27. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 810,061.14 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.95 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 444,393.31 for dry land and Rs. 890,090.12 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,000 for dry land and was Rs.58500.01 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 110928.15 for dry land and was Rs.320779.22 for irrigated land. In large farmers the average land value was Rs. 247000 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 5.71 per cent of the farmers and 2.86 per cent of the farmers were using tank for irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 6.10 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.49 ha of irrigated land and semi medium farmers were having 1.21 ha of irrigated land. On an average there was 1.70 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown cotton (4.61 ha), groundnut (15.71 ha), paddy (3.68 ha), red gram (6.36 ha) and sorghum (4.87 ha) in kharif season. Marginal farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut and paddy. Medium farmers and large farmers have grown groundnut respectively.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Ashanal-1 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers cropping intensity was 100 per cent and in case of medium farmers it was 99.04 per cent.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account and 85.71 per cent of having savings. Among marginal farmers 60 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 100 per cent of small, semi medium farmers 4 and medium possess per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and large category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account.  The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent of marginal, 90 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 8 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank, 16 per cent have availed loan from Cooperative Bank and 36 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank.  The results indicated that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.40909.09 Rs. 51777.78, Rs.62500 and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 49640.  The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 6.25 per cent have availed loan for animal husbandry.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that 75 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.25 per cent opined that higher rate of interest.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 42107.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81715.98. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 39608.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41264.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78656.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 37392.32. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 53615.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 114398.98. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 60783.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.13.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 33389.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65229.59. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 31839.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 33702.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41007.47. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 7304.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 5  The table indicated that the in case of landless farmers the average annual income from wage was Rs.64800, in marginal farmers, average income from service/salary was Rs.41666.67, wage was Rs.36250 and agriculture Rs. 46833.33. In case of small farmers the average income from agriculture was Rs.49511.11. In semi medium farmers the average income from wage was Rs.32500 and agriculture was Rs.83000. Medium farmer's average income from wage was Rs.26666.67 and agriculture was Rs.221666.67. Similarly in large farmers the average income from wage was Rs.50000 and agriculture was Rs.160000.  The results indicated that, in case of landless, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.27333.33, in case of marginal, farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.17428.57 and agriculture Rs. 20583.33. In case of small farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 15000 and agriculture was Rs.33200. In case of semi medium farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.20000 and agriculture was Rs.52500.In medium farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.25000 and agriculture was Rs.71666.67.In large farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.2000 and agriculture was Rs. 60000.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 13 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have planted 61 Neem trees, 2 tamarind tress, and 3 banyan trees in their field and also grown 4 Neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3428.57 for land development and Rs. 714.29 in irrigation facility. Marginal farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5833.33 for land development, and Rs. 2083.33 in irrigation facility. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs.3000 for land development. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5000 for land development.  The results indicated that for 34.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development and irrigation facility respectively.  The results indicated that, cotton, groundnut, paddy, red gram and sorghum crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, 85.71 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of households used tractor as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. 6  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have adopted bore well recharge pit which includes 8.33 per cent of marginal and 10 per cent of small farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who adopted bore well recharge pit opined that they are good.  The results indicated that 5.71 per cent of soil conservation structures are constructed by the government.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of the household used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60per cent of the landless, 75 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, 33.33 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 36.36 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 55.56 per cent of the semi medium, 25 percent of the medium farmers and 50 per cent of the large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses oilseed, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 82.86 per cent, 54.29 per cent, 57.14 per cent, 74.29 per cent, 40 per cent, 100 per cent, 88.57 per cent and 71.43 per cent of the household.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseed, vegetables, fruits, egg and meat were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, 45.71 per cent, 42.86 per cent, 25.71 per cent, 57.14 per cent,11.43 per cent and 28.57 per cent of the household.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (51.43%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (68.57%), high rate of interest on credit (65.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.71%) and less rain fall (17.14%) . ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ballary-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 606 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 10 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 0.75%) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 20 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 73 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 21 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 30 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 72 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 14 (2) 269(44) Pomegranate 8(1) 68(11) Maize 8(1) 279(46) Guava 8(1) 45 (7) Bajra 50(8) 239(40) Jackfruit 8(1) 45(7) Redgram 8(1) 50 (8) Jamun - 53(9) Bengal gram 6 (<1) 277 (46) Musambi 8 (1) 68 (11) Groundnut 30(5) 161(27) Lime 8(1) 68(11) Sunflower 8(1) 65 (11) Cashew 8(1) 65(11) Cotton 6 (<1) 276(46) Custard apple 56(9) 278(46) Chilli 8(1) 177(29) Amla 50(8) 284 (47) Tomato 8(1) 177(29) Tamarind - 49(8) Drumstick 20(3) 53 (9) Marigold 8(1) 275(45) Mulberry 49(8) 102(17) Chrysanthemum 8(1) 275(45) Mango - 49(8) Jasmine 8(1) 252(42) Sapota 8(1) 45(7) Crossandra 8(1) 193(32) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 10 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Drainage line treatment and Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Results indicated that 37 farmers were sampled in Bellary-3 micro watershed among them 5 (13.51%) were marginal farmers, 13 (35.14%) were small farmers, 10(27.03%) were semi medium farmers, 4 (10.81%) were medium farmers and 5 (13.51%) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 179 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 115 (64.25%) men and 64 (35.75%) were women. The average family size of landless and small was, semi medium and medium farmers were 5 and Marginal farmers were 6.  The data indicated that 22 (12.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (49.16%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (27.93%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.61%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Bellary-3 had 32.96 per cent illiterates, 19.55 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.41 per cent of them had both middle school, 14.53 per cent them had high school education, 7.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent them had Diploma education and ITI, 6.15 per cent of them had degree education, 1.68 per cent of them had masters education and 3.35 per cent them had others.  The results indicated that, 75.68 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 16.22 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 8.11 per cent of the household heads were general labour.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.89 per cent of the household members, 6.70 per cent were agricultural labourers and general labours, 0.56 percent were in household industry, 4.47 per cent of them were in private sector, 15.08 per cent of them were students and 3.35 per cent of them were children.  In case of landless households 20 per cent were agricultural labour, 60 per cent were general labourers and 20 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 76.67 per cent were agriculturist, 3.33 percent was in private service and 20 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 68.97 per cent of them were agriculturist and 5.17 per cent of them were agricultural labours, and 18.97 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 70.59 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 5.88 per cent were general labour and were in private service and 3.92 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist, 10 per cent were general labour, 20 per cent were students and 20 per cent of them were in private service.  The results showed that 1.12 per cent of them participated in self help groups and 98.88 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 81.08 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 8.11 per cent of the households possess Pucca house and 8.11 per cent of the households possess Semi Pacca house.  The results showed that, 2.70 per cent of the households possess radio, 59.46 per cent of the households possess TV, 24.32 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 27.03 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 37.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of radio was Rs.500, television was Rs. 3409, mixer grinder was Rs.1033, bicycle was Rs.1400, motor cycle was Rs.35000 and mobile phone was Rs.1398.  About 18.92 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and plough, 13.51 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 70.27 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.41 per cent of the households possess thresher and 29.73 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.16000; the average value of plough was Rs. 1133, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 2300, the average value of weeder was Rs. 32, the average value of thresher was Rs. 500 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 1327.  The results indicated that, 37.84 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 32.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.70 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.41 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. In case of marginal farmers, 40 per cent of the households possess bullock and 20 per cent of the household possess local cow and poultry birds respectively. In case of small farmers, 38.46 per cent of households possess bullock, 46.15 per cent possess local cow and 7.69 per cent possess poultry birds. In case of semi medium farmers, 40 per cent of the households possess bullock, 30 per cent of the household possess local cow and 10 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow. In medium farmers 75 per cent of the households possess bullock and 50 per cent of the household possess local cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 6.72, average own labour (women) available was 4.25, average hired labour (men) available was 8.41 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.16.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 3, average own labour (women) was also 1.40, average hired labour (men) was 9.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.60. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 13, average own labour (women) was 8.31, average hired labour (men) was 9.92 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.85. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.20, average own labour (women) was 1.60, average hired labour (men) was 6.90 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.20. In medium farmers average own labour men 3 available was 2.25, average own labour (women) was 1.25, average hired labour (men) was 6 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.75.  The results indicated that, 86.49 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Bellary-3 micro watershed possess 29.40 ha (55.96%) of dry land and 23.14 ha (44.04%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.10 ha (70.61%) of dry land and 0.88 ha (29.39%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 18.41ha (95.79%) of dry land and 0.81ha (4.21%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.27ha (40.35%) of dry land and 10.74 ha (59.65%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 1.62 (13.13%) of dry land and 10.71ha (86.87%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 302,629.41 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 395,293.31. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 664,999.99 for dry land and Rs. 1,540,896.49 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,255.06 for dry land Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 302,561.25 for dry land and Rs. 325,612.05 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 370,500 for dry land and Rs. 326,719.58 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 14 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 37.84 per cent of the farmers and 2.70 per cent households were using open well for irrigation.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 27.51 meters.  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.40 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 1.62 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 8.10 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 12.11 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 22.23 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (3.24 ha), groundnut (10.26 ha), maize (37.65 ha), paddy (0.81 ha) and tomato (0.54 ha) in kharif season. Farmers grown bajra (1.62 ha) and sunflower (0.40 ha) in Rabi season. Also grown groundnut (2.83 ha) in summer season. Marginal farmers had grown maize, tomato and groundnut. Small farmers had grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Semi medium farmers had grown Bajra, groundnut, maize and sunflower. Medium farmers had grown groundnut, maize, paddy and tomato.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Bellary-3 micro watershed was found to be 83.06 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, in small farmers it was 81.04 , in semi medium farmers it was 91.19 and in medium farmers it was 69.68 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, 83.78 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.70 per cent of them savings. In land less farmers 80 per cent of the household possess bank account. Among marginal farmers 60 percent of them possess bank account and 20 per cent of the household possess savings. 92.31 per cent of small farmers possess bank account. In semi medium farmers possess 80 per cent of them possess bank account and medium category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of landless, 60 per cent of marginal, 92.31 per cent of small, 80 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicated that, 3.23 per cent have availed loan from friends/ relatives and 9.68 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank.  The results indicated that, semi medium farmers have availed Rs.52500. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 13,548.39.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production.  The results indicated that, 100 percent of loan was taken for household consumption.  Results indicated that 100 percent of the households have unpaid their institutional loan.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households have partially paid their private loan.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 18425.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31260.94. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 12835.23, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31011.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43640.22. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 12629.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.41.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 33295.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37297.00. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 4001.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 44988.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 104414.40. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 59426.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.32.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 47943.10. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 103740.00. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 55796.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.16.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 102707.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 335876.41. The net income from 5 Tomato cultivation was Rs. 233169.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.27.  The results indicated that, 43.24 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.11 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The table indicated that, in landless farmers, the average income from wage Rs.66000.In marginal farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.16000, wage was Rs.39000 and agriculture was Rs.52240. In small farmers the average income from wage was Rs.8076.92 and agriculture was Rs.97480.77 and dairy farm was Rs.3826.92. In semi medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.15000, business was rs.12000, wage was Rs.22200 and agriculture was Rs.132600. In medium farmers the average income from service/salary was Rs.218000, wage was Rs.5000 and agriculture was Rs.287500.  The results indicated that in landless, the average expenditure from wage was Rs.3333.33. In marginal farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.22200. In small farmers the average expenditure from wage was Rs.2000, agriculture was Rs.51464.54 and dairy farm was Rs.7666.67. In semi medium farmers the average expenditure from business was Rs.60000, wage was Rs.20000 and agriculture was Rs.65000.In medium farmers the average expenditure from agriculture was Rs.126250.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 65 coconut, 1 lemon and 7 mango trees in their field and also planted 2 coconut and 1 mango trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have planted 4 Eucalyptus tree, 56 teak trees, and 144 neem trees in their field and also grown 2 Neem tree in the their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 135.14 for improved crop production and Rs.81.08 for improved livestock management. Small farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 384.62 for improved crop production and Rs.230.77 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that for 2.70 per cent of the households were dependent on loan from the bank for improved crop production and improved livestock management respectively.  The results indicated that, Bajra, sunflower and tomato crops were sold to an extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut, maize and paddy crops were sold to an extent of 97.68 per cent, 98.81 per cent and 70 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 2.70 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 100 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 21.62 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. 6  The results indicated that 2.70 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 100 per cent of them have used tractor and 5.41 per cent have used truck.  The results indicated that, 72.97 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 60 percent of marginal farmers, 84.62 per cent of small farmers, 90 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 percent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 81.08 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 72.97 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel and 27.03 percent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 75.68 per cent, 16.22 per cent of them were using bore well and 8.11 per cents of the households were using lake/tank for drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 86.49 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, marginal, small, 50 per cent of semi medium and 75 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.70 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 40.54 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless and marginal, 7.69 per cent of the small, 20 per cent of the semi medium and 50 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 91.89 per cent, 27.03 per cent, 81.08 per cent, 5.41 per cent, 75.68 per cent, 48.65 per cent and 21.62 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were inadequate for 8.11 per cent, 70.27 per cent, 16.22 per cent, 89.19 per cent, 18.92 per cent, 48.65 per cent and 72.97 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 81.08 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (83.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.16%), inadequacy of irrigation water (29.73%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.27%), high rate of interest on credit (35.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (72.97%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (56.76%), inadequate extension services (10.81%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (67.57%), less rainfall (13.51%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gunnahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 80 per cent is covered by soils, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 22 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 56 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 61 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 49 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 31 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 70 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3- 9.0) and 10 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 75 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 77 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 75 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 49(8) 223(38) Sapota 1(<1) 37(6) Maize - 271(47) Pomegranate 1(<1) 176(30) Bajra 31(5) 225(39) Guava - 38(6) Groundnut 3(1) 45(8) Jackfruit 1(<1) 37(6) Sunflower 24(4) 146(25) Jamun 31(5) 98(17) Cotton 24(4) 248(42) Musambi 24(4) 153(26) Red gram 1(<1) 121(21) Lime 24(4) 153(26) Bengalgram 23(4) 249(43) Cashew - 70(12) Chilli 28(5) 26(5) Custard apple 54(9) 258(44) Tomato 28(5) 13(2) Amla 31(5) 281(48) Brinjal 30(5) 319(54) Tamarind - 92(16) Onion 3(1) 114(19) Marigold - 272(47) Bhendi 3(1) 345(59) Chrysanthemum - 273(47) Drumstick 1(<1) 169(29) Jasmine - 134(23) Mulberry 1(<1) 181(31) Crossandra - 112(19) Mango - 12(2)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (53.71%) men and 81 (46.29%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.73 and medium farmers' was 6. The data indicated that, 32 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.86%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.29%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (8.57 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Gunnahalli had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literates, 28 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.43 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.86 per cent of them had high school education, 8.57 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.14 per cent of them did ITI, 5.14 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing Masters.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.23 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 54.29 per cent of the household members, 20.57 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent had household industry, 17.14 per cent of them were student, 1.71 per cent of them were housewife and 1.71 per cent of them were in private services.  The results show that 3.43 per cent of the households participated in user groups and 96.57 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 2.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 6.67 per cent of small farmers, and 7.14 per cent of medium farmers have participated in user group.  The results indicate that 19.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 22.58 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house and 45.16 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 93.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 12.90 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 54.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess tempo, 3.23 per cent of the households possess auto, 6.45 per cent of the households possess landline, and 77.42 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The average value of television was Rs.5896, mixer grinder was Rs.2981, motor cycle was Rs.45000, mobile phone was Rs.2430, Auto was Rs.80000, tempo was Rs.200000 and bicycle was Rs.8800.  About 16.13 per cent of the households possess plough and bullock cart, 12.90 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.48 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 64.52 per cent of them possess weeder.  The average value of plough was Rs.1541, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.2666 the average value of tractor was Rs. 6,05,000 and the average value of 2 sprayer was Rs.4454, the average value of bullock cart Rs.21600, and the average value of weeder Rs.84.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 32.26 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.13 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo, 6.45 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.96, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 16.88 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.21.  About 67.74 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 62.50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small, 63.64 per cent of semi medium and 71.43 per cent of medium farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, only 1 (2.38%) person migrated among the samples households in the micro watershed that belonged to medium farm household and he has migrated on average of 500 Kms and the average duration was 6 months.  Job/work was the reason for migration and construction of house was the major positive consequence of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gunnahalli micro watershed possess 22.64 ha (45.89%) of dry land and 26.70 ha (54.11%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.19 ha (64.37%) of dry land and 1.21 ha (35.63%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 3.84 ha (70.37%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (29.63%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 7.49 ha (42%) of dry land and 10.34 ha (58%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.11 ha (40.26%) of irrigated land and large farmers possess 13.53 ha (59.74%) of irrigated.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 339,989.27 and average value of irrigated was Rs.509,201. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,321,586 for dry land and Rs. 1,729,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 364,000 for dry land and Rs. 864,500. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 267,027 for dry land and Rs. 473,698 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 153,552 for dry land and Rs. 384,320 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  There was only 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.84 per cent of the farmers, open well were the source of irrigation for 6.45 per cent of the farmers and tank was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. 3  The depth of bore well was found to be 64.09 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.97 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.21 hectares, small farmers had 1.62 hectares, semi medium farmers had 10.81 hectares and medium farmers had 12.15 hectares.  Farmers have grown Bajra (3.64 ha), Beetle leaf (0.08 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Cotton (2.43 ha), Groundnut (4.45 ha), Jowar (0.1 ha), Maize (27.13 ha), Pearl millet (4.23 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha) and Sunflower (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown groundnut, maize, pearlmillet. Small farmers have grown groundnut, maize, redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, beetle leaf, cotton, groundnut, maize, pearl millet and Bengal gram. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, cotton, maize, pearl millet, red gram and sunflower.  The cropping intensity in Gunnahalli micro watershed was found to be 67.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 94.06 per cent, for small farmers it was 84.38 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 72.42 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 58.27 per cent.  The results indicate that, 22.58 per cent of the households possess bank account. Around 12.50 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  Around 25 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives and 83.33 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, and medium farmers have on an average availed Rs.80000, Rs.30000, and Rs.175000 respectively.  The main purpose of borrowing credit from both institutional and non-institutional sources was agricultural production for all households.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 38694. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49993.59. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11299.59, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 50404.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82607.78. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32202.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.64.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24133.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32595.49. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8462.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 44855.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30257.50. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -14598.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. 4  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58095.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 121039.88. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 62944.55, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08.  The total cost of cultivation for beetroot was Rs. 118697.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from beetroot cultivation was Rs. -7547.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 36736.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20840.63. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -15895.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33033.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -18213.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.45.  The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 120 tons and it was available for 51 days. Green fodder available was 82 tons and it was available for 24 days. 51.61 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 45.16 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Only 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 36825 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs.70600, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106370 and for medium farmers it was Rs.106885.  The average annual expenditure in the micro watershed is Rs. 9320.74. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3312.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 16760, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10363.64 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 9234.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 54 coconut, and 4 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 2 coconut trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 115 neem trees, 11 tamarind trees, 3 pongamia trees and 9 banyan trees.  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 37.50 per cent of marginal, 9.09 semi medium, and 14.29 medium farmers.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1580.65 for land development, Rs. 290.32 for irrigation facility, Rs.1064.52 for improved crop production and Rs. 467.74 for improved livestock management.  Loan from bank is the major source of investment for 12.9 per cent of households and own funds were the source of investment for 9.68 per cent for land development. For irrigation facility 6.45 per cent of the households depend on loan from bank. For improved crop production 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan, 6.45 per cent depend on own funds, 3.23 per cent depend on soft loans and for improved livestock management 12.9 per cent of the households depend on bank loan. 5  The results indicated that, bajra, beetroot, Bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, maize, redgram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.71 per cent.  About 70.97 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders, about 25.81 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, another 22.58 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, 12.90 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Around 9.68 per cent of the households have carried head loads, 25.81 per cent have used cart, 70.97 per cent have used tractor and 25.81 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, 22.58 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems and were interested in soil testing i.e. 37.50 per cent of marginal farmers and 20 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium, and 28.57 per cent of medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 3.23 per cent of the households have adopted farm pond, 3.23 per cent have adopted bore well recharge pit and 16.13 per cent of the households are following summer ploughing.  The results indicated that 22.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and 16.13 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.39 per cent of the households, bore well for 22.58 per cent, open well for 3.23 per cent, lake/tank for 9.68 per cent and canal was the source of drinking water for 19.35 per cent of the households.  Around 77.42 percent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 3.23 per cent used kerosene, 3.23 per cent used biogas and another 16.13 percent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.77 per cent of the households in micro watershed and for 3.23 per cent kerosene lamp was the major source of light. 25.81 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 11.11 per cent of marginal, 11.11 per cent of small, 25 per cent of semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL and 6.45 per cent did not possess PDS card.  Around 58.06 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 50 percent of the marginal, 60 per cent of the small, 72.73 per cent of the semi medium and 42.86 percent of the medium farmers. 6  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 58.06 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 48.39 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 80.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 19.35 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.87 per cent, egg were adequate for 58.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.61 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds were market surplus for 29.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 9.68 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.13 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.48%), high rate of interest on credit (58.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (3.23%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (12.90%), less rainfall (96.77%) and source of Agri–technology information (News paper/TV/Mobile) (29.03%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project