Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty-two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not-permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self-regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.
Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty‐two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not‐permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self‐regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.
Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty-two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not-permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self-regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health. ; International Development Research Center, Grant/Award Numbers: 107459‐001, 107731, 107213001 and 107731‐002; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Spanish Health Research Fund of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Grant/Award Number: ENPY 1015/13; Wellcome Trust; National Institute for Health Research; Medical Research Council; Economic and Social Research Council; Cancer Research UK; British Heart Foundation; Spanish Consumers Organization (OCU); Slovenian Research Agency and Ministry of Health of Republic of Slovenia, Grant/Award Number: P3‐0395; Ministry of Higher Education, Grant/Award Number: FRGS/1/2013/ SS03/UKM/02/5; Estrategia de sostenibilidad de grupos de investigación. ; Sí
Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty‐two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not‐permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self‐regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.
ABSTRACT: Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty‐two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not‐permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average,there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self‐regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.
Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty-two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not-permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self-regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health. ; In Argentina, advertising monitoring was supported by the International Development Research Center (IDRC; grant number 107459‐001). The Chilean team would like to thank the National TV Council (CNTV) that provided the TV records, as well as María Fernanda Sánchez, Camila Román, and Camila Fierro for assisting with the coding and database preparation; data coding was supported by grants from the International Development Research Center (no. 107731‐002) and Bloomberg Philanthropies. The project in Colombia was cofunded by Estrategia de sostenibilidad de grupos de investigación–University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. The Colombian team wish to thank Mariana Arias Toro y Melisa Alejandra Muñoz Ruiz, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, Medellín. In Costa Rica and Guatemala, data collection and analysis was funded by IDRC grant no. 107213001. In Malaysia, this project was funded under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2013/SS03/UKM/02/5) of the Ministry of Higher Education. In Mexico, the financial support of this study was founded by the International Development Research Center (project number: 107731) and Bloomberg Philanthropies. The project in Slovenia was funded by the Slovenian Research Agency and Ministry of Health of Republic of Slovenia (research programme P3‐0395: Nutrition and Public Health; research project L3‐9290: sugars in human nutrition); we acknowledge the support of Dea Zavadlav (Nutrition Institute, Slovenia) in the data collection. The South African team wish to thank Prof Norman Temple, Athabasca University, Canada, and Prof Nelia Steyn, University of Cape Town, who initiated the food advertising project in South Africa. In Spain, data collection was supported by the Spanish Health Research Fund of the Institute of Health Carlos III (project ENPY 1015/13) and the Spanish Consumers Organization (OCU). The Spanish team wish to thank María José Bosqued Estefanía for her support in data management. Jean Adams and Martin White were supported by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged.
Section 22 of the Protected Disclosures Act, 2014 requires public bodies to publish an annual report setting out the number of protected disclosures received in the preceding year and the action taken (if any). This report must not result in persons who make disclosures under the legislation being identified. This is the third annual report of the Department of Health. It covers the period 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017.
Section 22 of the Protected Disclosures Act, 2014 requires public bodies to publish an annual report setting out the number of protected disclosures received in the preceding year and the action taken (if any). This report must not result in persons who make disclosures under the legislation being identified. This is the fourth annual report of the Department of Health. It covers the period 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018.
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common causes of health care- and community-associated infections worldwide. The distributions of different S. aureus clones change over time and also vary geographically. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular type and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical S. aureus strains isolated in Urumqi, Northwestern China. METHODS: A total of 605 clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from Xinjiang Military General Hospital, in Urumqi. Protein A-encoding (spa) typing, multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec typing, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) gene detection, and antimicrobial resistance profiling were performed. RESULTS: Among these strains, 271 isolates (44.7%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 334 (55.3%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The MRSA strains consisted of 22 spa types and 14 sequence types (STs). ST239-MRSA-III-t030 (73.1%, 198/271) and ST59-MRSA-IV-t437 (11.8%, 32/271) were the most common, and ST22-MRSA-IV-t309 was the rarest (2.02%, 6/271). The MSSA strains consisted of 93 spa types and 29 STs. ST22, ST121, ST398, ST5, ST7, ST188, and ST15 were the main MSSA STs, and ST22-MSSA-t309 was most common (26.0%, 87/334). The pvl gene was present in 20.3% of all S.aureus strains, and 80.8% (88/99) of ST22-MSSA strains harbored the pvl gene. A total of 85.7% pvl-positive ST22-MSSA strains were spa t309 (85/99), and 87.5% of pvl-positive ST22-MSSA strains were from abscesses or wounds (skin and soft tissue infections). All ST239-MRSA strains were resistant to gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LEV), ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MXF), rifampicin (RIF), and tetracycline (TET). Among the ST59-MRSA strains, over 70.0% were resistant to erythromycin (ERY), clindamycin (CLI), and TET. ST22-MSSA remained susceptible to most antibiotics, but was resistant to PEN (97.0%), ERY (57.6%), and CLI (15.2%). CONCLUSION: Our major results indicated that the antimicrobial resistance ...
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common causes of health care-and community-associated infections worldwide. The distributions of different S. aureus clones change over time and also vary geographically. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular type and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical S. aureus strains isolated in Urumqi, Northwestern China. ; Methods: A total of 605 clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from Xinjiang Military General Hospital, in Urumqi. Protein A-encoding (spa) typing, multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec typing, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) gene detection, and antimicrobial resistance profiling were performed. ; Results: Among these strains, 271 isolates (44.7%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 334 (55.3%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The MRSA strains consisted of 22 spa types and 14 sequence types (STs). ST239-MRSA-III-t030 (73.1%, 198/271) and ST59-MRSA-IV-t437 (11.8%, 32/271) were the most common, and ST22-MRSA-IV-t309 was the rarest (2.02%, 6/271). The MSSA strains consisted of 93 spa types and 29 STs. ST22, ST121, ST398, ST5, ST7, ST188, and ST15 were the main MSSA STs, and ST22-MSSA-t309 was most common (26.0%, 87/334). The pvl gene was present in 20.3% of all S. aureus strains, and 80.8% (88/99) of ST22-MSSA strains harbored the pvl gene. A total of 85.7% pvl-positive ST22-MSSA strains were spa t309 (85/99), and 87.5% of pvl-positive ST22-MSSA strains were from abscesses or wounds (skin and soft tissue infections). All ST239-MRSA strains were resistant to gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LEV), ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MXF), rifampicin (RIF), and tetracycline (TET). Among the ST59-MRSA strains, over 70.0% were resistant to erythromycin (ERY), clindamycin (CLI), and TET. ST22-MSSA remained susceptible to most antibiotics, but was resistant to PEN (97.0%), ERY (57.6%), and CLI (15.2%). ; Conclusion: Our major results indicated that the antimicrobial resistance profiles and pvl genes of S. aureus isolates from Urumqi were closely associated with clonal lineage. ST239-MRSA-III-t030 and pvl-positive ST22-MSSA-t309 were the most common clones in this region of Northwestern China. ; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology ; 201909 bcrc ; published_final
Maulana Ahmad Sa'id was a prominent politician belonging to the Jam'iyyat-i 'Ulama'-i Hind. He was an orator par excellence and due to his gift of eloquence he was given the title Sahban al-Hind. He was one of the founding members of the Jam'iyyat and remained on its key positions throughout his political career. He became president of the Jam'iyyat after the demise of Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani. The political life of Maulana Ahmad Sa'id is well documented. However, little has been written on his role as an author. He has authored a number of books including an exegesis of the Qur'an, Kashf al-Rahman. In this article, an effort has been made to present a study of various writings of Maulana Ahmad Sa'id.
Wenchang Yuan,1,2,* Jianhua Liu,2,3,* Youchao Zhan,1,* Li Wang,2 Yanqiong Jiang,1 Yanling Zhang,1 Ning Sun,1,4 Ning Hou1,51Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, Urumqi 830001, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410006, People's Republic of China; 4State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China; 5School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common causes of health care- and community-associated infections worldwide. The distributions of different S. aureus clones change over time and also vary geographically. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular type and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical S. aureus strains isolated in Urumqi, Northwestern China.Methods: A total of 605 clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from Xinjiang Military General Hospital, in Urumqi. Protein A-encoding (spa) typing, multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec typing, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) gene detection, and antimicrobial resistance profiling were performed.Results: Among these strains, 271 isolates (44.7%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 334 (55.3%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The MRSA strains consisted of 22 spa types and 14 sequence types (STs). ST239-MRSA-III-t030 (73.1%, 198/271) and ST59-MRSA-IV-t437 (11.8%, 32/271) were the most common, and ST22-MRSA-IV-t309 was the rarest (2.02%, 6/271). The MSSA strains consisted of 93 spa types and 29 STs. ST22, ST121, ST398, ST5, ST7, ST188, and ST15 were the main MSSA STs, and ST22-MSSA-t309 was most common (26.0%, 87/334). The pvl gene was present in 20.3% of all S.aureus strains, and 80.8% (88/99) of ST22-MSSA strains harbored the pvl gene. A total of 85.7% pvl-positive ST22-MSSA strains were spa t309 (85/99), and 87.5% of pvl-positive ST22-MSSA strains were from abscesses or wounds (skin and soft tissue infections). All ST239-MRSA strains were resistant to gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LEV), ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MXF), rifampicin (RIF), and tetracycline (TET). Among the ST59-MRSA strains, over 70.0% were resistant to erythromycin (ERY), clindamycin (CLI), and TET. ST22-MSSA remained susceptible to most antibiotics, but was resistant to PEN (97.0%), ERY (57.6%), and CLI (15.2%).Conclusion: Our major results indicated that the antimicrobial resistance profiles and pvl genes of S. aureus isolates from Urumqi were closely associated with clonal lineage. ST239-MRSA-III-t030 and pvl-positive ST22-MSSA-t309 were the most common clones in this region of Northwestern China.Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, pvl gene, molecular typing
Pasal 7 ayat (1) UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan memberikan batas usia minimal perkawinan terhadap laki-laki adalah 19 tahun sedangkan perempuan adalah 16 tahun. Dalam penjelasan, hal tersebut bertujuan untuk menjaga kesehatan suami-isteri dan keturunan. Namun, batasan usia minimal perkawinan terhadap perempuan yang telah ditetapkan bertentangan dengan UU No. 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perlindungan Anak yang menetapkan bahwa anak adalah seseorang yang belum berusia 18 tahun. Sehingga menjadikan Pasal 7 ayat (1) UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 bersifat diskriminatif dan berpotensi melanggar hak konstitusional anak perempuan dengan terjadinya Perkawinan Anak. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 22/PUU-XV/2017 menyatakan bahwa Pasal 7 ayat (1) UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum tetap dan memberikan jangka waktu 3 tahun kepada legislatif untuk merumuskan norma baru. Apabila telah melewati jangka waktu tersebut, batas usia minimal perkawinan akan diharmonisasikan dengan batas usia anak dalam UU No. 35 Tahun 2014. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memamparkan perlindungan hukum terhadap perempuan melalui penetapan batas usia minimai perkawinan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus.
Teachers in the 2013 curriculum are required to study handbooks published by the government in connection with the mapping of indicators and the suitability of basic competencies with subsequent indicators adjusted to Permendikbud No. 21 and 22 of 2016. But in reality at school teachers do not fully use books Because teacher in the learning process teachers still feel confused using books. The problem faced in this service is how the application of teacher and student books books before Permendikbud 21 and 22 of 2016. The purpose of this service is to find out the extent of understanding of primary school teachers in the application of teacher books and student books before Permendikbud No. 21 and 22, 2016. With book reviews and student teacher books, teachers can better understand how teacher and student books books should be.
EU policy can consider and include EU-LAC-MUSEUMS project findings. A great deal can be achieved in and through community-based museums, as distinguished from mainstream museums often associated with certain demographics and funding structures that receive state attention and support. Community-based museums offer a lens through which to interrogate both macro and micro, global and local relations. Community-based museums are often under-represented in policy directions, and yet our research findings demonstrate that social engagement and pro-active strategies advanced through these entities have the potential to challenge and enhance existing EU policy that seeks to contribute to development in Latin America and the Caribbean, making it more relevant and sustainable for the future. The approach to most of our work can be described as grass-roots. It involves the communities we work with at all stages of the research and innovation process – from conception to planning, implementation, dissemination and evaluation – to ensure that the impact is felt within communities. By way of the Brussels Policy Round Table and this report, we aspire to create a bridge between policy and practice, allowing community voices to speak back through our project outputs to the policy makers and funders whose priorities we are implementing.
