Suchergebnisse

Žiniasklaida – vienas iš pagrindinių komunikacijos proceso tarp demokratinės visuomenės grupių elementų. Atlikdama visuomenės informavimo funkciją žiniasklaida užtikrina, kad piliečiai reikiamu atveju –pavyzdžiui, balsuodami – priims tinkamus sprendimus, o valdžios institucijos ir politikai taip pat galvos apie savo veiksmus, siekdami išvengti kritikos, visuomenės neigiamos nuostatos arba siekdami didesnio populiarumo ir pakliūti į valdžios institucijas. Kita vertus, elgdamosi taip, kaip ir visi, būdamos tiesiog visumos dalimi, valdžios institucijos ir politikai nėra įdomūs, todėl šios dvi grupės nuolat turi galvoti, kaip sudominti ir atkreipti į save dėmesį begaliniame informacijos sraute.Šio straipsnio tikslas – įrodyti, kad tie politikai, kurie svarstant ir priimant Nepilnamečių apsaugos nuo neigiamo viešosios informacijos poveikio įstatymą (toliau – Nepilnamečių apsaugos įstatymą) daugiausia kalbėjo Seimo plenariniuose posėdžiuose, buvo dažniausiai Lietuvos internetinės žiniasklaidos ir vieno iš dienraščių pasitelkiami kaip naujienų šaltiniai, neatsižvelgiant į kalbos turinį.Straipsnyje aptariami politikų ir žiniasklaidos santykiai, analizuojama politikų ir žiniasklaidos tarpusavio priklausomybė, kokiomis priemonės politikai siekia patraukti žiniasklaidos dėmesį. Tyrimu parodoma, kaip pasisakymų ilgis ir dažnumas svarstant konkretų įstatymo projektą gali nulemti žiniasklaidos dėmesį, o kartu ir matomumą visuomenei.Reišminiai žodžiai: žiniasklaida, politinė komunikacija, žiniasklaidos dienotvarkė, politikaiPoliticians as a Source of News: the Case of Adopting the Law on Minors' ProtectionAdomas Taraskevičius
SummaryThe media are on of the basic components of communication among the elements of democratic society. By informing the audience, the media ensure that citizens in cases like voting will make right decisions, and the authorities and politicians will be careful about their own actions in order to avoid criticism or negative attitudes of society or to become more popular and to get into government structures. On the other hand, by doing so as everybody else and just being part of the whole, governments and politicians are not interesting for the media. As a result, these two groups must always think how to attract attention to themselves in the endless stream of information.The purpose of this article is to show the existence of politicians' desire to construct the media agenda (to be the source of news) while adopting the Law on Minors' Protection against Detrimental Effects of Public Information. The article also discusses the relationship between politicians and the media, the interdependence between politicians and the media. The author also shows how politicians try to atract the media by adopting laws and how the length and frequency of politicians' speeches during the reading of a particular law can attract the attention of the media and thus of the public.

Straipsnyje svarstomas šiuolaikinėje filosofijoje atsinaujinęs ginčas "apie tikrovę / realybę". Šis ginčas pristatomas analizuojant vieno ryškiausių jo iniciatorių – vadinamojo naujojo realizmo atstovo Maurizio Ferrario poziciją. Ferrario "realistinio" palinkimo ištakos atpažįstamos iš Nietzsche's frazės "Nėra faktų, tiktai interpretacijos" savito traktavimo. Straipsnyje atskleidžiama, kad su šios frazės permąstymu Ferraris'o filosofijoje sietina ir modernybės / postmoderno kritika, ir naujojo realizmo pozicijoje išryškėjanti realybės samprata. Parodomas naujojo realizmo perspektyvoje atsiskleidžiantis modernybės / postmoderno santykis, svarstomas postmodernistinis tikrovės / realybės praradimas, kurį fiksuoja tikrovės "virgoletizacija". Keliamas klausimas, ką reiškia realybę "imti į kabutes". Tačiau sykiu aptariant Ferrario mokytojo ir oponento Vattimo poziciją, klausiama – "kam reikalinga, kam tarnauja tiesa be kabučių?" Vattimo ontologinės hermeneutikos persektyvoje iškylanti interpretacinė realybės/tikrovės samprata straipsnyje parodoma kaip alternatyva Ferrario naujojo realizmo požiūriui. Kita vertus, atskleidžiamas Ferrario realybės sampratos giminingumas Kanto ir Fichte's kritiko Jacobi realistinėms sveiko proto nuostatoms bei jos santykis su nihilizmu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: realybė, interpretacija, postmodernizmas, ėmimas į kabutes, nihilizmas.

Nihilism and the New RealismsRita ŠerpytytėSummaryThe article deals with the controversy 'concerning reality' – an ongoing and constantly updated discussion in the contemporary philosophy. The analysis stems from the premises proposed by Maurizio Ferraris – one of the most prominent initiators and representatives of the so-called 'new realism'. The roots of Maurizio Ferraris's inclination to 'realism' can be recognized in his specific interpretation of Nietzsche's phrase "There are no facts, only interpretations". The article reveals that there is a link between this revised phrase and Ferraris's criticism of modern and postmodern philosophy as well as the concept of reality represented by 'new realism'. The relationship between modernism and postmodernism, the postFerraris, modern 'loss' of reality, expressed as a 'virgolettazione della realtà' (i.e. putting the reality into commas) is discussed from the perspective of new realism. The question is what do these commas mean for reality? Or one could ask together with Gianni Vattimo: "Who would need the truth without commas, and whom would this truth serve?" In fact, Vattimo's ontological hermeneutic and the concept of reality intertwined with interpretation appears as an alternative to Ferraris's position. Finally, the article discloses the affinity of Ferraris's concept with the Jacobi's commonsense take on reality and its relation to nihilism.Key words: reality, interpretation, postmodernism, putting into commas, nihilism.

Abstract: Under the point of view of restitution law, the proposal on a Common European Sales Law, Part VII, draws a parallel between terminated and avoided contracts, which is much more convincing that the binary model followed by the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). It is, however, necessary to make this set of rules consistent with the general principle of unjustified enrichment, which according to European law represents its underpinning. In this article, the author suggests therefore the following corrections: (a) any reference to equity as a ground of restitution, or as a reason to modify or adapt the relevant provisions to the recipient's good faith, should be avoided; Article 177 of the aforesaid proposal should, therefore, be deleted; (b) on the other hand, a general defence of disenrichment in favour of the recipient in good faith should be provided, although only insofar as he has gained a patrimonial surplus by the terminated or avoided contract ( commodum ex negotiatione ); (c) Article 173, paragraph 3 of the proposal on a Common European Sales Law should be more openly referred to the effects of termination of contract, and not to restitution, and should therefore be incorporated in Article 8 of the aforesaid proposal; (d) the restitution rules should also govern the effects of the withdrawal, because treating them separately and differently is neither necessary nor useful; (e) as regards performance of service and digital contents, monetary restitution should be provided in the measure of their objective value, instead of referring to the recipient's saving; (f) when the substitute in kind of the benefit still exists in the recipient's patrimony, he should not be either obliged or allowed to fulfil his restitutionary obligation by paying the monetary value of that substitute; (g) natural and legal fruits of the good should be totally returned by the buyer only if he was in bad faith; (h) if he was in good faith, on the contrary, he should be exonerated, at least for the positive difference of their value with interests on price; (i) the buyer should be liable for the use of the good also when he was in good faith, even though a defence of disenrichment should be then provided in his favour for the positive difference of its value with the legal interests on price; (j) the seller in good faith should be obliged for compensation of expenditure only insofar as it has made the value of the good rise.

Resumen El modelo convencional utilizado por los textos de macroeconomía para explicar, entre otras cosas, los niveles y alteraciones de la tasa de interés es el llamado modelo IS-LM. De acuerdo con el autor este modelo es irrelevante, ineficiente, para explicar el impacto positivo de una mayor tasa esperada de inflación sobre la Tasa nominal de interés. En efecto, un aumento de la tasa nominal de interés que no resulte acompañado por un incremento del ingreso real supondría, si fuese a interpretarse mediante el modelo IS-LM, una contracción de la oferta de saldos reales de dinero o un incremento en la demanda por estos saldos (es decir, un "desplazamiento a la izquierda de la curva LM" en el gráfico usual que representa las combinaciones posibles de tasa de interés y nivel de ingreso real para las cuales los mercados de activos financieros y bienes se encuentran en equilibrio). Pero nada conduce a pensar que un aumento de la tasa esperada de inflación induzca las mencionadas alteraciones de la oferta o demanda de saldos reales de dinero. Sin embargo, el autor considera que el modelo en cuestión puede ser pertinente para explicar otras fuentes de variación de la tasa de interés. Abstract The traditional IS-LM model has been used by macroeconomic textbooks to explain, amongst other things, the level and the changes in the interest rate. According to this paper, this model is irrelevant and inefficient in explaining the positive effect of a greater expected inflation rate, in relation to the nominal interest Rate. In effect, and increase in the nominal rate of interest, that is not accompanied by an increase in real income, supposes according to the IS-LM model, a contraction in the supply of real money balances or opposedly an increase in their demand (in other words, the LM curve would shift to the left, if we employed the usual graphic representation of this basic model, which shows the possible combinations of interest rates and real income, that guarantee equilibrium in the product and money markets). But it would lead nowhere to think that an increase in the expected rate of inflation would imply these alterations in the demand or supply of real money balances. Nevertheless, the author considers this model can be pertinent in explaining other sources of changes in the interest rate. Palabras claves: Modelo IS- LM, tasa de inflación, tasa de interés.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between the economic and political imperatives of new monetarism. The breakdown of the global derivatives markets, which came into the spotlight during the 2008/2009 global debt crisis, brought up the issue of trust. The matter at hand is the loss of trust in investors' ability to make informed decisions, but trust in the self‐regulating capacity of open markets has also been seriously shaken.Design/methodology/approachRelying on Roche and McKee's analysis of the global financial crisis, the author emphasizes that new monetarism is not a new paradigm, but rather a result of economic circumstances. Although the growth of financial asset prices was indeed partly a result of the liberalization of financial markets, the decisive factor is to be found in the creation of new financial instruments. On the one hand, derivatives have drastically increased the "investment power" or "purchasing power" of money. However, on the other hand, derivatives are a form of under‐appreciated liquidity that creates bubble assets.FindingsOver the last two decades, the value of global financial assets has grown much faster than the real economy in its background, which means that in the era of new monetarism, financial markets set the tone of the real economy. Consequently, in the eyes of investors, the crucial term becomes "liquidity", rather than "real economy". As disinflation multiplied the value of financial assets, central banks progressively lost control of money. Players in financial markets that had increasing trust in cheap money started to introduce new forms of money, which allowed them to create liquidity, independently of the central bank. It has been shown that the quantity and cost of money available for investment can be frozen up to a point where it threatens the global financial system.Practical implicationsNetworks for promoting social responsibility of the corporate sector, which more and more tightly cover our small planet, wish to make transparent the connections between corporate leaders, politicians and organizations to which they are connected. Their members conduct research with the aim of making the invisible power of money visible.Originality/valueNew financial democracy in the post‐modern era presupposes financially literate citizens, which without a doubt presents a challenge for education systems, which will evidently have to incorporate a new, crucial form of literacy, in addition to linguistic, mathematical and computer literacy – financial literacy.

El trabajo analiza los elementos de argumentación en los que se
sustenta la STS de la Sala Tercera de 12 Febrero 2009, a la luz de la anterior doctrina
legal y jurisprudencial en materia de carreteras. Esta sentencia parece apuntar
a una nueva doctrina sobre la conceptualización de los peajes desde el punto
de vista de la reserva de ley a la que se sujetan las prestaciones patrimoniales de
carácter público, especialmente sobre aprovechamientos especiales o privativos
del dominio público. De confirmarse esta nueva doctrina las consecuencias para
el negocio de las autopistas, públicas o concesionadas, y para otras tarifas de naturaleza
privada sobre bienes demaniales, pueden ser considerables. El autor disiente
de la interpretación de la doctrina constitucional que efectúa la sentencia,
aportando lo que pueden ser elementos de una interpretación más coherente con
la tradición histórica en la materia.
Lan honek Auzitegi Gorenaren hirugarren auzi-gelak 2009ko
otsailaren 12an emandako Epaiaren argudioak aztertzen ditu, errepideen alorreko
legeak eta jurisprudentzia kontuan hartuta. Epai horrek, itxura guztien arabera, bidesarien
kontzeptualizazioaren inguruko bestelako doktrina bati ematen dio toki,
ondare-prestazio publikoak finkatzen dituzten lege-erreserben ikuspegitik, batez
ere jabari publikoaren aprobetxamendu bereziei edo pribatiboei buruz. Doktrina
berri hau baieztatzen bada, ondorio nabarmenak izango ditu autobide publikoen
zein emakidadunen negozioak, baita jabari-ondasunen gaineko beste tarifa pribatu
batzuek ere. Egilea ez dator bat epaiak doktrina konstituzionalari buruz egiten duen
interpretazioarekin, eta gai honen inguruko tradizio historikoarekin koherenteagoa
den interpretazioa ipintzen du mahai gainean.
This works analyzes the elements of reasoning which serve as basis
for the Supreme Court Third Chamber ruling from February 12th, 2019 in the light
of the former legal and caselaw doctrine regarding roads. This judgment seems to
point at a new doctrine on the concept of tolls from the point of view of the reservation
as to legislation to which are bound the patrimonial provisions of public character,
in particular on special explotations or privative of the eminent domain. If this
new doctrine is confirmed, the consequences for the motorways bussines, publics
or in franchise, and for the private tariffs over public goods, might be important. The
author disagrees with the interpretation about the constitutional doctrine carried out
by the judgment, contributing with what can be considered elements of a more coherent
interpretation with the historical tradition in the field.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the experiences of some Arab American entrepreneurs and their motivation to enter self‐employment, in spite of the obvious obstacles and adversity immigrants can face in pursuing their dreams in this new society. The self‐recounted life histories of this group of entrepreneurs add to the existing literature and contribute to the body of knowledge of immigrants and entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachQualitative research, which concentrates on natural settings with their intriguing complexity of social interactions rather than laboratories was selected. Qualitative research covers several forms of inquiry that help one understand and explain the meaning of social phenomena with as little destruction to the natural setting as possible.FindingsThe questions regarding motivation for self‐employment were open ended, giving the participants the chance to list as many issues as deemed necessary and relevant in their decision to start their business. All of the participants were in total agreement that mentioned push factors are the reasons that they entered self‐employment. These factors included difficulties in finding a job, thus feeling at a disadvantage in the US job market. Difficulty in previous job also was mentioned as a push factor; the lack of English skills was not, however, mentioned as a motivator for self‐employment.Research limitations/implicationsThere were geographical and logistical constraints affecting the research and given time and resources the author would like to have conducted research that included a number of geographical areas in the Southwest USA and Northern Mexico.Practical implicationsThis research will have practical implications on two areas: first, immigration and its historical context, especially Arab immigration to the new world, why are these immigrants left their countries in the first place, and the problem they faced in terms of their degree of assimilation and its effect on their success in their new homes. Second, entrepreneurs, why immigrants find it easier to get into the sphere of entrepreneurship rather than holding regular careers and trying to assimilate in their new societies.Originality/valueThis paper will contribute to the body of literature on Arab American entrepreneurs in particular and immigrant entrepreneurs in general, and is important to education and educators as well. The paper investigates the motivations for entry into the field of entrepreneurship and becoming an entrepreneur, offering data that could be useful for developing ideas and suggestions as well as an understanding of some of the important steps necessary for the success of new immigrant entrepreneurs.

AbstractThis article includes some ideas on the crisis that took place in Osh, Kyrgyzstan in June 2010. Apart from a brief summary of the events, it describes viewpoints of the main 'actors' including the international organizations; it also seeks an answer to the question on what the reasons leading up to these tragic events were. Regarding possible sources of conflicts, including the factor of ethnic minorities, the question arises whether the various international mechanisms created for handling regional conflicts function properly, in a conducive way, and whether they can warn the international community of an evolving crisis and prevent conflicts. According to the facts, in the concrete case of the Osh crisis, the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities succeeded in fulfilling his task in the area of early warning; however, no concrete actions were taken by the above-mentioned 'actors' in regional and international politics to prevent the conflict. This paper has no intention of dwelling on this issue as it was very adequately addressed by an earlier article written by Sabine Machl. The ethnic conflicts of 1990 and 2010 in Central Asia demonstrate the vulnerability of the region, which also faces some additional challenges in the field of security. This article does not intend to examine all the aspects of the Kyrgyz crisis. However, as some experts at the time of the Osh events explicitly mentioned, the possibility of the infiltration of militants from Afghanistan and their involvement in the clashes and as Afghanistan itself is a country, where about half of the population belong to various ethnic 'minority' groups (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, etc.), one cannot ignore the danger of the implication of the conflict going on in Afghanistan for its vicinity, including Central Asia. The awareness of this challenge was reflected in various ideas and suggestions (to address the Afghan crisis) emanating from these countries. The most comprehensive of these — according to the views of the author of this article — is the so called '6+3' initiative developed by Uzbekistan. One of the 'messages' of this article should be that, at the present, stronger and more consistent as well as concerted efforts are needed to deal with evolving conflicts and crises in the broader region of Central and West Asia, where these potential conflicts may develop not only by themselves, in separate countries or 'sub-regions', but they could include the danger of a 'spillover' which may also effect other countries.

The emergence of risky behavior is characteristic in adolescence. Of all
forms of risky behavior in adolescence, the use of psychoactive substances -
cigarettes, alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances particularly stand
out, because of the frequency and degree of prevalence of use, and because of
the impact that they have on youth development in this sensitive stage of
growing up. Unfortunately, today we are witnessing the fact that such
behavior in adolescents has gained an increasingly epidemic character mainly
due to the characteristics of the social context in which young people are
growing up. The main objective of this research, conducted in the framework
of the doctoral dissertation of the author, was determining relations between
relevant sociodemographic factors: gender, age, school success, financial
status and place of residence of respondents, with the appearance and
intensity of use of three types of psychoactive substances - cigarettes,
alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances among the general population of
adolescents. The sample represents non-clinical young population, and it
consists of 529 adolescents, students of the 2nd and 4th class of secondary
school (17 and 18 years old). The data was collected by using Scale use of
PAS (psychoactive substances) in adolescents, which was designed for the
purpose of this research, as well as using a set of questions intended for
the registration of socio-demographic variables. Respondents filled in
questionnaires in groups, during the school lessons. The data show a
relationship between the three studied socio-demographic variables with the
occurrence and degree of use of psychoactive substances in the adolescence
period, such as gender, age and school success of the respondents. As regards
gender of respondents associated with the occurrence and degree of alcohol
and illegal substance use in adolescents, male adolescents more likely use
alcohol and illegal psychoactive substances. Age of respondents associated
with the use of all three types of psychoactive substances in adolescence,
found that older adolescents were more likely to use cigarettes, alcohol and
illegal psychoactive substances. School success of the respondents is
associated with the occurrence and degree of use of all three tested
categories of psychoactive substances - cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, and
the obtained findings indicate that with the decline in school success, the
prevalence of all three types of psychoactive substances increases in
adolescence. Besides the theoretical significance, the applicability of the
findings is reflected in the field of primary prevention and health
protection of youth.

Un análisis de las novedades que presenta la Ley del Parlamento
Vasco 2/2006, de 30 de junio, de Suelo y Urbanismo en la regulación del estatuto
de la propiedad del suelo urbano, tanto de los criterios para su clasificación y categorización,
como los deberes establecidos para los propietarios de este tipo de
suelo. Asimismo, se destaca cómo el nuevo régimen del suelo urbano tiene incidencia
en los procesos de revisión y modificación del planeamiento vigente, haciéndose
hincapié en el estudio de las siguientes medidas: a) los límites mínimos
y máximos a la edificabilidad urbanística; b) las reservas para dotaciones públicas;
c) las limitaciones a los cambios de planeamiento. La autora anuncia una huida de
la actividad urbanística hacia el suelo urbano que requiere de menos obras de urbanización,
reservas para dotaciones y usos protegidos que el suelo urbanizable.
Lurzoruari eta hirigintzari buruzko Eusko Legebiltzarraren ekainaren
30eko 2/2006 Legeak hiri-lurzoruaren jabetzaren estatutuaren arautzeari
dakarzkion berritasunak aztertzen ditu, bai sailkatzeko eta kategorizatzeko irizpideei
dagokienez, bai lurzoru-mota horren jabeentzat ezarritako betebeharrei
dagokienez. Era berean, nabarmendu egiten da lurzoruaren araubide berriak
eragina duela indarreko plangintza berrikusteko eta aldatzeko prozesuetan, eta
hurrengo neurrien azterketan jartzen da arreta: a) hirigintza-eraikigarritasunaren
mugak; b) zuzkidura publikoetarako erreserbak; c) plangintza-aldaketetarako mugak.
Egileak hirigintza-jarduerak hiri-lurzorurantz ihes egingo dutela iragartzen
du, lurzoru urbanizagarriak baino urbanizazio-obra, erabilera babestu eta zuzkiduretarako
erreserba gutxiago behar baititu.
An analysis of the new features in the Basque Parliament Act 2/2006,
of June 30th, on Land and Urbanism of the regulation of the rules of the urban land,
both by the criteria of its classification and designation and the duties established for
the new land owners of this type of land. Likewise, it is emphasized how the new regime
on city land has an impact on the process of revision and change in current planning,
stressing the study of the following measures: a) minimum and maximum limits
to the development potential; b) reserves for the public equipment; c) limitations
to changes to the planning. The author announces an escape by the urban activity
towards the city land which requires less urban works, equipment reserves and protected
uses than building land.

Abstract: The proposal for a Consumer Rights Directive is to replace the existing minimum harmonization by full harmonization. Even though the proposal introduces some welcome additions to the current European legislation in the area of sales contracts in particular, the rules on transfer of risk – as a whole, the proposal is rather disappointing. If it would be enacted as it is currently drafted, the proposal would mean a significant shift in favour of sellers in most EU Member States, as further-reaching national consumer protection rules would have to be abrogated because of the full harmonization nature of the directive, whereas the level of protection offered by the directive is in some respects even lower than the existing minimum. Moreover, several provisions of the directive could in fact stand in the way of an increase in the number of cross-border contracts. The author critically evaluates the proposal with regard to sales contracts and calls for an intensive makeover of its provisions.
Résumé: La Proposition de directive du Parlement et du Conseil relative aux droits des consommateurs est destinée àremplacer l'actuelle approche d'harmonisation au niveau minimum par une approche d'harmonisation maximale. Bien que la proposition introduise quelques ajouts bienvenus à l'actuelle législation européenne dans le domaine des contrats de vente – en particulier les règles concernant le transfert de risques – en général, la proposition est plutôt décevante. Si elle était appliquée telle qu'elle a été rédigée à ce jour, la proposition entraînerait un changement majeur en faveur des vendeurs dans la plupart des Etats membres. En effet, les règles qui visent à protéger le consommateur sur le plan national seraient abrogées en raison de l'exigence d'harmonisation maximale de la Directive, tandis que le niveau de protection offert par celle-ci est, à certains égards, inférieur au minimum en vigueur actuellement. De plus, plusieurs provisions de la Directive pourraient faire obstacle à une augmentation du nombre de contrats transfrontaliers. L'auteur examine de façon critique la proposition en ce qui concerne les contrats de vente et plaide pour une nouvelle rédaction de ses dispositions.
Zusammenfassung: Der Vorschlag für eine Richtlinie betreffend die Rechte der Verbraucher soll die heutige Mindestharmonisierung durch eine Maximalharmonisierung ersetzen. Obwohl der Vorschlag einige Verbesserungen im Vergleich zu den geltenden Europäischen Union (EU)-Rechtsvorschriften im Bereich des Verbraucherkaufrechts enthält – insbesondere die Vorschriften über den Risikoübergang – ist der Vorschlag im Großen und Ganzen eher enttäuschend. Falls der Vorschlag ungeändert verabschiedet wird, würde dieses, in den meisten EU-Mitgliedstaaten, eine deutliche Verschiebung zugunsten der Verkäufer bedeuten, da für Verbraucher günstigere Regel des nationalenVerbraucherrechts aufgrund der vollständigen Harmonisierung aufgehoben werden müssten. Der von der vorgeschlagenen Richtlinie gebotene Verbraucherschutz ist in mancher Hinsicht sogar noch niedriger als das vorhandene Minimum. Darüber hinaus könnten mehrere Bestimmungen der Richtlinie faktisch dem grenzüberschreitenden Handel entgegenstehen. Der Autor wertet den Vorschlag in Bezug auf Verbraucherkaufverträge aus und fordert eine deutliche Änderung dessen Bestimmungen.

Straipsnyje pateikiama žiniasklaidos užsienio kalbomis pasirinkimo tarp Lietuvos didmiesčių gyventojų lietuvių analizė, atlikta remiantis reprezentatyvios šių miestų gyventojų apklausos duomenimis. Daugiausiai dėmesio skiriama žiniasklaidos rusų ir anglų kalbomis pasirinkimo analizei: kaip dažnai mokantys rusų ir (ar) anglų kalbas renkasi žiniasklaidą šiomis kalbomis, kaip šie pasirinkimai yra pasiskirstę tarp amžiaus grupių, koks žiniasklaidos užsienio kalbomis vartojimo dažnumas, palyginti su kitomis kalbų vartojimo sritimis. Remiantis skirtingais teoriniais požiūriais į kalbos ir tapatybės santykį, žiniasklaidos užsienio kalbomis vartojimą galima vertinti dvejopai: kaip kultūrinės, lingvistinės ir politinės įtakos šaltinį arba tiesiog vartotojo galimybių rinktis jo poreikius tenkinantį žiniasklaidos turinį išplėtimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: žiniasklaidos vartojimas, žiniasklaida užsienio kalbomis, globalizacija.Media in Foreign Languages in Lithuania: Consumer ChoicesLaima Nevinskaitė
SummaryThe author analyses the use of media in foreign languages, mostly Russian and English, among Lithuanians living in the main cities of Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipeda). The analysis is based on data of a representative survey on the knowledge of languages and their use in these cities, performed within the research project "Cities and Languages" by Vilnius Universit).The use of media in foreign languages is important in several respects, which are discussed in the article. First, it can be regarded as a source of cultural and linguistic influence within the context of cultural and linguistic globalisation. In Lithuania and in other former Soviet Union states, media in Russian are also treated as a potential source of political influence. Second, it is important in respect of media market, since foreign media can be regarded as a source of a wider content choice for media consumer.Results of the analysis have shown that a significant part of Lithuanians (up to 40 per cent) frequently use media in foreign languages, although the number of frequent users still lags behind the amount of those who use the media in Lithuanian. The data show a wider knowledge of Russian and generally a wider use of mass media in Russian. Russian is used more often than English as a language for listening radio and watching TV; the use of printed media (books and periodicals) in Russian is higher, but close to that in English; English is much wider used as a language of the internet use. The trends are clearly more positive for English, since it is more popular among young people, even among those who know Russian as well. The article includes a further analysis of media choices among those who know the languages in question, these choices among the age groups, and the frequency of media use in foreign languages in comparison to the use of those languages in other domains.

PurposeCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has often been presented as a challenge for management. This is due to the fact that the CSR debate has been associated with the business practices that are linked to it. But CSR is also an approximation to the business practices that require us to question the underlying corporate business model. Therefore, as it deals with a company's business model, the term CSR at once reveals its potential and its limitations. The ambiguity of the term "social" and the risk of not combining this with the term "economic" is by no means less significant: neither is the diversity of interpretations and approaches allowed by the term "social". Using the words of the Lewis Carrol character, Humpty Dumpty, as a metaphor–according to which a word's meaning depends on the power of the person who uses it – the purpose of this paper is to propose a shift away from talking in terms of CSR (corporate social responsibility) to talking in terms of responsible and sustainable corporation (RSC).Design/methodology/approachThe intention is not to become bogged down with questions of semantics of terminology but, rather, to bring about a change in emphasis. The author intends this to be a means of considering a more relational vision of the company (in other words, a relational corporation), taking as the point of departure the company's relationships with stakeholders. The paper proposes an analysis of the stakeholder relationship which is not reduced to mere relationship management.FindingsOnce these relationships have been established, it can be highlighted how, in each of them, the existence of economic, social and environmental dimensions can be investigated and, as a result, how these dimensions can be integrated into management. This means that the integration process should be translated into a vision of CSR (or, as is suggested, of RSC: responsible and sustainable corporation) at the same time as being a transversal management approach and an axis of corporate identity and of understanding the company as a project.Originality/valueThe paper proposes a change of emphasis regarding the approach to CSR. The aim of the paper is to contribute towards preventing the CSR debate from becoming blocked by debate on the scope of the term "social". It should be put forward directly in terms of business strategy, in order for CSR not to be reduced to a set of business practices but for it to become part of the vision of the company, leading to the proposal of: responsible and sustainable corporation.

Abstract: Constitutional values are slowly but surely gaining territory in private law relationships and disputes – see the scholarly discussion on the so–called 'Drittwirkung' (horizontal effect) of fundamental rights. While examining the example of linguistic and minority rights, this article shows that one crucial problem in the context of Drittwirkung arises from the fact that the European nations are still far from sharing a precisely and uniformly defi ned set of common values, and that there are even values like diversity, equality and non–discrimination which are bound to lead to contradictory results once applied in European legal practice. As to language–based contractual disputes, this article consequently argues that there is currently no possibility for a uniform solution model for such case patterns on European territory. The author rather opts for a multi– dimensional approach, taking account of all of the various aspects of the problem, and tries to outline some guidelines as a tool for judges confronted with such cases in everyday legal practice.
Résumé: Des valeurs constitutionelles deviennent de plus en plus importantes dans les relations et les disputes du droit privé – voir le débat académique actuel sur l'ainsi nommé Drittwirkung (effêt horizontal) des droit ondamentaux. Examinant l'exemple des droits linguistiques et des minoritées, cet article démontre qu'un problème capital dans le contexte de Drittwirkung résulte du fait que les nations européennes se trouvent encore loin d'un ensemble des valeurs défi ni d'une manière précise et homogène. Il y existent même des valeurs comme la diversité, l'égalité et la non–discrimination qui mènent, lors de leur application dans les systèmes juridiques en Europe, nécessairement à des résultats contradictoires. Quant à les disputes contractuelles résultant des problèmes lingustiques, cet article soutient qu'il ne peut pas avoir, à l'heure actuelle, un modèle de solution unitaire pour ces schémas des cas dans le territoire européen. Par contre, l'autrice se prononce en faveur d'une approche multidimensionnelle prenant en compte tous les aspects du problème et essaye de délinéer quelques directives comme instrument pour les juges ayant à traiter de tels dossiers dans leur travail quotidien.
Zusammenfassung: Verfassungswerte gewinnen in Privatrechtsbeziehungen und –streitigkeiten immer weiter an Bedeutung – vergleiche die akademische Debatte über die sogenannte Drittwirkung der Grundrechte. Anhand des Beispiels von Sprach– und Minderheitenrechten zeigt dieser Artikel, dass ein Schwerpunktproblem im Bereich der Drittwirkung aus der Tatsache herrührt, dass die europäischen Nationen noch weit von einem genau und einheitlich defi nierten gemeinsamen Wertekanon entfernt sind, und dass es sogar Werte wie Vielfalt, Gleichheit und Nichtdiskriminierung gibt, die bei ihrer praktischen Anwendung in der europäischen Rechtspraxis zwangsläufi g zu widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen führen. Hinsichtlich sprachbasierter Vertragsstreitigkeiten vertritt dieser Artikel folgerichtig die Ansicht, dass es momentan keine Möglichkeit für ein einheitliches Lösungsmodell für derartige Fallschemata auf europäischem Gebietgibt. Stattdessen entscheidet sich die Autorin für eine mehrdimensionale Herangehensweise, die alle Gesichtspunkte des Problems berücksic

Mark Thompson deplores the decline in the public trust of government and of public service institutions such as the BBC. But there has also been a decline in another form of trust: government's trust in the ability of professionals such as doctors and teachers to deliver high quality public services. And, unlike Thompson's type of trust, this decline was inevitable, because it was based on untenable assumptions concerning professional motivation.The author discusses the importance of trust in an unwritten constitution, including trust in the use made of public resources, trust that appointments are being made on merit, trust that the civil service is 'speaking truth unto power' behind the scenes and ultimately trust that it retains the ability to serve future governments.In a world where trust in institutions is diminishing, there are still surprising levels of trust in the world of private philanthropy. The public are only too ready to give donations without seeking to question, especially in the wake of major disasters. Yet the nature of aid agencies has changed dramatically in the past thirty years into major global enterprises with sophisticated media and marketing operations. In this case a greater degree of scepticism from those who donate and paradoxically less trust might actually result in better outcomes from aid and better use of funding.Trust is critical to the mission of the FCO. The public needs to trust the competence and sound judgment of the professional diplomats. The diplomats themselves need to be able to rely on the commonsense of their fellow colleagues. Ministers and diplomats need to trust each other. And other governments need to have confidence in the discretion of their British counterparts. This is an increasing challenge in the world of instant news. Trust can be quickly lost by indiscreet or self‐serving revelations. But the key is to be as open and transparent as possible about the processes of diplomacy.A new survey commissioned by the British Journalism Review demonstrates that public confidence in journalism has collapsed over the last five years. This is particularly true for the commercial broadcasters ITV and Channel 4, whose journalism has traditionally commanded as much public esteem as the BBC. Trust in the BBC and print journalists has also declined, and journalism suffered more than any of the other 16 occupational groups being assessed. This is partly due to the cumulative effect of various "fakery" scandals that have afflicted broadcasters over the last 18 months and partly down to a more widespread cynicism directed at those in authority.