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This chapter will examine early world views of education policy which argued for and against stimulating economic prosperity and social cohesion by means of - what the author calls - the educating state. The chapter then will outline the institutional formation of the educating state in the history of nation-building since the eighteenth century. The thesis contends that the political economy of the educating state does indeed explain the value of the utilization of education for improving power, wealth, and integration of competing nations as universally driving forces in history. Finally, a study of front-page coverage of education policy in leading American, UK and German newspapers shows how interacting forces of national path-dependencies and universal forces are represented in the public discourse in the second half of the twentieth century. (DIPF/Orig.).

"Decentralised policy formation and implementation is one of the salient features of China's family planning programme that is the most important driving force of China's fertility transition. This paper reviews the differentials in local policy and programmes, and examines their effects on patterns of fertility transition across China. Major consequences of the differential fertility transition, such as varied processes of population ageing and labour force supply etc. at provincial level, are then discussed. The author argues that the success of government population policy to a large extent is determined by socio-economic and cultural factors. On the other hand, regional demographic patterns have profound impact on China's regional and rural-urban differences in terms of socio-economic development. Large scale migration is one of such examples." (author's abstract)

The author examines the regional factor's influence on integrative and activating functions of political culture of the population of Ukraine. As a factor of influence on the above-mentioned functions, the region is treated as a territorial organization of socio-political and socio-cultural aspects of a community's activity. The congruence of common socio-cultural values, as well as the level of political solidarity is researched on the basis of historical identity, spatial-territorial self-identification, a desirable line of the regional development related to the opposition "nationally integrated — regionally autonomous", as well as the degree of authoritarianism in a territorial community. Empirical data allow concluding about political culture of all regions of Ukraine that can be defined as tending to the integrative-passive type with slight differences.

Explores contradictions between "red" class politics & "green" ecological concerns in contemporary Indian environmental movements. The author rejects the contention that Indian environmentalism differs from that of the 'first world.' Many suggest that 'third world environmentalism' is based on an "environmentalism of the poor" & linked primarily with issues of material distributive justice, rather than based on the postmaterialist concerns of the "first world" movements. The ideologies & activities of some of the "icons" of the Indian environmental movement are discussed, along with key momments in the movement's history. Analysis reveals how these movements rely on collaborations with middle- & upper-class actors & audiences, linking the rich & the poor in diverse, but shared, battles against the inequality caused by the global, political economy & environmental degradation. K. Hyatt Stewart

In this introductory chapter to Life after Reform: When Bipartisan Campaign Reform Meets Politics, the author contextualizes the reform act in the two decades of debate since the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 & amendments, & the issues addressed by the Buckley court. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) is summarized, & the framework of analysis for the book is diagrammed. The model used throughout the book is a schematic of givers & receivers operating in an environment of tension between law as constraint & freedom within the law. The remaining articles of the book are introduced as unique perspectives written by a diverse group of political scientists brought together by the Campaign Finance Institute to address the impacts of BCRA on substantive issues. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 2 References. J. Harwell

The author takes up the question of the usefulness of theory to the practice of feminist scholarship & at least as importantly to the practice of feminism & to the lives of women -- especially poor women living in societies in which women have even fewer rights than do their sisters elsewhere. Still, despite the limitations of theory, she argues that feminist philosophers should take up Kant's practical postulate. Women continue to suffer throughout the world from pervasive discrimination vis-a-vis all major human capabilities, including life itself, but this does not mean that the large-scale practical task of wedding history to theory should not be attempted. Such an attempt remains morally valuable to help us sustain hope about the human condition. D. Knaff

In the initial part of the chapter a sketch of the Dutch policy context with respect to quality care and school self-evaluation in education is given. The particular context of fairly autonomous schools, some recent policy measures and the availability of a range of providers of tools and instruments have led to a broad rnixture of approaches to school self evaluation. This context the author considers as the basic "feeding ground" for the initiative to develop integrated instrumentation for school self-evaluation in primary education, the ZEBO-project. Next, the theoretical background and methodological aspects of this integrated school self-evaluation instrument have been discussed. In the final section an outline is being given of the actual uses schools can make of the envisaged integrated instrument. (DIPF/Orig./Ba.).

Personal experience as a refugee from Latvia after WWII is reflected on 50 years after the event, prompted by observations of other foreign women visiting a hair salon in contemporary WI. The author speaks of a continuing hauntededness that she perceives in herself & sees reflected in the eyes of these other exiled women. She describes her longing to speak her native language & the attempts she has made to find opportunities to do so, eg, by attending Latvian church services. She recounts an episode while at a church social event that involved her coming to the aid of the pastor, who appeared to be being threatened by a gun-toting man. It is in this moment, she believes, that she experienced a "miracle" & transcended the fears that accompany exiled women. K. Hyatt Stewart

The author looks at how the institutions of family & kinship were deformed by the policies & programs of South Africa's apartheid regime. Based on research in New Crossroads, a township established for Africans in 1982, she explores apartheid's ruinous consequences for local communities, for relations between the sexes, & for intergenerational connections. She finds that apartheid fostered a high prevalence of sexual abuse & that the definition of childhood was forcefully reshaped by the experience of ongoing violence. Although there was pro forma adherence to traditional norms of male initiation, the affirmation of maleness through intergenerational connections within the community completely broke down under apartheid. The author's research demonstrates why living with violence makes it difficult to fulfill life projects enjoined by tradition. 15 References. A. Funderburg

The author examines the redefinition of Orthodox Christian identity that occurred in a Russian monastery town in the early 20th century, during a period of rapid modernization. Religion has historically played a major role in Russian life & national identity, particularly after the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. The article reviews the central traditions & history of Orthodox Christianity, & the popular significance of shrines, miracles, & the canonization of saints. When the shrine of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk was officially endorsed as a symbol of modern Russia, it became the destination of many peasant pilgrims & the source of Russian national identity for their families. Even when some holy places were exposed as fraudulent (& eventually replaced by national shrines), people clung to their faith & participated in the modern nation. J. R. Callahan

The author asserts that the capitalistic system began, not in the cities, but in agriculture within England in relatively recent history. Competition, accumulation, & profit-maximization are at the heart of a market-dependent system, & it requires constant accumulation, finding new markets, & imposing its needs on new land, new "spheres of life," on humans, & on the environment. Even in the 16th century, landlords & tenants were concerned with the improvement of the land to increase productivity & profit. Market imperatives caused exploitation of farm workers & of the independent farmer & his family in order to raise productivity. Failure to increase productivity led to dispossession & take over by larger & more productive groups or individuals. The new system brought widespread dispossession & intense exploitation, & the need for colonial expansion & imperialism in search of new markets & resources. L. A. Hoffman

Discusses the inevitable role of allegory in ethnographic research & means of understanding & harnessing it. Encoded within written reports, ethnographic research represents a form of story telling that simultaneously describes real cultural events & makes moral, ideological, & abstract statements about the object of study & the outside world. Both local cultural & general meanings are implicit within ethnography, & it is argued that allegory is not a supplement to these stories, but the framework that gives them meaning. The factual cannot be separated from the allegorical in these accounts, & thus, the meanings of an ethnographic text cannot be controlled or limited by the author. Recognition of the role of allegory highlights the need for acceptance of the political & ethical dimensions of research, by both readers & writers of ethnography. T. Sevier

"This chapter integrates literature on both expectations toward and perceptions of media. The author argues that those expectations and perceptions are important explanatory variables for the selection and effects of media. The chapter brings together ideas from the uses-and-gratifications tradition, from research on hostile media and third person perceptions, and from media credibility research in a model of the uses and perceptions of media. In the model audience perceptions are introduced as important antecedents of media use as well as of future expectations toward media. The chapter emphasizes the importance of media perceptions as their effects are not limited to an attitudinal level, but also regard political participation, voting and other behavioral responses. The chapter concludes with a call for more scholarly efforts linking uses and perceptions of media in political communication research." (publisher's description)

"This chapter reviews research on the long-term development of political communication, mainly focusing on the changes occurring over the last decades. The overview first discusses conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues, addressing trends like mediatization and professionalization as well as several phase models developed to describe changes of political communication. Then, the author reflects upon the evolution of mass media and political communication, including technological, organizational and economical changes and their consequences for political media content and political journalism. After that political communication is looked at in a broader perspective of political and social changes which both condition and stimulate the transformation of political communication (e.g., Americanization, modernization, globalization, localization). Finally, the political consequences of this transformation are touched upon by discussing recent trends in election campaign communication." (publisher's description)

"The chapter examines the impact of the EU on Latin American policies. According to the author, this has received less attention as most research has highlighted interregional relations or the relationship between the EU and individual Latin American countries. By examining the contributions and impact of the EU to the improvement of democracy in Latin America this chapter applies an analytical framework of norm-diffusion in Latin American countries. The settings for diffusion of norms, the strength of positive and negative conditionality and the conditions of the norm-takers to embrace the orientation of EU values play a significant role here. Depending on the sub-region or Latin American country, the norm-diffusion policies of the EU have a divergent impact. This will be illustrated in three contrasting cases of Mexico, Venezuela and Honduras." (author's abstract)