Suchergebnisse

Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind "Formen, Voraussetzungen und Folgen des Strukturwandels der Familie", der vor allem in Abhängigkeit von innerfamiliärer wie gesamtgesellschaftlicher Arbeitsorganisation gesehen wird. Der Verfasser stellt "quelleninterne Probleme" (Personenstandslisten) dar und behandelt "Datenaufbereitung und -auswertung" (Codierung, Programmauswahl). Abschließend geht er auf den allgemeinen Stellenwert quantifizierender historischer Forschung ein. (WZ)

"The current European Commission policies are guided by the 'Europe 2020' strategy paper under which the 'Innovation Union' forms one of the mayor policy flagship initiatives for the years to come. These policies are led by the Commissioner of Research and Innovation. The Innovation Union document understands innovation in a much broader sense than it was traditionally the case with seeing innovation as a technology-based process. This recent policy consensus includes social innovation as an integral part of the Innovation Union Flagship Initiative and the documents foresee a monitoring of innovation in order to control the progress made by innovative actions at European Union and at Member State level. Measuring innovation and in particular social innovation is quite a new and challenging approach in methodological and practical terms. Therefore, the author reflects on the feasibility of measuring progress caused by social innovations and on pre-conditions to monitoring policy impact in relation to social innovations at international level. Currently, innovation monitoring chiefly is applied with an economic focus although social data base developments have been funded by the European Commission research and development programs over years. The paper presents selected EU research activities as well as the method and policy relevance of two innovation monitoring approaches targeting the economic dimension in the EU: the Innovation Union Scoreboard (IUS) and the Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The approaches shed some light on how monitoring instruments of social innovation may be developed. The paper concludes that a high obstacle to monitoring social innovation is its proliferation of targets in various policy fields. Therefore, the notion of social innovations may be blurred too much in the current policy debate in order to be instrumental for measurement. Consensus needs to be reached on the point of view if either targets of specific policies (innovation, security, health, social, environment, transport, etc.) shall be monitored to which social innovation is instrumental, or if social innovation is a subject in its own to be monitored." (author's abstract)

Von Generationen zu sprechen, ist für die Soziologin oder den Soziologen mehr und mehr salonfähig geworden, gerade da die Konzepte von Klasse und Schicht zunehmend an Erklärungswert einbüßen. Martin Kohli hat zwar bereits 1978 in seinem Sammelband zur "Soziologie des Lebenslaufs" auf die Bedeutung des Generationenansatzes für die Soziologie pointiert hingewiesen. Doch betrachtet man die Diskussion in diesem Bereich, kann man sich fragen, ob wir über die programmatischen Erklärungen Karl Mannheims wirklich hinausgekommen sind. Es erscheint mir eher so, daß der Begriff der Generation unspezifisch inflationär verwendet wird, und zwar jenseits einer empirisch fundierten wissenssoziologischen Konzeptbildung. Viel häufiger als von Generationszusammenhängen im Mannheimschen Sinne wird von Generationen im Sinne von Geburtskohorten gesprochen.

Die Untersuchung stellt den Versuch dar, das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft und seine Zyklen über den Zeitraum von 1820 bis 1913 auf der Basis von 18 Indikatoren im Zusammenhang quantitativ zu analysieren. Dabei geht es um (1) den Nachweis relevanter unterschiedlicher Wachstumsmuster innerhalb der Gesamtwirtschaft; (2) die Bestimmung von Zahl und Durchschnittslänge der Zyklen einzelner Indikatoren sowie die Datierung der vorherrschenden Konjunkturbewegung; (3) Einblicke in die Zusammenhänge zwischen einzelnen Wirtschaftsbereichen. Über diese inhaltliche Zielsetzungen hinaus wurden Methoden und Instrumente der Zeitreihenanalyse im Rahmen der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte vorgeführt. Dabei kommen u. a. die Trendanalyse, die Korrelogramm-Analyse und die Lead-lag-Analyse zur Anwendung. (KS)

Der Beitrag behandelt die theoretische Erklärung und empirisch feststellbare Bedeutung des Einreisealters für die Entstehung einer (kompetenten) Bilingualität. Im Hintergrund steht die theoretisch nahe liegende, aber umstrittene Hypothese, dass bestimmte soziale Bedingungen, die den Erwerb der einen Sprache fördern, den der anderen behindern, etwa weil sich im Alltag die entsprechenden Sprachumwelten räumlich, zeitlich und sozial meist deutlich verteilen. Beim Einreisealter kommt die - ebenfall umstrittene - Hypothese hinzu, dass es eine "kritische Periode" des Spracherwerbs gebe. In dem Beitrag wird ein theoretisches Modell für den Zweit- und Erstspracherwerb entwickelt und anhand von Daten des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels empirisch untersucht. Die beiden wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind, dass es zum einen in der Tat einige Bedingungen des Spracherwerbs gibt, die den Erwerb beider Sprachen gegenseitig behindern, und dass das für das Einreisealter in einem besonderen Maße zutrifft, und zum anderen, dass es eine deutlich erkennbare "kritische Periode" beim Zweitspracherwerb gibt (etwa ab 13 Jahre). Die Entstehung der (kompetenten) Bilingualität wird damit von zwei Seiten her erschwert: Ein zu niedriges Einreisealter behindert den Erstspracherwerb, ein zu hohes den Zweitspracherwerb. Die praktische Schlussfolgerung für die Förderung der Bilingualität ist damit die möglichst frühzeitige Ermöglichung interethnischer Kontakte für den simultanen Zugang zu verschiedenen Sprachumgebungen in der Periode der höchsten Lernfähigkeit. (DIPF/Orig.).;;;"This contribution deals with the theoretical explanation and empirically observable impact of the age at immigration on the development of (competent) bilingualism. What is behind this, is the obvious, however also controversial, hypothesis that certain social conditions that foster the acquisition of one language impede the acquisition of the other one. This may be due to the fact that the respective day-to-day language environments often differ in terms of space, time and also socially. In addition, with regard to the age at immigration the - also controversial - hypothesis becomes important that there is a 'critical period' in language acquisition. In this article the author develop a theoretical model of second and first language acquisition and investigate it empirically with data of the socio-economic panel. The two most important results are that, first there are indeed certain conditions that mutually impede the acquisition of both languages and that this is especially true for age at immigration as one of these conditions, and second, that there is a clearly identifiable 'critical period' in second language acquisition (starting at about the age of 13). The development of (competent) bilingualism is thus hindered from two sides: a too low age at immigration obstructs first language acquisition whereas a too high age obstructs second language acquisition. The practical conclusion for enhancing bilingualism is then to allow for interethnic contacts at an early stage in order to provide simultaneous exposure to different language environments during the period when learning aptitude is highest." (author's abstract).

Der Beitrag befaßt sich mit frühindustriellen Managementproblemen. Ausgangspunkt ist ein erweiterter unternehmenshistorischer Ansatz, der sich auf vier Aspekte konzentriert: (1) die Management-Funktion und ihren Beitrag zu Unternehmenserfolg und Wirtschaftswachstum; (2) Management als Herrschaftssystem und Herrschaftsmittel; (3) das Management-Personal; (4) gesamtgesellschaftliche Modelle und Leitbilder, die die Entwicklung des industriellen Managements und seines Personals prägten. Auf dieser Grundlage werden die Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie über die Geschichte der Firma Siemens und Halske, Berlin, zwischen 1847 und 1867 präsentiert. Die Entwicklung der Fabrik wird beschrieben, indem vor allem die Veränderungen in der Leitungsorganisation nachgezeichne werden. Als ein Problem wird der Arbeitermangel beschrieben. Die daraus folgenden Probleme einer rationalen Personalpolitik werden diskutiert. Dabei werden zwei Funktionsbereiche der Personalpolitik unterschieden: das Erbringen betrieblich-ökonomischer Vorteile und die sozial-integrative Funktion. Für die Fabrikleitung werde patriarchalische und familienbezogene Lenkungstechniken ermittelt, die unterstützt werden durch verschiedene Formen der Gewinnbeteligung. Dann wird der Einfluß des sich auf gesellschaftlicher Ebene vollziehenden Bürokratisierungsprozesses auf das Fabrik-Management untersucht. Dabei geht es vor allem um Status und Funktionen der frühindustriellen Angestellten. Der Platz der Angestellten in der Hierarchie wird verortert. Einzelne Aspekte werden skizziert: Bezahlung, beruflicher Aufstieg, Vorrechte. Ausgehend von der Analyse werden einige Organisations- und Managementgrundsätze formuliert. (KW)

The present article is a summary of a quantitative Social History in three volumes (can be obtained directly from the author) treating of the 24 cathedral chapters of the Old German Empire in the 17th and 18th Century. The research on the cathedral chapters which were as well spiritual as secular corporations, until now is rather traditional in its methods, i.e. focusing on the constitutions and the biographies of the canons. Actually there are only a few monographies. Our study which comprehends all chapters examines 5 725 cases. The case-unit is not the person, but the prebend. The following variables are taken up: name (locality) of the chapter, dignitaries, degrees (for commoners), the ways of applying to and retiring from the chapters, social status (seven categories for the nobility, two for the commoners), advancements in rank, origin, cumulations. The completeness of the data is generally more than 90%, often towards 100%. All data is published in form of chronological lists of the canons in every chapter, besides an index of names is given. Therefore our work serves as a reference-book too. The data were processed with SPSS, crosstabulations and other statistics are published also. For regional inquiries the chapters were classified into three groups: Northern Germany, the chapters of the Knights of the Empire (i. e. Rhineland and Franconia), Southern Germany and Austria. To show the chronological development we divided the entire period (1601-1803) into four periods of about fifty years. The article presents some important results for every variable. Some general Statements are possible. From the viewpoint of social history the hypothesis of three regional types has been verified. Chapters at the border of the Empire form a particular group which shows more and more deviations to the Standard. On the other hand the chapters in the center assimilate. Spatial mobility decreases, local recruitment increases. There are tendencies to closeness and occasional provincialism. Cumulations increase in the second half of 18th Century. Canons from the middle and lower classes were almost completely eliminated during the two centuries. Thus the European feudal reaction can clearly be demonstrated using the example of the German cathedral chapters. Our research shows that the chapters get into a crisis in the late 18th Century. They could no more accomplish their functions as providing institutions for the German nobility. For many reasons the run to the prebends grew as well as the commoners' criticism influenced by the Enlightenment. They disapproved the loss of the chapters' spiritual functions, the prevalence of the nobility, the grewing exclusion of the commoners and the enormous cumulations. Proposals to a reform failed. The difficult Situation in the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars forced the secularization (1803) which brought the end to the old German cathedral chapters.

Der Aufsatz diskutiert den Film "Chile – La memoria obstinada" (Chile – Widerspenstige Erinnerungen) von Patricio Guzmán und "Calle Santa Fe" (Calle Santa Fe – Erinnerung an eine revolutionäre Zeit) von Carmen Castillo. In beiden Filmen dokumentieren die chilenischen FilmemacherInnen ihre Rückkehr aus dem Exil nach Chile. Mit den Mitteln des Films untersuchen sie die Spuren der Vergangenheit im Chile nach der Diktatur und leisten einen Beitrag zur Erarbeitung einer Geschichte des sozialen Aufbruchs in der Zeit der Unidad Popular, Anfang der 1970er Jahre, des Militärputsches von 1973 und der folgenden Militärdiktatur. Anhand einer dichten Beschreibung von zentralen Sequenzen beider Filme arbeitet der Aufsatz die unterschiedlichen Positionierungen und damit verbundenen Fragestellungen und Methoden der beiden RegisseurInnen heraus. In der Auseinandersetzung mit den beiden Filmen werden auch grundsätzliche Fragen der Geschichtsforschung im Medium Film diskutiert.

"The question at hand seems relatively simple and straightforward: whether and to what extent the protection and promotion of human rights is necessary for efforts to address conflict and build peace. The issue has been much debated over time. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights forcefully associated the protection of human rights with the prevention of violent conflict, stating that 'it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law' (UN 1948, preamble). Yet in 1996, an anonymous author in Human Rights Quarterly accused the international human rights movement of prolonging the war in Bosnia Herzegovina. There, human rights activists had rejected pragmatic deals that could have ended the violence and, from hindsight, were no worse than the eventual agreement in rewarding ethnic cleansing and aggression. In that author's view, it made 'today's living the dead of tomorrow' by pursuing a perfectly just and moral peace that would bring 'justice for yesterday's victims of atrocities' (Anonymous 1996, 259). Since then, the idea that the normative nature of human rights standards may complicate the practical demands of peacemaking has been a recurrent theme in discussions on the relationship between human rights and efforts to address violent conflict. This is especially the case when the latter is conceived of in terms of conflict settlement or resolution. Questions of definitions and objectives are thus key. Also relevant are the time frame, context and level of intervention one focuses on, though few authors on the subject make this explicit. In addition, narrow perceptions and generalizations abound in this debate as people working on human rights, peace and conflict have been grouped into categories of 'human rights activists' and 'conflict resolvers' as if these were homogenous and coherent clusters of actors. In this chapter, the authoress argues that considering human rights and conflict transformation in conjunction deepens one's analysis of what is involved in moving from violence to sustainable peace. It is informed by the idea that the two fill 'gaps' in one another, in that each contributes to a better understanding of the other by highlighting elements that are relatively under-explored in the theory and practice of each separate field. For conflict transformation, which will be the main focus here, the perspective of human rights forces a greater emphasis on structural conditions, especially the role of the state, systems of governance and issues of power in generating, escalating and transforming violent conflict. Considering human rights in relation to conflict transformation, moreover, highlights the need to employ a holistic, multidimensional understanding of human rights that does not reduce them to their legal foundations. This chapter suggests that conflict transformation, because of its explicit grounding in social justice, and hence inherently normative foundation, may provide a more nuanced and fruitful conceptual space for thinking about human rights, conflict and peace than conflict resolution and conflict management. Placing constructive social change at its core, conflict transformation acknowledges the need for addressing power imbalances and recognizes a role for advocacy and the importance of voices that challenge the status quo. Its concern with direct, structural and cultural violence is thus also highly relevant from a rights perspective. In order to place these ideas in context, the chapter will briefly comment on literature that has been published on human rights and approaches for addressing conflict and building peace (section 2). Section 3 proposes a framework for understanding the relationship between human rights and conflict transformation, using the metaphor of an iceberg, with its graphic image of things visible connected to matters unseen. It also introduces four dimensions of human rights that need to be taken into account in processes to build a just and sustainable peace. Section 4 discusses some of the practical implications of adopting a human rights perspective on conflict transformation. Nepal, South Africa, and other countries where the authoress has worked over the past 15 years, are used as illustrative examples throughout sections 3 and 4. Finally, section 5 concludes and points to some areas for further research." (excerpt)