Das Paraphrasieren stellt eine bekannte kognitive Methode in der empirischen Sozialforschung dar: Die antwortenden Personen werden gebeten, eine Frage in ihren eigenen Worten zu wiederholen. Das Paraphrasieren erlaubt nähere Erkenntnisse darüber, ob der Antwortende die Fragestellung verstanden hat und in der beabsichtigten Weise interpretiert. Die Autoren zeigen anhand eines kleinen Experiments, inwieweit die Technik des Paraphrasierens tatsächlich zu validen Informationen in der Umfrageforschung führen kann. Sie stützen sich hierbei auf Daten eines kognitiven Pretests mit 20 Personen aus einer ALLBUS-Umfrage. (ICI)
The article reviews pragmatic, conservative, radical, idealistic, neutral, critical, and vulgar-managerial worldview approaches to the interpretation of public relations' social role in a society wide-familiar within the theory and practice of Western countries. Sharing the American scholar James Grunig's and his colleagues' point of view on the normative theory of ethical PR, the author shows that only in case of the practical application of symmetrical (ideal) model of communication between organizations and publics, the social institute of public relations may overcome an utilitarian approach to ethics and become more effective and socially responsible. The author comes to the conclusion that application of such a symmetrical model of public relations in Ukraine will promote the democratic development and creation of a civil society in this country.
The article deals with the demographic situation in Ukraine at the close of 20th century. Changes in population size and proportions of its forming sources after the last All-Soviet Union general census of the population (1989) are the focus of attention in the article. The author investigates the main features of fertility, mortality, marriages, divorces and demographic development of Ukrainian family for this period of time. There was also examined the contribution of natural increase/decrease of population and its net-migration to the process of depopulation and deepening of the demographic crisis in the country. The author remarked the tendency to growth of the indices of demographic loading per 1000 midyear population of working age and transformations in its structure. There was predicted the further aging of population and lessening of its labour potential in the nearest future. There are no reasons to expect any swift positive changes in the demographic situation now. The demographic crisis is deepening.
In: Social and economic research with consumer panel data : proceedings of the first ZUMA Symposium on Consumer Panel Data, 5 and 6 October 1999, S. 133-147
In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe und dem Wandel des Haushaltsnettoeinkommens und dem Konsum alkoholischer Getränke bzw. Spirituosen mit einem Alkoholgehalt über 20% untersucht. Datengrundlage bildet das Verbraucherpanel der Gesellschaft für Marktforschung (GfK) aus dem Jahr 1995, das auch die sozioökonomischen Merkmale der befragten Haushalte erfasste. Der Autor diskutiert zunächst einige sozialpsychologische Aspekte des Alkoholkonsums, um im Anschluss daran die Einflussfaktoren beim Kauf hochprozentiger alkoholischer Getränke zu untersuchen. Den Einfluss des Haushaltseinkommens schätzt er mit Hilfe einer linearen Regressionsanalyse und beleuchtet ferner einige soziodemographische Faktoren, wie z.B. Haushaltsgröße, Beschäftigungssituation und Vorhandensein von Kindern. Die drei wichtigsten Ergebnisse seiner explorativen Studie lauten: (1) hohe Einkommensrestriktionen führen zu einer Einschränkung des Alkoholverbrauchs, (2) signifikante Verbesserungen des ökonomischen Status führen zu kurzfristigen Steigerungen des Alkoholverbrauchs, (3) signifikante Verschlechterungen führen ebenfalls zu einer kurzfristigen Steigerung der Nachfrage nach alkoholischen Getränken. (ICI)
Why should social inequality be the topic of a session of a history congress rather than of a meeting of sociologists and, hence, a section of this book by historians rather than by sociologists? Why should one raise the issue of social inequality in a period of deep worldwide economic crisis in which the general public is interested in other themes and in which social inequality is often considered as a preoccupation of the past economic boom ? Why should social inequality be treated in a series of papers on quantitative history after having become so much a preoccupation of intellectual history and of ideological debates? I shall briefly answer these important and unavoidable questions, then cover the definition as well as some ideas on the long-term change of social inequality and finally say something about the three cases which are dealt with in the following papers, i. e. Sweden, Poland, and the U.S.
It is now more than twenty years since I first came across biographical research in connection with my doctoral thesis. It was a time when this approach was beginning to re-establish itself after half a century, in German sociology in particular but also at the international level. Sociological biographical research began in the 1920s, in association with the migration study The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by William Isaac Thomas and Florian Znaniecki (1918–20; 1958) at the University of Chicago. Even then, empirical work was already concentrating on the single case study. Alongside documentary analysis on the migration process, this voluminous work contains only one biography of a Polish migrant, commissioned by the researchers. It was not so much the concrete biographical analysis that made this work so influential for subsequent interpretative sociology and biographical research, but rather the two authors' general methodological comments.
Ausgehend von der Feststellung, daß es nur sehr wenige Studien im Bereich der quantitativen historischen Politikforschung über die Wandlungen des politischen Systems in Italien gibt, untersucht der Autor Wähler, Wahlverhalten, Wahlen, Politiker und das politische System in Italien zwischen 1861 und 1913. Es wird festgestellt, daß die regionalen Unterschiede in Italien einen prägenden Einfluß auf die extrem unterschiedlichen Befunde zu praktisch allen Variablen haben. So reicht die Wahlteilnahme 1861 von über 90 % auf Sizilien bis hinunter zu 20 % in den Städten des Nordens wie Bologna, Florenz, Genua und Mailand. Erklärend ist hier das Phänomen des Patronagesystems, die unterschiedlichen Einflußnahmen sozialer Kontrolle in Stadt und Land. Als weitere Besonderheit des italienischen politischen Systems muß der außergewöhnlich hohe Anteil an Berufspolitikern angesehen werden. Im Zusammenhang damit ist die im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern sehr hohe Verweildauer im Parlament der italienischen Abgeordneten zu sehen. Als wichtiges intervenierendes Phänomen wird die Korruption beschrieben, insbesondere der Stimmenkauf durch Bestechung. Dieses Verhalten war insbesondere in ländlich geprägten Regionen üblich, wo die Stimmen durch kleine Geldzahlungen, warme Mahlzeiten oder einen halben Liter Wein gekauft wurden. Im Italien des ausgehenden 19. Jahrhunderts wird die Bürokratie auf breiter Front von Korruption durchdrungen, ein Prozeß der als "Versüdlichung der Bürokratie" allseits bekannt wurde. Damit erhielten die Angehörigen der oberen Schichten aus dem Mezzogiorno Italiens die Chance, Führungspositionen in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft des Staates einzunehmen. (ICF)
This article is devoted to consideration of the forth-social effects, which resulted the market institutionalization in post-Soviet Ukrainian society. The main effects are the change of the forms of social alienation and the formation of a socioeconomic thresh old of exploitation, as against the organizational-bureaucratic exploitation inherent in the Soviet society, the displayed social cleavage on a line of the social alienation and the socioeconomic exploitation, the active symbolical struggle for legitimization of the specific discourses of the market, and the formation of a class system of the post-Soviet society as a system of the alternative social forces. These effects become the result of an indemnification of those structural— cultural "failures", which were comprised by a so cial system of a Soviet type. The author confirms that the post-socialist transformation has been developed as a spontaneous process of "alignment" of social space, before pulled together to one social pole — "nomenclature" class. Thus the "alignment" is a returning of the social space to a complex, emergence, dynamic balance, which is inherent to the complex social phenomenon. The author considers the market institutionalization as a compensator reaction of a Soviet type of industrial society, which exhausted its internal resources and was compelled to rush in search of other necessary resources of development. It is considered in what way the social cleavage is institutionalizing in the forms of a specific class position and practice.
The article is written in form of pseudo dialogue between sociologist and lawyer. The data of interrogation of Kharkiv region in habitants in few indicators is showed in the article: 1. A part of victimized residents during last 12 months (population's victimization proportion). 2. General quantity of reported crimes during survey. 3. Quantity of police reports. 4. Degree of latency. The so called "Latency paradox" as a world-view and as a methodological problem is discussed in the article. The author maintains the thought about necessity of developing the domestic sociology of crime in cooperation with other criminal-law disciplines.
"Among political and economic elites as well as in public opinion a sense of malanaise has spread across Germany since the mid-1990s, after the initial enthusiasm about German unification, the end of the Cold War and the acceleration of European integration. In the early 1980s West Germany was widely celebrated, and indeed celebrated itself, as an island of economic prosperity, social peace and political stability in an increasingly turbulent world. Reflecting the opinion of the time, 'West European Politics' published a Special Issue in 1981 under the title of 'Germany: Perspectives on a Stable State'. During the 1970s and early 1980s, when the United States was in a deep crisis of economic performance and public confidence, the German industrial strategy of 'diversified quality production' became an admired model world-wide, echoing Helmut Schmidt's proclamation of 'Modell Deutschland' in his first election campaign of 1976 when he prided himself on his government's achievement of apparently unshakeable tripartite consensus with business and labour." (excerpt)
"Unquestionably, the content analysis which has emerged as part of Information Retrieval Systems (IRS, e.g. literature databases) over the past 20 years has much in common with the content analysis used by linguists or in the social sciences. However, its intrinsic value stems from the special context in which it is used: a) Close interdependencies link the selected content analysis with the retrieval situation. The user's retrieval strategies, which are intended to obtain information relevant to the current problem situation, and the available aids (e.g. expansion lists or user-friendly browsing tools) affect the efficacy of some analysis techniques (e.g. noun phrase analysis from computer linguistics) to a considerable extent. b) Normally, a commercial IRS handles mass data, thus necessitating the use of a reduced content analysis even today. Full morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic text analyses are unthinkable simply for efficiency reasons but also for knowledge reasons. Content analysis in IRS is therefore a component part of a special type of restricted system which obeys its own laws. Against the backdrop of these considerations, forms of content analysis in present-day commercial retrieval systems are studied and promising expansions and alternatives are proposed." (author's abstract)
