Suchergebnisse

History of a Négociation, by Jérôme Paolini
Front the first deployments of soviet SS-20's in 1975-1976 and the NATO dual track decision of 1979 to the signature of the Washington Treaty on december 8, 1987, an entire chapter of post-war European security has unfolded in this « euromissile decade ». The article presents a detailed analysis of five intense years of Soviet-American négociations on intermediate nuclear forces as well as the political context and military stakes that played a leading rôle in their final outcome. The historical retrospect suggests an irresistable convergence of various factors, sometimes mastered, often uncontroled, that would ultimately lead to the complete elimination of INF.

Leonid Heller, Gor'kij et Zamjatin.
L'article est une première approche de l'histoire longtemps occultée des relations entre Gor'kij cl Zamjatin. L'influence de Gor'kij sur Zamjalin, leurs affinités, leur collaboration étroite dans les années qui suivent la révolution, enfin, leurs divergences à partir du milieu des années 20, tels sont les problèmes abordés dans l'article. La comparaison entre les deux écrivains permet de mieux saisir la position de chacun d'eux, souvent pétrie de contradictions. Ces questions débouchent sur une interrogation de fond : Gor'kij et Zamjatin sont vus et décrits dans leur évolution comme deux modèles opposés d'écrivain, confrontés aussi bien à leur propre création littéraire qu'à la réalité socio-culturelle de leur époque.

In order to study the way in which law rules childhood, the author opposes swiss law with its practice as regards the blurred notion of the child's interest. By so doing, she draws through her analysis four parameters which are used by legal practice in order to convey a concrete content to this undeterrnined notion, and like'wise elaborate a specific legal profile for the child, this new character on the legal scene, object of the preoccupations of the swiss legislator, at the time of the revision of the right of filiation in 1976.
While examining the child's wavering between parental authority and the authority of governmental institutions, the author puts into light the social dynamics of a dual movement in the child's submission :
a) towed by the nuclear family considered as the normative mould ;
b) its subordination to new governmental institutions, the hegemony of which surreptitiously but slowly nibbles away the area of freedom of the household.
The conclusions of this legal enquiry are enlightering : for the sake of his interest, the child's right of speech is stolen away from him. This appropriation is set in the framework of new public morals which have invested the private sphere with new legitimations.

20 p. Communication inédite ; Qu'entend-on par "manifestation"?La subversion par un groupe de l'espace public, généralement urbain, susceptible d'être le théâtre d' un discours imposé à un interlocuteur, et le public des habitants,des passants, présent dans cet espace, qui en sera le témoin(les média deviendront des spectateurs privilégiés),témoin aussi de la réponse qui sera éventuellement donnée. La force d'imposition du discours réside dans la démonstration de l'ampleur,de la force,de la cohésion du groupe des manifestants. Il s'agit d'affirmer la position, les projets sociaux de ceux-ci, souvent de protester contre une situation insupportable ou une mesure autoritaire. Mais il peut y avoir des manifestations de l'ordre établi lorsqu'il se sent menacé ou par trop contesté (Champs Elysées 1968).

20 p. Communication inédite ; Qu'entend-on par "manifestation"?La subversion par un groupe de l'espace public, généralement urbain, susceptible d'être le théâtre d' un discours imposé à un interlocuteur, et le public des habitants,des passants, présent dans cet espace, qui en sera le témoin(les média deviendront des spectateurs privilégiés),témoin aussi de la réponse qui sera éventuellement donnée. La force d'imposition du discours réside dans la démonstration de l'ampleur,de la force,de la cohésion du groupe des manifestants. Il s'agit d'affirmer la position, les projets sociaux de ceux-ci, souvent de protester contre une situation insupportable ou une mesure autoritaire. Mais il peut y avoir des manifestations de l'ordre établi lorsqu'il se sent menacé ou par trop contesté (Champs Elysées 1968).

Borderline Survival, Social Alienation and Upward Mobility : The Second Generation in Western Europe.
Immigration has given rise to an estimated 7 000 000 youths aged 0-20 years in the main host countries. Over 50 % were born in host countries. One positive effect has been the rejuvenation of the ageing European population. Furthermore, they replenish existing manpower reserves domestically, thus having direct impact on the job market. However, the educational System and job training schemes are ill-suited to preparing them for the roles they will be expected to play in society. Overly stringent screening in schools and job training centers could resuit in a downward spiral of social alienation for significant numbers of second generation youth. Is there a paradoxical situation in which a substantial number of youths will find themselves cornered in dead-end situations on the eve of the Single European Market ?

Michel Niqueux, Gor'kii's death : testimonies and assumptions.
Submitting to a critical examination the testimonies of L. Aragon regarding the death of Gor'kii, the official medical reports and the relations of the writer with Stalin, the author establishes a series of facts that throw a doubt on the version of Gor'kii's natural death and on that of medical murder. Everything seems to point to the fact that, despite his pledges of allegiance, Gor'kii represented an obstacle to Stalin's policy after the murder of Kirov, and that Stalin wanted to prevent Gor'kii from meeting with Aragon and Gide.

The author gives an account of the latest contributions, whether recent books on the subject, the number of which has been growing fast, or studies presented at various symposiums and meetings of social scientists in view of the approaching bicentenary. He sums up the various stands taken and shows how much the validity of different points of view depend on a negative or positive evaluation of economic development under the revolution. A precise study area by area makes it possible to come to a much more carefully nuanced conclusion than those of recent syntheses rather hastily put together.

Noting the changing theoretical perspectives of French sociology, which has been marked by a renewal of interest in individual behaviors, the author tests the new possibilities of a dialogue about labor market studies between sociologists and economists. An examination of the changing sociology of P. Bourdieu, of the theory of investment of forms as formulated by T. Thévenot, and of the societal analysis advanced by M. Maurice, F. Sellier and J. -J. Silvestre is used to advocate an interactionist approach to labor markets, which are thus taken to be the product of the dynamic interrelation of actors and institutions.

During the past 20 years, the number of women in Japan's labour force has increased dramatically. Day-care centers (creches) designed as places where children both live and are educated, are the most typical recourse for working mothers. Those which are licensed by the state do not generally meet working parent's needs for it is recommended, in view of the child's well being, that he/she should not enter a creche before he/she is 3 months old, and that he/she should not remain in the center for long periods of time before the age of one year. The new law on equality of employment and salary for both sexes, though good in its inspiration, has led women, like men, to work too much, sometimes up to 10 p.m. So parents have to resort to non-licensed creches where children can stay until late at night. The financial cost of a day-care centre, whether licensed or not, is very heavy and is entirely paid for by the parents.

The development of an anthropological approach to political facts in the European area is a récent element. The author describes the obstacles which hindered this development. He then examines the concept of political space, the abject of that anthropology. This concept must be understood in its two-fold meaning : the space of political representation, a pattern of networks where one moves constantly beyond the limits defined by local communities and the space of political action in which the reference to territoriality, to the hierarchical opposition of center and periphery, rules the practices and the discourse of the elected. The gap between these two spaces is at the heart of the political anthropology of modern societies.

This article studies the activities of the assembly of the clergy which met between May 5th and August 8th 1788. At this exceptionnal session the first corporate body within the society of orders had to give its opinion not only on the financial question but on the major political problems of the moment in the context of the crisis which had broken out between the monarchy and the Parliaments. This was accomplished trough remonstrances which demonstrate the resolutely conservative position taken although within the limites of the law. To the term « aristocratic revolution » used by Georges Lefebvre, the author prefers the expression: the legal conservatrice opposition or the legal resistance of the orders.