Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 396 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 33 per cent is covered by soils, 67 per cent by forest and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 33 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 3 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 19 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to deep (100-150 cm) and 3 per cent are very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 19 per cent area has loamy soil and 2 per cent area sandy soils.  About 26 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 7 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils.  About 4 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area of about 33 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 2 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), an area of about 10 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 21 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 12 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 11 (3) 103 (26) Sapota 6 (1) 35 (9) Maize 6 (1) 103 (26) Guava 34 (9) 7 (2) Redgram 6 (1) 40 (10) Banana 6 (1) 33 (8) Horsegram 6 (1) 115 (29) Jackfruit 6 (1) 28 (7) Field bean 6 (1) 108 (27) Jamun 11 (3) 28 (7) Groundnut - 116 (29) Musambi 11 (3) 28 (7) Sunflower 6 (1) 5 (1) Lime 11 (3) 28 (7) Cotton 11 (3) 103 (26) Cashew 6 (1) 35 (9) Onion 6 (1) 108 (27) Custard apple 23 (10) 82 (21) Potato 6 (1) 103 (26) Amla 39 (10) 80 (21) Field Beans 6 (1) 108 (27) Tamarind 11 (3) 28 (7) Beetroot 6 (1) 103 (26) Marigold 6 (1) 115 (29) Turmeric 6 (1) 103 (26) Chrysanthemum 6 (1) 108 (27) Mango 6 (1) 28 (7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddur-1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11045' – 11047' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 396 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Bachanahalli villages and Berambadi State Forest with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddur 1 micro-watershed in (Gopalapur sub-watershed) Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.5 to 41.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the main source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are around 23.3 per cent were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 92.4 % and irrigate land is 7.6 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 70.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 7.3 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 53685 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 2260 per household, among all of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24285 per household; about 50.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 648.0 grams (1414.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Majority of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 76242 per household. Around 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1254. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1406 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 184249 per year for the total area of 396.37 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 32001/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in garlic (Rs. 107469), coconut (Rs. 76392), cotton (Rs. 21891), groundnut (Rs. 16116), horse gram (Rs. 12142) and maize (Rs. 11625), marigold (Rs. 6101) and sorghum (Rs. 4274).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 812/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 1270), followed by sorghum (Rs. 741), horse gram (Rs. 618) and groundnut (Rs. 618).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 127878), cotton (Rs. 54734), sorghum (Rs. 41407), maize (Rs. 36004), groundnut (Rs. 27486), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and garlic (Rs. 18185). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (20.8 %) followed by marigold (20.8 %), horse gram (15.7 %), coconut (13.9 %), sorghum (10.9 %), cotton (7.9 %), garlic (5.0 %) and groundnut (5.0 %). 3  In Maddur 1 micro-watershed, major soil of Annurkeri (ARK) series is having very deep soil depth covered around 1.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (16.7 %), horse gram (50 %) and sorghum (33.3 %). Soil of moderately shallow soil depth of Hullipura (HPR) are having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 18.9 % of area, the crops are groundnut (9.9 %), horse gram (5.0 %) and maize (44.7%). Kannigala (KNG) soils are moderately deep soil depth covered around 1.7 % of areas crops are coconut. Maddinahundi (MDH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 7.1 % of area, they major crops grown are cotton, garlic and maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 41361/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 28477/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 2.26).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 17522/ha in HPR soil (with of 1.4) and Rs.7841/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 3.37).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32741/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 28596/ha in MDH soil (with BCR of 1.85).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in ARK soil is Rs. 20179/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In marigold the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs. 37626/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In coconut the cost of cultivation in KNG soil is Rs. 18791/ha (with BCR of 5.07).  In garlic the cost of cultivation in MDH soil is Rs.77781/ha (with BCR of 2.38) and groundnut the cost of cultivation in HPR soil series is Rs. 21057/ha (with BCR of 1.79).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (27.9 %), horse gram (24.1 %), maize (61.8 %), sorghum (51.6 %), groundnut (49.4 %) and garlic (60.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 588 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 95 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 17 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 78 per cent loamy soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 34 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 6 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 55 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 83 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 12 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%).  An area of about 74 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5),40 per cent area moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 28 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5) and 6 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 19 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 1 per cent area and medium (10-20 ppm) in about 94 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 95 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 219 (37) 18 (3) Guava 86 (15) 423 (72) Fodder Sorghum 219 (37) 18 (3) Pomegranate 219 (37) 18 (3) Maize - 237 (40) Banana 219 (37) 18 (3) Upland paddy 219 (37) 68 (12) Jackfruit 219 (37) 18 (3) Finger millet 219 (37) 68 (12) Jamun 219 (37) 18 (3) Red gram 219 (37) 18 (3) Musambi 219 (37) 18 (3) Horse gram 219 (37) 340 (58) Lime 219 (37) 18 (3) Field bean 219 (37) 18 (3) Cashew 86 (15) 405 (69) Cowpea 219 (37) 18 (3) Custard apple 219 (37 ) 340 (58) Groundnut 86 (15) 322 (55) Amla 219 (37 ) 340 (58) Sunflower 219 (37) 18 (3) Tamarind 219 (37) 18 (3) Onion 133 (23) 104 (18) Marigold 219 (37) 18 (3) Chilli 219 (37) 18 (3) Chrysanthemum 219 (37) 18 (3) Brinjal 219 (37) 18 (3) Jasmine 219 (37) 18 (3) Tomato 219 (37) 18 (3) Coconut 86 (15) 151 (26) Mango 219 (37) 18 (3) Arecanut 86 (15) 151 (26) Sapota 219 (37) 18 (3) Mulbery 25 (5) (4557) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddenahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 76051' – 76053' East longitudes, covering an area of about 588.21 ha, bounded by Sanabanahalli, Maranahalli, Madhenahalli and Pinnenahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddenahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.2 to 40.8 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 57.1 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 87.8 per cent.  Social groups among all are general caste.  Among all farm households having liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 20 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 percent of farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around 77.8 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.72 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The rainfed land is 91 per cent and 9 per cent of irrigated land is cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 53.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 14.3 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16772 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104460 per household; about 70 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17271 per household; about 81.25 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 455.7 grams (1138.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.102052 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.818. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 442 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 247521per year for the total area of 588.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 70428/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in Mango (Rs. 227566) followed by areca nut (Rs. 105087), coconut (Rs. 84360), ragi (Rs.7727), sorghum (Rs. 600) and paddy is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3356/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 4693), sorghum (Rs. 3356) and ragi (Rs. 2020).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 277513) followed by mango (Rs. 65867), sorghum (Rs. 31043), paddy (Rs. 14463), ragi (Rs.12515) and areca nut (Rs.4284). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (28.4 %) followed by areca nut (28.4 %), sorghum (23.5 %), coconut (12.9 %), mango (5.9 %) and paddy (1.1 %).  In Maddenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Balapur series having very deep soil depth covered around 46.23 % of area; major crops are areca nut (82.5 %), and ragi (17.5 %). Kadagathur soils series are having very deep soil depth covered around 14.64 % of area on this soil farmers are presently growing areca nut (20.6 %), coconut (16.1 %), ragi (31.6%) and sorghum (31.6 %). Ranatur soils series are having very deep soil depth covers around 17.98 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (13.4 %), mango (18.0 %), ragi (27.5%) and sorghum (41.1 %). Thimmasandra soils series are having very deep soil depth covers around 3.11 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (50 %) and sorghum (50 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut range between Rs 97036/ha in KDT soil (with of 2.01) and Rs. 69905/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.11).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.69122/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.92) and Rs.8499/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 18.24).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 25729/ha KDT soil (with BCR of 0.98) and Rs.16497/ha RTR soil (with BCR of 1.62).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 37931/ha BPR soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.15857/ha KDT soil (with BCR of 1.51).  In mango the cost of cultivation in RTR soil Rs.28582/ha (with BCR of 8.96) and  In paddy the cost of cultivation in RTR soil Rs.32164/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (91.4 to 91.6 %), coconut (8.1 to 79.9 %), sorghum (57.7to 73.9 %) and ragi (68.9 to 76.0 %), mango (63.0 %) and paddy (85.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kadenhalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false color composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for Physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 476 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 31 soil phases (management units) and six land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 94 per cent in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and two per cent not suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 24 per cent moderately deep (75-100cm) and 54 per cent moderately shallow to shallow (25- 75%) soils.  About 2 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 2 % sandy soils and 92 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 22 per cent gravelly (15-35%) and 21 per cent very gravelly to extremely gravelly (35-80%) soils.  About 83 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 8 per cent of the soils are low (10 ppm) in about 36 per cent area, low (0.6 ppm) in about 92 per cent area and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kadenhalli Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 59 (1) 294 (62) Guava 25 (5) 91 (19) Fodder Sorghum 59 (12) 303 (64) Pomegranate 54 (11) 46 (10) Maize 30 (6) 262 (55) Banana 54 (11) 46 (10) Upland paddy 59 (12) 303 (64) Jackfruit 54 (11) 107 (23) Finger millet 59 (12) 320 (67) Jamun 54 (11) - Redgram 59 (1) 294 (62) Musambi 54 (11) 107 (23) Horse gram 109 (23) 269 (57) Lime 54 (11) 107 (23) Field bean 59 (1) 294 (62) Cashew 25 (5) 152 (32) Cowpea 59 (1) 294 (62) Custard apple 59 (12) 319 (67) Groundnut 30 (6) 257 (54) Amla 59 (12) 382 (67) Sunflower 54 (11) 107 (23) Tamarind 54 (11) - Onion 59 (1) 233 (49) Marigold 59 (1) 294 (62) Chilli 59 (1) 294 (62) Chrysanthemum 59 (1) 294 (62) Brinjal 59 (1) 294 (62) Jasmine 59 (1) 294 (62) Tomato 59 (1) 294 (62) Coconut 25 (5) 75 (16) Mango 54 (11) - Arecanut 25 (5) 75 (16) Sapota 54 (11) 107 (23) Mulberry 25 (5) 75 (16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder, fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kadenahalli micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13021' – 13023' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 476.20 ha, bounded by Kadenahalli, Dabbegatta, Tharabenahalli, Jayachamarajapura and Bairaganahalli villages length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kadenahalli Microwatershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.7 to 46.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 92.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent.  About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities having among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 24.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 7.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal farmers. The dry land of 81.4 per cent and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 52.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 19.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.10282 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.78671 per household, about 70.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer  The average value of livestock is around Rs.19550 per household; about 86.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 605 grams (1504 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.92308 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.801. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 591 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 264732 per year for the total area of 476.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 18704/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 92098), coconut (Rs. 25904), ragi (Rs. 17996), red gram (Rs. 9462), black gram (Rs. 6711), green gram (Rs. 3540) and sorghum is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 4254/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 10725) Followed by ragi (Rs. 3075), greengram (Rs. 1790) and horse gram (Rs. 1425).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut(Rs. 3 481866), black gram (Rs. 272925), sorghum (Rs.167301), red gram (Rs. 90506) horse gram (Rs.65792), green gram (Rs.54717), ragi (Rs. 33117) and areca nut (Rs. 6128). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (28.0 %) followed by ragi (27.2 %), greengram (18.1 %), sorghum (9.1 %), areca nut (8.0 %), horse gram (7.7 %) and black gram (1.9 %).  In Kadenahalli micro-watershed, major soil is of Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 1.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Bhimanakunte (BMK) is also having moderately deep soil depth cover 2.0 % of area, the crops are black gram (56.2 %) and ragi (43.8%). Balapur (BPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 3.9 % of areas, crops are greengram (50.0 %) and ragi (50.0 %). Bedwatti (BWT) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 12.9 % of area, main crop is sorghum. Dambarahalli (CSR) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 3.6 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are areca nut (84.9%) and coconut (15.1 %). Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 1.0 % of area; the major crop grown is horsegram (50.0 %) and redgram. Hooradhahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover 6.8 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton (50.0 %) and ragi (50.0 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 6.1% of areas; main crops are coconut and Thammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 19.3 % of areas main crop is coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.160451/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.17) and Rs.27147/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 2.61).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 32058/ha in BDG soil (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs.24399/ha in BPR (with BCR of 1.53).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 58521/ha in BMK soil and Rs.15002/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 2.91).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in GHT soil is Rs.41600/ha (with BCR of 1.20).  In black gram the cost of cultivation in BMK soil is Rs. 49275/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in BWT soil is Rs.36792/ha (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 4 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (22.8 %), coconut (43.5 to 52.6 %), ragi (42.2 to 60.9 %), redgram (2.7 %), horse gram (27.0 %) and greengram (13.2 to 30.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honavalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 452 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 12 per cent of the area is having loamy soils and 83 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 7 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) land.  An area of about 34 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 61 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0).  An area of about 90 per cent of the soils are non saline (0.75%) in 23 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 85 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 86 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in 14 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 80 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 87of the area and sufficient in 7 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 110(24) 207(46) Pomegranate - 235(52) Maize - 35(8) Guava - 7(1) Bajra - 61(14) Jackfruit - 7(1) Redgram - 210(47) Jamun - 154(34) Bengal gram 110(24) 226(50) Musambi 66(15) 169(37) Groundnut - 61(14) Lime 66(15) 169(37) Sunflower 66 (15) 162 (36) Cashew - 7(1) Cotton 110(24) 233(52) Custard apple 160(35) 183(41) Chilli - 35(8) Amla 7(1) 337(75) Tomato - 35(8) Tamarind - 147(32) Drumstick - 247(55) Marigold - 319(70) Mulberry - 325(72) Chrysanthemum - 319(70) Mango - - Jasmine - 90(20) Sapota - 7(1) Crossandra - 91(20) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Honavalu-1 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 451.51 ha, bounded by Hireshindhogi, Narasapura, Katrahalli and Honavala villages Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid eco-sub region) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed Red and Black soil, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honavalu-1 Microwatershed in Koppal taluk and district are presented here Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 51 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC is around 7.1 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 95.2 per cent.  About 61.9 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (85.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 95.2 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 7.4 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators; 2  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 14.9 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.58671 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.45247 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer (38.1).  The average livestock value is around Rs.18988 per livestock; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 758.7 grams (1938.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.5 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.47780 per household. About 2.4 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.1057 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.834.1 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.357009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in chillies (Rs.61493) followed by bengal gram (Rs.9586), sunflower (Rs 9419), sorghum (Rs 9370), cotton (Rs.8027), groundnut (Rs.4923) maize (Rs. 2373), green gram (Rs. 1539) bajra (Rs.206) and redgram is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs 6519) followed by sorghum (Rs 1754) and bajra (500).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.75621) followed by red gram (Rs.72996), bengal gram (Rs.62473), green gram (Rs.57963), bajra (Rs.49517), sorghum (Rs.38085), sunflower (Rs. 37893), maize (Rs.23566), groundnut (Rs.21309) and onion (Rs 11735). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is sorghum (27.8 %) followed by maize (26.4 %), bengal gram (14.6 %), sunflower (8.8 %), bajra (8.7 %), cotton (6.0 %), redgram (3.2 %), groundnut (1.2 %), onion (0.9 %), Green gram (0.8%), guava (0.8 %) and chillies (0.4 %).  In Honavalu-1 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) series is having shallow soil deep cover around 3.6 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (51.2 %) sorghum (48.9 %), Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Muttal (MTL) are also having shallow soil deep cover 14.9 % of area, the crops are bajra (8.8 %) bengalgram (31.7 %), cotton (11.5 %), redgram (4.4 %) and sorghum (43.6 %) each. Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 7.8 % of areas, crops are cotton (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Ravanaki (RNK) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are bajra (8.1 5), green gram (6.0 %), groundnut (6.0 %), maize (25.5 %), onion (6.6 %), sorghum (23.9 %) and sunflower (23.9 %), Dambarahalli (DRL) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are bengalgram (29.4 %), maize (17.6 %) cotton (41.2 %) and sunflower (11.8 %). Narasapura (NSP) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 9.7 % of area, the major crop grown is bajra (23.5 %), bengalgram (30.6 %), groundnut (6.8 %) maize (32.2 %) and sunflower (6.8 %). Gatareddihal (GRH) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 24.2 % of areas respectively; crops are bajra (46.2 %), cotton (15.4 %), maize (23.1 %) and sunflower (15.4 %). Lakshmanagudda (LGD) soil series having deep soil depth cover 4.3 % of areas respectively; crops are bengal gram (17.4 %), maize (33.4 %) and sorghum (49.2 %), Murlapur (MLR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 14.9 % of areas respectively; crops are chillies (7.5 %), cotton (7.4 %), maize (39.2 %) and sunflower (46.0 %)  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.70433/ha in GHR soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.16275/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 62728/ha in MTL soil (with of 1.04) and Rs.31190/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In bajra cost of cultivation range between is Rs.32917/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs 17273 in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.02).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs 27072/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.26) and Rs.25890/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.11). 4  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.26508/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.68) and Rs.18518/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.68).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs.21166/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs.16497/ha in LGD soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In chillies the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs 55893/ha (with BCR of 2.1).  In onion cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 38870/ha (with BCR of 1.11) and green gram cultivation in RNK soil is Rs 30355/ha (with BCR of 1.05).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (89.9 %), onion (80.6 %), maize (39.1 to 83.8 %), sunflower (2.6 to 7.9 %), sorghum (13.6 to 50.8 %), bajra (12.03 to 33.02 %), cotton (24.41 to 25.7 %), bengal gram (8.6 to 11.3 %), groundnut (8.6 to19.1 %), green gram (-35.9 %) and red gram (-45.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidaganhalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 531 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by habitation. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 31 per cent area has loamy soils and 65 per cent area has clay soils.  About 18 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 10 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 86 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 28 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 68 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  About 7 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 65 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 24 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to moderately alkaline (pH 7.8- 8.4) in soil reaction.  Entire area is non saline (0.75%) in 62 per cent area.  About 8 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 88 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 17 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  About 2 per cent medium (10-20 ppm) and 94 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 32 per cent area.  Available iron sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 7 (1) 300 (57) Pomegranate 2 321 (61) Maize 2 306 (58) Guava 2 271 (51) Bajra 131 (25) 278 (52) Jackfruit 2 271 (51) Groundnut 131 (25) 226 (43) Jamun - 309 (58) Sunflower 7 (1) 246 (46) Musambi 7 (1) 302 (57) Cotton 6 (1) 289 (54) Lime 7 (1) 302 (57) Red gram 2 239 (45) Cashew - 171 (32) Bengalgram 38 (7) 288 (54) Custard apple 137 (26) 363 (68) Chilli 2 261 (49) Amla 137 (26) 363 (68) Tomato 2 261 (49) Tamarind - 223 (42) Drumstick 2 328 (62) Marigold 2 306 (58) Mulberry 117 (22) 302 (57) Chrysanthemum 2 306 (58) Mango - 187 (35) Jasmine 2 255 (48) Sapota 2 271 (51) Crossandra 2 242 (46) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-4 micro-watershed is located at 15032'39.975'' to 150 31'16.547''North and 760 15' 9.616'' to 76013'41.174'' East covering an area of about 448.03 ha coming Chilakamukki village of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents 5 (14.29%) were landless, 7 (20 %) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small farmers, 6 (17.14%) were semi medium farmers and 7 (20%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (59.87%) men and 63 (40.13%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 3.7, semi medium farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers were 5. 4.  Majority of the respondents 40 (23.12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (38.73%) were in 16-35 years of age36 (22.93%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63 (40.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (26.75%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.19%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 37.58 per cent illiterates, 28.66 per cent of them had primary school, 3.18 per cent of them had Middle school education, 10.19 per cent of them had high school, 11.46 per cent of them had PUC, 0.64 per cent of them had diploma and ITI, 3.82 per cent of them had degree and 1.27 per cent of them had masters education.  About, 31.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 62.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.66 per cent of the household members, 36.94 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.91 per cent was private service, 29.3 per cent student and 2.55 per cent were children.  The household possess, 0.64 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in self help group and 99.36 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the household's posses motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and landline phone and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 5.71 per cent each of the households possess plough and sprayer, 8.57 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 28.57 per cent of the households possess weeder and 17.14 per cent of the households possess Harvester. 2  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.59, average own labour (women) available was 4.76, average hired labour (men) available was 9.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.83.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 12.44 ha (24.86%) of dry land and 37.62 ha (75.14%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 3.74 ha (80.09%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (19.91%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 8.7 ha (72.15%) of dry land and 3.36 ha (27.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.64 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 24.69 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  There were 18 functioning and 10 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.29 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (27.29 ha), bajra (8.54 ha) groundnut (8.09 ha), sajje (0.81 ha), chilly, paddy, tomato and watermelon (0.4 ha). The cropping intensity in Sidganhalli-4 Micro-watershed was found to be 60.74 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, paddy groundnut, chilly, Bajra and Tomato was Rs. 34059.21, 94011.08, 40626.26, 71551.81, 30854.22 and 65441.56 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.22, 1:1.36, 1:1.97, 1:3.18, 1:0.95 and 1:0.6 respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 15,800 for landless, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 55,285.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 70,700, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 195,714.29.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,350.88. For landless it was Rs. 2,040, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,102.04, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,470, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 24,571.43.  Sampled households have planted 49 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 13 1 teak and 57 neem trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,228.57 for land development, Rs. 428.57 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1,628.57 for improved crop production and Rs.1, 771.43 for improved livestock management.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.86 per cent for land development, 2.86 per 3 cent for irrigation facility and 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  Own funds were the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 5.71 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 102.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 54.29 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (54.29 %) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess 88.57 per cent of the households used fire wood and 11.43 per cent of the household's LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.57 per cent, 28.57 per cent of the households used bore well and 2.86 per cent of the households used lake/tank well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the households possessed had no PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 74.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 97.14 per cent and meat were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 62.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (45.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (31.43%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (48.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension service (2.86%), Lack of 4 transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (8.57%), less rainfall (28.57%) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Horanchi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 22 ha covered by rock outcrops and 29 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 460 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 50 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 47 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 4 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 percent of the soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(16) 87(17) Guava - 11(2) Maize - 198(39) Sapota - 11(2) Bajra - 169(33) Pomegranate - 162(32) Groundnut - 11(2) Musambi 151(29) 11(2) Sunflower 82(16) 80(16) Lime 151(29) 11(2) Redgram - 162(32) Amla - 169(33) Bengal gram 151(29) 18(4) Cashew - - Cotton 82(16) 87(17) Jackfruit - 11(2) Chilli - 169(34) Jamun - 151(29) Tomato - 169(34) Custard apple 162(32) 7(1) Brinjal 52(10) 116(23) Tamarind - 151(29) Onion - 87(17) Mulberry - 11(2) Bhendi 121(24) 48(10) Marigold - 169(33) Drumstick - 162(32) Chrysanthemum - 169(33) Mango - 52(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Horanchi-1 is located at 16051'19.293'' to 160 49'49.293'' and East longitude 770 8'1.757'' to 7706'20.417'' covering an area of about 510.57 ha coming under Horunacha, Venkateshwaranagara and Kanchagarahalli Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 4 (11.76%) were landless, 11 (32.35%) were marginal and small farmers and 8 (23.53%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.60%) men and 82 (47.4%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.5 and semi medium farmers' was 5.1.  Majority of the respondents 31 (17.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.4%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.9%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.78%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.65 per cent of the household members, 58.96 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.23 per cent were student and 1.16 per cent were children.  In this micro watershed, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 17.65 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.82 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.12 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 64.71 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 44.12 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess harvester and 17.65 per cent of the households possess thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 9.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.2.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 35.06 ha (88.26%) of dry land and 4.67 ha (11.74%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 8.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.04 ha (82.36%) of dry land and 3.01 ha (17.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have cotton (4.28%), groundnut (5.83 Ha), horse gram (1.62 ha), maize (5.59 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), red gram (20.25 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha).  The sample households possessed 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  About 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, maize, Red gram, Horse gram, Sorghum, groundnut and paddy was Rs. 38144.92, 15184.09, 26741.88, 16727.24, 33363.87, 34774.16 and 26182.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:2.02, 1:1.88, 1:2.21, 1:1.11, 1:2.79 and 1:2.22, respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 41,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,636.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,909.09 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 137,750.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,695.29. For large farmers it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,485.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,044.63 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,600.45.  Sampled households have planted 6 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. 3  Households have planted 1 cashew and pongamia, 45 neem, 2 tamarind, 13 banyan and 4 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,617.65 for land development, Rs. 441.18 for irrigation facility and Rs.705.88 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20.59 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 14.71 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.41 for land development and 2.94 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 61.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 85.29 per cent have Incidencee of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85.2%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household possess, 97.06 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent and 35.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.82 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk were adequate for 29.41 per cent, egg were adequate were for 11.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.71 per cent of the households.  pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.88 per cent, milk were inadequate for 50 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (35.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (32.35%), high rate of interest on credit 4 (8.82%), Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%),Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (29.41%), inadequate extension service (14.71%), less rainfall (41.18%) and Source of Agri-technology information (32.35%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 502 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 91 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 58 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 33 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75 %) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-56 kg/ha) in 18 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) 73 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 18 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(<1) 48(10) Sapota 3(<1) 225(45) Maize (<1) 50(10) Pomegranate 3 (<1) 225(45) Bajra 6(1) 342(68) Guava 3(<1) 224(45) Redgram 3(<1) 10(2) Jackfruit 3(<1) 225(45) Bengal gram - 134(27) Jamun 3 (<1) 225(45) Groundnut 2(<1) 365(72) Musambi 3(<1) 225(45) Sunflower 3 (<1) 10(2) Lime 3(<1) 225(45) Cotton 2(<1) 48(10) Cashew 3(<1) 224(45) Chilli 6(1) 45(9) Custard apple 6(1) 387 (71) Tomato 6 (1) 45(9) Amla 6(1) 451(90) Brinjal 10(2) 148(30) Tamarind 2(<1) 7 (1) Onion 7(1) 151(30) Marigold 3(<1) 48(10) Bhendi 7(1) 151(30) Chrysanthemum 3(<1) 48 (10) Drumstick 3 (<1) 118(24) Jasmine 3 (<1) 48(10) Mulberry 3 (<1) 332(66) Crossandra 3 (<1) 48(10) Mango 2(<1) 7(1) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hire Bagnalu-2 is located at 15019'0.235'' to 150 17'53.861'' North and East 760 14' 15.793'' to 76012'6.35'' covering an area of about 502.23 ha coming under Halavarthi, Kunakeri and Hirebagnala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 respondents, 2 (5.41%) were landless, 14 (37.84%) were marginal farmers, 8 (21.62%) were small and semi medium farmers, 4 (10.81%) were medium farmers and 1 (2.7%) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 113 (58.25%) men and 81 (41.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers were 5.8, semi medium farmers' was 4.1, small farmers' was 5.25, medium farmers' was 5.5 and large farmers were 8.  Majority of the respondents 44 (22.68%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (46.39%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (24.23%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.7%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 41.75 per cent illiterates, 23.71 per cent of them had primary school, 3.09 per cent of them had Middle school education, 13.4 per cent of them had high school, 8.25 per cent of them had PUC, 0.52 per cent of them had diploma and PhD, 1.55 per cent of them had ITI and 1.03 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 24.32 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 72.97 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.6 per cent of the household members, 46.3 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.52 per cent were general labour and trade and business, 1,55 per cent were private services, 20.6 per cent were student, 1.03 per cent were housewives and 5.67 per cent were children.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 2.70 per cent of the households possess katcha and semi pacca house, 83.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.41 per cent of them possess pucca/ RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.59 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.38 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.7 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 27.03 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 27.03 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 10.81 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 2.70 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, power tiller and tractor, 8.11 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 75.68 per cent of the households possess weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.84 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.41 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 10.81 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep and 2.70 per cent of the households possess goat.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.54, average hired labour (men) available was 6.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.41.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 31.2 ha (55.4%) of dry land and 25.12 ha (44.5%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 6.2 ha (91.8%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (8.11%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 5.7 ha (67.1%) of dry land and 2.84 ha (32.88%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.5 ha (55.9%) of dry land and 7.49 ha (44.08 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (33.5%) of dry land and 9.6 ha (66.41 %) of irrigated land.  Large farmers possess 4.8 ha (51%) of dry land and 4.65 ha (48.91%) of irrigated land.  There were 15 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40.54 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (28.15 ha), Bajra (11.41 ha), sunflower (8.95 ha), sugarcane (5.04 ha), cotton (1.74 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), navane (0.15 ha) and horsegram (0.08 ha).  The cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-2 Micro watershed was found to be 91.88 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Horse gram, bajra, cotton, navane, sunflower, sugarcane and groundnut was Rs. 39460.71, 160264.81, 73788.04, 31694.73, 165623.34, 39873.08, 213786.99 and 40243.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.61, 1:0.99, 1:0.69, 1:2.72, 1:0.44, 1:1.1, 1:1.23 and 1:0.99 respectively.  Further, 56.76 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 10,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 64,667.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 83,000, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,250, medium farmers it was Rs. 185,040 and large farmers it was Rs.300,000.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 26,280.57. For landless farmers it was Rs. 2,500, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 20,934.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 3 30,828.13, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,281.25, medium farmers it was Rs. 40,854.17 and large farmers it was Rs.206,000.  Sampled households have planted 56 coconut, 10 mango trees in their field and 1 guava trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 82 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field and also 22 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,918.92 for land development, Rs. 1,702.70 for irrigation facility and Rs. 2,648.65 for improved crop production. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 59.46 per cent for land development and 29.73 per cent for irrigation facility and improved crop production.  Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production.  Soft loan were the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 8.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 102.7 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 2.70 per cent of the households have used head load, 29.73 per cent of the households used cart and 83.78 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 64.86 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (64.86%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households posssess, 97.3 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.41 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 83.78 per cent and 16.22 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 45.95 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the sample households possess BPL cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 89.19 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 72.97 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.7 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 78.38 per cent and meat were adequate for 64.86 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 13.51 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 67.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 27.03 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.89 per cent, milk were inadequate for 13.51 per cent, egg 4 were inadequate for 16.22 per cent and meat were inadequate for 27.03 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 8.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.27%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (24.32%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (45.95%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (54.05%), high rate of interest on credit (45.95%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (70.27%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (64.86%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (21.62%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Danda Cheruvu-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 665 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 646 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 12 ha by rock outcrops and 6 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 22 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 42 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 44 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 21 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 30 per cent area.  1 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 46 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 21(3) 439(66) Guava - 27(4) Maize 17(3) 485(73) Sapota - 27(4) Bajra 17(3) 443(67) Pomegranate - 194(29) Groundnut - 27(4) Musambi 167(25) 27(4) Sunflower 4(<1) 189(29) Lime 167(25) 27(4) Redgram - 193(29) Amla 17(3) 444(67) Bengal gram 167(25) 294(44) Cashew - 17(3) Cotton 167(25) 294(44) Jackfruit - 27(4) Chilli - 298(45) Jamun - 167(25) Tomato 17(3) 281(42) Custard apple 194(29) 267(40) Brinjal 21(3) 440(66) Tamarind - 167(25) Onion - 294(44) Mulberry - 27(4) Bhendi 4(<1) 456(69) Marigold - 460(69) Drumstick - 193(29) Chrysanthemum - 460(69) Mango - 4(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 101 (58.05%) men and 73 (41.95%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.42 and semi medium farmers' was 4.75.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.09%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 80 (45.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (31.61%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (6.32%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Dandacheruvu-2 had 58.05 per cent illiterates, 1.15 per cent functional literates, 8.05 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.30 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.37 per cent of them had high school education, 8.62 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.57 per cent did ITI and 2.87 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of them were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 61.49 per cent of the household members, 6.90 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.87 per cent were general labourers, 0.57 per cent were in private service, 22.99 per cent were students, 2.30 per cent were housewives and 2.87 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 28.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 65.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households had refrigerator, 2.86 per cent of them had bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 74.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9043, mixer grinder was Rs.1920, refrigerator was Rs.9000, bicycle was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.56666 and mobile phone was Rs.3535.  The results indicated that no households possessed farm implements in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.26, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average 2 hired labour (men) available was 10.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.52.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Dandacheruvu-2 micro-watershed possess 31.23 ha (98.72%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (1.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 12.43 ha (96.85%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (3.15%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.28 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers also possess 9.52 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 891,517.63 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,976,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 3,258,264.89 for dry land and Rs. 4,882,629.11 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,903,948.43 for dry land. And in case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,115,821.92 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.05 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (8.47 ha), greengram (9.73 ha), groundnut (3.32 ha), paddy (4.16 ha) and redgram (10.19 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown cotton, Greengram, groundnut, paddy and redgram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and Greengram. Medium farmers have grown paddy and redgram.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Dandacheruvu-2 microwatershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 38935.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92512.94. The net income from Redgram cultivation was Rs. 53577.75, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 115103.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 135850. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 20746.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29745.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90618.12. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 60872.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.05. 3  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 8.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 61,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 109,684.21, for small farmers it was Rs. 136,857.14 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 226,750.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,639.41. For landless households it was Rs. 8,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,837.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,959.18 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 35,437.50.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 6 custard apple trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 52 neem and 2 tamarind tree in their field.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 77.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 8.57 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 37.14 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 97.14 per cent. 4  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 62.86 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of agricultural produce to the market. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hongahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 644 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 64 per cent is covered by soils, 25 per cent by forest and 10 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 64 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 17 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 16 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 12 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 9 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 10 per cent are very deep (>150 cm).  About 8 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 40 per cent area has loamy soil and 17 per cent area sandy soils, at the surface.  About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 46 per cent gravelly soils (15- 35 % gravel) and about 2% very gravelly (35-60%) soils.  About 33 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area of about 53 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) and 11 per cent soils are gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 31 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 33 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 16 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), an area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5) and 13 per cent has soils that are moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.5%) and 6 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 41 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 23 per cent are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 1 per cent of the soils are low (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 97 (15) 101 (16) Guava 36 (6) 135 (21) Maize 93 (14) 78 (12) Banana 36 (6) 84 (13) Redgram 93 (14) 162 (25) Jackfruit 36 (6) 58 (9) Horsegram 93 (14) 208 (32) Jamun 62 (10) 58 (9) Field bean 36 (6) 162 (25) Musambi 62 (10) 58 (9) Groundnut 58 (9) 192 (30) Lime 62 (10) 58 (9) Sunflower 13 (2) 107 (17) Cashew 36 (6) 135 (21) Cotton 39 (6) 136 (21) Custard apple 120 (19) 182 (28) Onion 36 (6) 162 (25) Amla 120 (19) 182 (28) Potato 36 (6) 136 (21) Tamarind 62 (10) 58 (9) French Beans 36 (6) 162 (25) Marigold 93 (14) 181 (28) Beetroot 36 (6) 136 (21) Chrysanthemum 36 (6) 162 (25) Mango 36 (6) 58 (9) Turmeric 36 (6) 136 (21) Sapota 36 (6) 135 (21) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Honagahalli-2 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11047' – 11050' North latitudes and 76032' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 644 ha, bounded by Barangi, Deshipur and Masahalli villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Honagahalli 2 Microwatershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.5 to 43.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 45.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (40%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities of all sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30.0 per cent of sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.80 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong marginal and small farmers. The total land cultivated on dry land condition of the sample households.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 31 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 64 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 9478 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 10727 per household, among all sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 24667 per household; about 80 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 545.7 grams (1324.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 79.1 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 56437 per household. Around 80 per cent of households were below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 818. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 555 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 228021 per year for the total area of 644.34 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6500/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 20828) followed by sorghum (Rs. 8848) and horse gram (Rs. 8490). The groundnut and sunflower are negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1792/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 3952), followed by sorghum (Rs. 1205) and horse gram (Rs. 220).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 51423), sorghum (Rs. 42845), sunflower (Rs. 33797), horse gram (Rs. 21541) and groundnut (Rs. 20615). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is cotton (64 %) followed by horse gram (22 %), sorghum (5 %), sunflower (5 %) and ground nut (4 %).  In Honagahalli 2 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Kannigala (KNG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 11.9 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton. Berambadi (BMD) soil series are having shallow depth cover around 11.1 % of area, they major crops grown are ground nut (50 %), horse gram (50 %). Kallipura (KLP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 8.9 % of areas, crops are cotton (50 %), and horse gram (50 %). Hullipura (HPR) soils are moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.2 % of area crops are cotton. Hindupur soils (HDR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 5.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (50 %), and horse gram (50 %). Devarahalli (DRH) soil of moderately shallow soil depth are having cover around 4.8 % of area, the crops are sorghum (50 %), and sunflower (50 %). Annurkeri (ARK) soils are very deep soil depth cover around 2.0 % of area, they major crops grown are cotton.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for horse gram ranges between Rs.16536/ha in BMD soil (with BCR of 1.41) and Rs.8788/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 2.25).  In cotton the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.67790/ha in ARK soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs.28015/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.80).  In ground nut the cost of cultivation in BMD soil is Rs.33327/ha (with BCR of 1.01).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in DRH soil is Rs.30512/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and sunflower the cost of cultivation in DRH soil is Rs.50172/ha (with BCR of 1.10).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (42.2 to 18.2 %), groundnut (56.6 %), horse gram (49.4 to 24.1 %), sorghum (49.9%) and sunflower (38.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 311 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent by mining /industrial area, water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 48 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 41 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands and 8 per cent is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 74 per cent soils strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 23 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH > 9.0).  Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent of the soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is low (<10 ppm) in available sulphur.  Entire area in the microwatershed is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in available boron.  Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71(23) 96(31) Pomegranate - 129(41) Maize - 168(54) Guava - - Bajra - 167(54) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 94(30) Jamun - 40(13) Bengal gram 71(23) 96(31) Musambi 40(13) 89(29) Groundnut - - Lime 40(13) 89(29) Sunflower 40(13) 89(29) Cashew - - Cotton 71(23) 96(31) Custard apple 71(23) 96(31) Chilli - - Amla - 168(54) Tomato - 23(7) Tamarind - 40(13) Drumstick - 129(41) Marigold - 168(54) Mulberry - 82(26) Chrysanthemum - 168(54) Mango - - Jasmine - 39(12) Sapota - 23(7) Crossandra - 58(18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Daddegallu-3 is located at 15022'35.529'' to 150 20'45.305'' North and 760 7' 13.707'' to 7606'12.385''covering an area of about 311.52 ha coming under Dadhegala, Koppala and Yathnatti Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 respondents, 1 (2.56%) were landless, 17 (43.59%) were marginal farmers, 13 (33.33%) were small farmers, 6 (15.38%) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.13%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (57.61%) men and 78 (42.39%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers were 4.4, semi medium farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 7.  Majority of the respondents 37 (20.11%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (40.22%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (27.72%) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (11.96%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 40.22 per cent illiterates, 21.74 per cent of them had primary school, 4.35 per cent of them had Middle school education, 15.76 per cent of them had high school, 5.43 per cent of them had PUC, 0.54 per cent of them had diploma education, 1.63 per cent of them had ITI education and 5.43 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 94.87 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.56 per cent of the household industry and trade and business.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.57 per cent of the household members, 1.09 per cent were household industry and trade and business, 16.85 per cent were student, 1.63 per cent was housewives and 4.89 per cent were children.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 10.26 per cent of the households possess thatched houses, 58.97 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 20.51 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 12.82 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.87 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.56 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player and refrigerator, 100 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and mobile phones, 23.08 per cent of the household's possess bicycle and 30.77 per cent of the households possess motor cycle.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 12.82 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 20.51 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 2.56 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and chaff cutter, 5.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 17.95 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 46.15 per cent of the households possess weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.38 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 5.13 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and 17.95 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.46, average hired labour (men) available was 7.59 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 47.54 ha (89.88%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (8.42%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 12 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.13 ha (95.49%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (4.51%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 14.35 ha (89.87%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (10.13 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 2.02 ha (33.33 %) of irrigated land.  There were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.56 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (37.87 ha), sunflower (3.33 ha), red gram (2.1 ha), jowar (1.62 ha), rabi maize (1.28 ha), Bengal gram and mulberry (1.21 ha), rabi bengal gram (0.93 ha), pearl millet (0.81 ha), red gram (0.61 ha) and paddy (0.4 ha). Cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 96.8 per cent.  The households possess 69.23 per cent of the households have bank account. The household's posess, 64.1 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, red gram, bajra, mulberry, jowar and sunflower was Rs. 31782.98, 34704.54, 21997.31, 10613.13, 20133.77, 30097.46 and 39789.73 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.05, 1:1.34, 1:1.05, 1:1.44, 1:0.82, 1:0.6, and 1:0.95 respectively.  Further, 41.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.51 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 53,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 56,510.59, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,926.92, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 139,366.67 and medium farmers it was Rs. 130,000.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,333.44. For landless farmers it was Rs. 53,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,324.15, for small farmers it was Rs. 3 4,840.53, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,227.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 65,000.  Sampled households have planted 5 teak, 50 neem, 2 tamarind and 1 banyan and peepul trees in their field and also 2 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,153.85 for land development, Rs. 666.67 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,153.85 for improved crop production and Rs.179.49 for improved livestock management. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; own funds was the source of additional investment for 61.54 per cent for land development, 7.69 per cent for irrigation facility, 41.03 per cent for improved crop production and 5.13 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 10.26 per cent for land development, 5.13 per cent for irrigation facility and 7.69 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.51 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 82.05 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.56 per cent of the households have used head load, 15.38 per cent of the households used cart, 71.79 per cent of the households used tractor and 15.38 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 23.08 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (76.92%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess, 89.74 per cent of the households used fire wood and 28.21 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 20.51 per cent, 66.67 per cent of the households used bore well, 2.56 per cent of the households used open well and 7.69 per cent used lake/ tank in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 53.85 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.87 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL cards and 2.56 per cent of the sample households has not possess PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.1 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 41.03 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 10.26 per cent, milk were adequate for 92.31 per cent, egg were adequate for 46.15 and meat were adequate for 20.51 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 30.77 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 53.85 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 28.21 per cent, 4 fruits were inadequate for 64.1 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.13 per cent, egg were inadequate for 7.69 per cent and meat were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.05 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (87.18%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (69.23%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (84.62%), high rate of interest on credit (100%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (76.92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (92.31%), inadequate extension services (56.41%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (79.49%), less rainfall (23.08%) and Source of Agri-technology information (10.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Cervantes dijo que donde una puerta se cierra, otra se abre. Debió aclarar que siempre ayuda que vuestro cerrajero amigo sea uno de los hombres más poderosos del mundo. Así deben pensarlo Marine Le Pen y otros tantos dirigentes de partidos europeos de extrema derecha, agradecidos por el nuevo maná financiero proveniente de una Rusia aparentemente deseosa de estrechar vínculos políticos con los "renegados" de la política europea.La revelación data del 22 de noviembre, cuando una fuente periodística francesa, Mediapart, confirmó que el Front National de Marine Le Pen recibió un préstamo por 9 millones de euros de un banco ruso, la First Czech-Russian Bank. Esto fue confirmado por los dirigentes del FN, que adujeron que ningún banco francés accedió a prestar dinero para la financiación del partido, práctica a la que recurren normalmente todos los partidos políticos en Francia. Varias pistas extranjeras habrían sido exploradas para conseguir financiamiento, pero la opción rusa fue finalmente privilegiada. No ha de extrañar si consideramos que desde hace años el FN ha estrechado sus vínculos con importantes dirigentes rusos, que Marine Le Pen dice admirar a Vladimir Putin y que dentro de la UE los apoyos más fervientes a la política rusa en el diferendo con Ucrania provienen de los partidos de extrema derecha. La transacción se habría llevado adelante gracias a la intermediación del eurodiputado del FN Jean Louis Schaffhauser y el diputado de la Duma (cámara baja del parlamento ruso) Alexandre Babakov, ex jefe del partido nacionalista Rodina y una de las 50 primeras fortunas de Ucrania.El 26 de noviembre Mediapart fue aún más lejos anunciando que los 9 millones serían tan sólo el primer giro de un préstamo equivalente a 40 millones de euros. Esta información ha sido categóricamente desmentida por Marine Le Pen. Coincidencia o no, en octubre de este año el tesorero del FN, Wallerand de Saint-Just, estimaba que para poder lanzar y competir en las elecciones legislativas de 2017, el partido necesitaría entre 35 a 40 millones de euros. Jean Marie Le Pen, fundador del FN, recibió igualmente un préstamo de 2 millones de euros para su micro partido Le Cotelec, asociación destinada supuestamente a promover la "imagen y acción del líder Frentista", pero que no sería más que una fachada para recaudar fondos para financiar al FN. Este préstamo le fue otorgado por una sociedad chipriota en manos de Yuri Kadimov, un ex agente de la KGB y del FSB, reconvertido en banquero de negocios.Conviene aclarar que el préstamo recibido por el FN en nada es ilegal, ya que se trata de un préstamo y no de una donación. Sí podríamos interrogarnos sobre un posible conflicto de interés o la injerencia de una potencia extranjera en los asuntos de un determinado partido político. De manera bastante irónica, el 19 de noviembre el parlamento ruso aprobó una ley que prohíbe toda financiación extranjera de los partidos rusos, provenga ésta de Estados, instituciones, ONG´s o individuos y hasta de entidades rusas cuya parte del capital extranjero sea superior a 30%. El apoyo financiero ruso no se limitaría únicamente al FN francés. El diario alemán Bild denunció igualmente que el Kremlin estaría subsidiando al partido euroescéptico alemán AfD. En Hungría y en Lituania las autoridades están investigando el financiamiento ilícito ruso. El Jobikk, partido de extrema derecha húngaro, es acusado de espiar a la UE a través de su eurodiputado Bela Kovacs a cuenta de Rusia. Kovacs fue uno de los pocos eurodiputados en votar a favor de la legalidad del referendo de autodeterminación en Crimea.Pero la conexión Rusia-Extrema Derecha va mucho más allá de la simple financiación a través de instituciones, bancos privados o posibles donaciones secretas. Varios líderes políticos rusos no tienen inconveniente en demostrar públicamente su apoyo a los partidos euroescépticos, nacionalistas, neo fascistas, neo populistas, etc. Así sucedió el 29 de noviembre en el XV Congreso del Front National, donde uno de los invitados de marca fue Andreï Issaïev, vicepresidente de la Duma y miembro de Rusia Unida, el partido de Vladimir Putin. Frente a una asamblea compuesta por otros líderes de extrema derecha europeos (Geert Wilders del PVV holandés, Matteo Salvini por Lega Nord o Hans Christian Strache del FPÖ austríaco), el diputado ruso fustigó a una "UE dirigida por funcionarios desconocidos, títeres de los EEUU", criticó el golpe de Estado inconstitucional en Ucrania contra el presidente Yanukovych y subrayó la injusticia de las medidas económicas adoptadas contra Rusia. En complemento, Marine Le Pen defendió la idea de una "Europa que se extienda desde el Atlántico a los Urales, no de Washington a Bruselas" y de crear una "nueva cooperación entre las naciones". El consenso general entre los participantes fue demostrar claramente su rusofilia, expresar un antiamericanismo profundo y rechazar de pleno la inmigración y la manipulación ideológica por parte de las élites multiculturales.Al estrechar los vínculos con los partidos de extrema derecha, el Kremlin persigue una doble estrategia. En primer lugar y como consecuencia del auge electoral de estos partidos en varios países europeos, el gobierno ruso ha encontrado defensores que cuentan con un legítimo respaldo electoral. En efecto, no es lo mismo que un oscuro partido neo fascista proscrito aporte su apoyo a Putin a que lo haga un partido que cuenta con cerca del 20% de respaldo popular, como puede ser el FN, el FPÖ o el Partido por la Libertad holandés. Este apoyo a la causa rusa se ha cristalizado en particular en el seno del Parlamento Europeo, donde los partidos de extrema derecha y euroescépticos han ganado varias bancadas en las últimas 2 elecciones. Así, partidos como el FN, el PVV, el FPÖ, el Vlaams Belang (Bélgica), Lega Nord, Jobikk, Ataka (Bulgaria) son los principales (y casi únicos) defensores de la política rusa en Crimea y en Ucrania y opuestos a las diferentes sanciones que la UE ha adoptado contra Rusia. El segundo pivote de la estrategia rusa de apoyo a los partidos de extrema derecha podría definirse como de desestabilización interna. Al apoyar y financiar estos partidos, muchos de ellos anti-sistémicos, se debilita al mismo tiempo el tejido institucional y la estabilidad del sistema de partidos. Claramente, al favorecer y fortalecer al FN, Rusia debilita tanto a la derecha conservadora como a la izquierda tradicional francesa. El éxito de los Le Pen, Wilders y compañía se construye a expensas de los partidos pro-sistema y gubernamentales.Más allá de esta estrategia de apoyo que puede no ser más que una respuesta pragmática y calculadora por parte del Kremlin, resultado del conflicto sobre el dossier ucraniano, lo que debe realmente alertarnos es que innegablemente existe una "conexión autoritaria, anti-europea y anti-liberal" entre Rusia y los partidos de extrema derecha. No debemos engañarnos, la Europa de Le Pen es la misma Europa de Wilders, Farrage, Strache y tantos otros, pero si la visión puede ser compartida, la lógica marca que la solución final no puede más que llevar a la división, a la desconfianza y al conflicto. Lo que los líderes populistas y de extrema derecha no quieren ver (o más probablemente no se atreven a decir), es que el problema fundacional de esta alianza de partidos que dicen compartir una visión común de una misma Europa, es que la Europa con la que sueñan jamás estará unida, ya que descansa precisamente sobre principios excluyentes como el nacionalismo, la preferencia nacional, el proteccionismo y chauvinismo económico, la exclusión cultural y el rechazo de toda forma de supranacionalismo. Me gustaría saber entonces cómo es posible "compartir" una visión que lleve a la "cooperación entre las naciones" cuando el único proyecto común es el odio recíproco. Los partidos nacionalistas y autoritarios, por definición ontológica, no pueden ser más que aliados circunstanciales (y tambaleantes), jamás socios plenos en la construcción de una comunidad de naciones. Una Europa del Atlántico a los Urales que descanse sobre los principios pregonados por Le Pen no es más que una farsa irrealizable y antinómica, mas no deja de ser una idea peligrosa.Sin embargo, los partidos de extrema derecha harían bien en desconfiar de la mano tendida de Putin y de los "regalos" del Kremlin. Putin puede ser tan generoso como fríamente calculador. De subsidiar el gas ucraniano y considerar a Ucrania como un aliado estratégico y comercial privilegiado, pasó primero a llevar adelante la anexión de Crimea y luego a implementar una guerra "semi-encubierta" destinada a desestabilizar a Ucrania y recuperar de paso algún que otro territorio a vocación separatista. En los últimos tiempos, además, el ejército ruso ha aumentado el número de ejercicios militares y de "provocaciones" frente a sus vecinos territoriales y a las fuerzas de la OTAN. Un reporte británico (Dangerous Brinkmanship) de noviembre menciona más de 40 incidentes "altamente preocupantes" que involucran fuerzas rusas y de la OTAN, como sobrevuelos agresivos de jets rusos sobre barcos de la OTAN, un ataque simulado de bombarderos rusos sobre la isla danesa de Bornholm, la penetración de navíos de guerra rusos en las aguas territoriales lituanas en situación de simulacro real, etc. Estos ejercicios tendrían varios cometidos, entre otros desincentivar a Finlandia y Suecia de unirse a la OTAN e intimidar a los Estados bálticos y darles a entender que la OTAN no podrá defenderlos.Los partidos de extrema derecha deberían comprender igualmente que el eje de la política rusa pasa en este momento por un fortalecimiento de los vínculos con Asia, y en particular con China. Asimismo, una normalización futura de las relaciones entre los gobiernos de la UE con Moscú, como es de esperar una vez solucionada la crisis ucraniana, conducirá probablemente al Kremlin a retirar, por lo menos de manera pública, su apoyo a los partidos de extrema derecha a fin de retomar un diálogo más cordial con los partidos gubernamentales. Por lo tanto, más allá de ciertas sintonías ideológicas que indudablemente existen, los aliados de hoy podrían tranquilamente dejar de serlo mañana.Es imposible concluir este artículo sin referirse al conflicto entre Rusia, la UE y los EE.UU. La historia europea de los últimos 60 años nos enseña que la integración europea se ha edificado sobre la cooperación y, punto fundamental, el respeto del derecho y de las instituciones. Si la Unión Europea es el proceso de integración política más avanzado que ha conocido la historia reciente, es precisamente porque el recurso a la violencia y a la fuerza nunca ha sido un argumento válido al interior de sus fronteras. El entendimiento y aceptación de este principio básico y fundacional por parte de todos los miembros de la UE es lo que ha permitido el éxito de este proceso. Pero no hemos de engañarnos, si esta comunidad "kantiana" de naciones, fundada antes que nada sobre la subordinación al derecho internacional, ha crecido y se ha expandido hasta los límites mismos de Europa, es en gran parte porque durante 50 años las "cañoneras" y los misiles estadounidenses desincentivaron a aquellos que hubieran querido extender sus fronteras más allá de la Cortina de Hierro. El problema actual es que si hoy en día Putin se comporta en ciertos aspectos como un líder soviético de los 70 y la UE sigue aferrándose al Rule of Law, el tercer actor en discordia sufre de un grave trastorno de identidad disociativo.¿A qué me refiero con esto? Es muy simple: mientras que Putin habla como un Liberal (respeto del derecho, consolidación de procesos democráticos, mano tendida y cooperación entre naciones) y actúa como un Realista, su contraparte Obama habla como un Realista pero actúa como un Liberal (¿debo acaso recordar el asunto de la "línea roja" y las armas químicas de Bashar al-Assad?). Los filósofos políticos pueden discutir durante siglos sobre si el mundo es mejor y más seguro bajo principios realistas o liberales (¿existe acaso otra discusión relevante en las Relaciones Internacionales?), pero donde todos estarán automáticamente de acuerdo es que un escenario global que combina una (ex)superpotencia regida por principios Realistas y una por principios Liberales es sin duda la opción más explosiva e inestable posible. No se trata aquí de debatir sobre concepciones opuestas de la naturaleza humana, mas de entender qué reacción debe adecuarse a cada acción. En la medida en que Rusia siga haciendo gala del recurso a la amenaza a la fuerza, la respuesta no puede ser más que igualmente proporcional a la amenaza percibida. El fracaso en entender esta lógica básica del accionar ruso es lo que ha permitido a Putin ganar espacios y consolidar su situación internacional y doméstica. Putin ha acusado a los occidentales de aplicar un nuevo containment contra Rusia, y declaró que Rusia no teme ni cederá ante el uso de la fuerza. Putin puede dormir tranquilo, Rusia no tiene nada que temer.

La existencia en la legislación mexicana de dos leyes denominadas: Ley Federal Contra la Delincuencia Organizada y Ley Federal de Extinción de Dominio, constituyen el objetivo general de investigación de tesis, cuyos ordenamientos son violatorios de los derechos humanos y sus garantías. Si bien es cierto, que se establecieron en la Legislación mexicana, por considerarlas necesarias, para el combate a los delitos de delincuencia organizada, también es cierto que violan los derechos humanos, sus garantías, y los tratados internacionales en materia de derechos humanos, lo cual obedece, en primer lugar, a que la normativa de estas leyes, se contrapone con los principios y garantías establecidos en la Constitución mexicana. El tema en estudio responde al momento que México ha vivido en la última década en materia de seguridad pública; etapa en la que la sociedad mexicana hemos vivido tiempos difíciles, los cuales se tornan preocupantes por el desbordamiento de la criminalidad, desde la comisión de conductas delictivas, que van de las menos graves a las más violentas, en consecuencia, la actuación del Estado cobra importancia en los procedimientos utilizados para la prevención y represión de los ilícitos, motivo por el que revisten carácter especial, las normas legales que para el combate a la delincuencia se han implementado. El objetivo general de la tesis es analizar tres normativas ubicadas en las leyes especiales: la medida del arraigo penal, la extinción de dominio y la definición del delito de delincuencia organizada, las tres normativas son violatorias de los derechos y garantías constitucionales. Comprende el análisis de los procedimientos jurídicos, establecidos para la represión de los delitos de delincuencia organizada, en los que se advierte, sin duda alguna, que las normas y técnicas de investigación especial se contraponen con los principios Constitucionales. La aplicación de las normas señaladas, genera la desgarantización de los principios fundamentales de la presunción de inocencia, y el principio legal del procedimiento; en consecuencia, la propia Constitución consagra un doble sistema penal, por una parte es un sistema dotado de derechos y garantías y por otro es un sistema especial con normas reductivas de derechos y garantías para delitos de delincuencia organizada, generando a la vez, violación a los tratados y convenios internacionales sobre derechos humanos. La aplicación de este tipo de leyes en la legislación mexicana se presenta cuestionable, lo que ha motivado su análisis en relación con el garantismo constitucional, y su afectación a los derechos humanos, con la finalidad de aportar otras formas de aplicación de las normas consideradas violatorias de los derechos humanos y sus garantías, que estén de acuerdo con el texto constitucional. Contenido de la investigación La investigación se estudia desde el enfoque del respeto a las garantías de los derechos humanos institucionalizados en la Constitución, se parte del supuesto de que en un Estado Democrático de Derecho, como lo tiene México, las políticas criminales, como las leyes creadas para el efecto, deben responder a los ordenamientos garantistas que dicta la Constitución Mexicana, motivo por el cual se le denomina al primer capítulo ¿El garantismo Constitucional y las leyes especiales¿, al constituir la Constitución la norma suprema del sistema legislativo mexicano. La investigación se realiza con base en la fundamentación postulada por teóricos como Luigi Ferrajoli y Sergio García Ramírez. Al respecto, Luigi Ferrajoli afirma que las leyes de excepción deben adecuarse a la Constitución como única forma de garantizar el respeto a las garantías de los derechos humanos. Sobre los derechos fundamentales, afirma que no son negociables y corresponden a todos, en igual medida. El segundo capítulo se titula ¿la seguridad pública y la política criminal¿, dedicado a la seguridad pública en el contexto actual, analizando principalmente la política criminal dentro de las acciones invocadas por el Estado Mexicano, para contrarrestar el fenómeno social constituido por la actividad delictiva, mediante los planes de desarrollo de gobierno, y las reformas realizadas a la ley, se citan sentencias jurídico penales, en los que se han producido violaciones a las garantías de los derechos humanos, e impunidad en la aplicación de la justicia, como sucedió en el caso de Florence Cassez, acusada de secuestro, sentenciada a 60 años de prisión, a quien La Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, le otorgo la libertad, basando su resolución en las violaciones de las garantías de la presunción de inocencia y el debido proceso legal, considerándolas violaciones graves a los derechos humanos de la inculpada. En el capítulo tercero se trata el tema de la delincuencia organizada, se incluye con la finalidad de exponer la forma como se ha venido desarrollando en México y en otros países, al considerar que para México, la delincuencia organizada representa un problema de seguridad pública nacional, cuya actividad relevante provocó la política criminal de mano dura y el establecimiento de las leyes especiales en la legislación mexicana para su combate. El capítulo cuarto analiza la estructura jurídica de las leyes especiales en estudio: La Ley Federal Contra la Delincuencia Organizada y La Ley Federal de Extinción de Domino, concretamente las normas relativas al arraigo, la definición del delito de delincuencia organizada, y la extinción o decomiso de bienes. El arraigo y el concepto de delincuencia organizada se ordenan en el artículo 16 de la Constitución, la Extinción de dominio en el artículo 22 Constitucional. Se considera que con la aplicación de estas normas se incurre en excesos que violan las garantías de los derechos humanos, regulados principalmente en los artículos 11, 14, 16 y 19 de la propia Constitución. El arraigo La práctica del arraigo o reclusión de una persona en un lugar designado, mientras las autoridades recaban las pruebas, plantea numerosas violaciones en contra de los inculpados, como las condiciones en las que se mantienen en los lugares de arraigo, las confesiones obtenidas bajo esta condición, impedir su libertad, la falta de respeto de sus derechos y garantías, formas de investigación, que violentan, tanto las garantías estipuladas en nuestro máximo ordenamiento constitucional, como los tratados internacionales en materia de derechos humanos, lo cual se traduce en violaciones a los derechos humanos y sus garantías. La afectación que produce en las garantías y derechos humanos se explica, a partir de que la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, reconoce el derecho a la libertad personal, cuando establece en el artículo 16 plazos breves, para que la persona detenida sea puesta de inmediato a disposición de la autoridad correspondiente y ésta determine su situación jurídica. Al tratarse de una privación de la libertad que no reúne todos los requisitos del mandato Constitucional, la aplicación del arraigo viola las garantías reguladas por los artículos 11, 14, 16 y 19 constitucionales, que se refieren principalmente a las garantías de la libertad personal y de tránsito. De ahí la necesidad de que se efectúen reformas en el sentido de que se elimine de la legislación mexicana, en su lugar, optar por otro tipo de medidas cautelares. El concepto de delincuencia organizada El concepto de delito de delincuencia organizada establecido en el artículo 2 de la Ley Federal Contra la Delincuencia Organizada, incurre en violación, cuando se define el tipo de Delincuencia Organizada, de la siguiente manera: ¿Se comete el delito de delincuencia organizada cuando tres o más personas se organicen de hecho para realizar, en forma permanente o reiterada, conductas que por sí o unidas a otras, tienen como fin o resultado cometer alguno de los delitos señalados, ¿serán sancionados por ese solo hecho como miembros de la delincuencia organizada¿, es decir, con la simple organización, es suficiente para sancionar la conducta del ilícito de delincuencia organizada, sin que siquiera se de la tentativa, se sanciona por el delito autónomo de delincuencia organizada y por los diversos delitos cometidos por los miembros de la organización delictiva, que implican acumulación, considerando que realmente se recoge dos veces una sola conducta, sancionando por ende a un sujeto dos veces por el mismo hecho, con violación del clásico principio bis in ídem, en materia penal no se puede castigar dos veces a una persona por el mismo delito como literalmente lo establece la Constitución mexicana en el artículo 23: ¿¿¿Nadie puede ser juzgado dos veces por el mismo delito, ya sea que en el juicio se le absuelva o se le condene¿, La extinción de dominio de bienes objeto del delito El artículo 7º, de la Ley Federal de Extinción de dominio viola las garantías de propiedad, cuando ordena extinguir la propiedad sin un juicio previo que determine la licitud o ilicitud del producto del delito, propiedad de los inculpados a favor del Estado, aplicación normativa que viola además las garantías constitucionales de la presunción de inocencia y el debido proceso penal, los derechos humanos y los tratados y convenios internacionales en materia de derechos humanos. Conclusión En un Estado democrático de derecho, respetuoso de los derechos humanos y las garantías de los ciudadanos, la normatividad considerada violatoria, resulta contradictoria del artículo primero, Titulo Primero, Capitulo I, denominado De los Derechos Humanos y sus Garantías. Artículo 1º de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, que textualmente ordena ¿que todas las personas gozarán de los derechos humanos reconocidos en la Constitución y en los tratados internacionales, de los que el Estado sea parte, así como de las garantías para su protección, cuyo ejercicio no podrá restringirse ni suspenderse salvo en los casos que dicte la Constitución¿. Concluyendo, que si bien es cierto que las leyes especiales, se encuentran debidamente legitimadas en nuestra Constitución, también ésta demostrado, que tanto constitucionalmente como procesalmente, trasgreden derechos y garantías, situación que es factible de modificar o anular, siendo procedente reformas a la Constitución y a las leyes en relación con las normas señaladas, con el objetivo de garantizar, promover e impulsar el goce y ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales del hombre. Si bien es obligación del Estado, perseguir y sancionar conductas ilícitas, no implica trasgredir el Estado de Derecho, con la existencia de las leyes especiales, cuya normatividad da lugar a irregularidades jurídicas y violaciones a los derechos fundamentales. Con base en lo expuesto se propone lo siguiente: 1.- La modificación de la definición del tipo del delito de delincuencia organizada: omitir la frase: ¿Serán sancionados por ese sólo hecho, como miembros de la delincuencia organizada,¿ lo que evita, que por una misma conducta se castigue dos veces, es decir, se castiga a la vez por el delito cometido, y por el delito de delincuencia organizada por el hecho de pertenecer a una organización criminal 2.- La derogación de la medida del arraigo, optar por otras medidas cautelares, como el uso de las pulseras cibernéticas, con el fin de adecuar nuestra legislación penal, con reformas que al tiempo de respetar garantías y derechos humanos, combatan la criminalidad. 3.- La modificación del artículo 7º de la Ley Federal de Extinción de dominio en el sentido de que se establezca que una vez agotada la averiguación o el proceso y se acredite si los bienes objeto producto del delito son de legal o ilegal procedencia, se proceda a su decomiso a favor del Estado o a su devolución. Bibliografía Abascal Carranza, Salvador (2002), Los Desafíos de la Seguridad Pública en México, Introducción, Derechos Humanos, Seguridad y Justicia, México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas-UNAM. Alvarado Martínez, Israel (2004), Análisis a la Ley Federal contra la delincuencia Organizada, México, Porrúa, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Penales. Araña Sánchez, Miguel (2010), La Extinción de Dominio, México, Universidad Iberoamericana, Instituto de la Judicatura Federal, Escuela Judicial, Porrúa Bustos Ramírez, Juan, (1989), Manual de Derecho Penal, Parte General, Madrid, editorial Ariel S.A. Bruccet Anaya, Luis Alonso (2001), El Crimen Organizado, origen, evolución, situación y configuración de la delincuencia organizada, México Porrúa. Burgoa Orihuela, Ignacio (1995), El Juicio de Amparo, México, Porrúa. Campos, Bidart, Germán J., (1995), El Derecho de la constitución y su fuerza normativa, Bueno aires, Ediar Carbonell, Miguel, (2006), Sobre los Derechos Fundamentales y sus Garantías, México, CNDH. Cárdenas Rioseco, Raúl F (2006), La presunción de Inocencia, México, Porrúa. Carocca Pérez, Alex (1998), Garantía Constitucional de la Defensa Procesal, Barcelona, José María Bosch. Ferrajoli, Luigi, (2001), Derecho y Razón, Madrid, Trotta. (2006), Derecho y Razón Teoría del Garantismo Penal, Valladolid, Trotta. (2010), Derechos y Garantías La ley del más débil, Madrid, Trotta. (2006), Sobre los Derechos fundamentales y sus Garantías, México, CNDH. García Ramírez, Sergio, (2002), Los Derechos Humanos y la Jurisdicción Interamericana, México, UNAM. (2011), La Reforma Penal Constitucional, (2007-2008) ¿Democracia o Autoritarismo?, México, Porrúa. (1997), Delincuencia Organizada, Antecedentes y Regulación Penal en México, México, Porrúa, Universidad Nacional autónoma de México. (2002), En Torno a la Seguridad Pública, Desarrollo Penal y Evolución del Delito¿, México, Procuraduría General de la República. Hidalgo Murillo, José Daniel, (2010), Sistema Acusatorio Mexicano y Garantías del Proceso Penal, México, Universidad Panamericana-Porrúa. López Valdez, Marco Antonio, (2002), La Seguridad Nacional en México, interferencias y vulnerabilidades¿, México, Porrúa, Universidad Anáhuac. Marroquín Zaleta, Jaime Manuel, (2010), Extinción de dominio, México, Porrúa, Instituto de la Judicatura Federal. Ortiz Treviño, Rigoberto Gerardo, (2010), Los Derechos fundamentales en el Derecho Positivo Mexicano, México, CENADEH, CNDH. Plascencia Villanueva, Raúl (2006), El arraigo y los Derechos Humanos, Derechos Humanos México, México, CNDH. Piña Reyna, Uriel (2010), La Extinción de dominio, Análisis de Latinoamérica institucionalización Constitucional en México y bases para su desarrollo legal, México, Popocatépetl Ediciones S. A. de C.V. Soberanes, José Luis, (2001), Los Derechos Humanos, México, Porrúa. Zamora Pierce, Jesús, (2000), Garantías y Proceso Penal, México, Porrúa. Legislación Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, Carbonell Miguel México 2012, Editorial Porrúa. Agenda Penal Federal, 2012, México, Editorial ISEF. (Incluye Ley Federal contra la Delincuencia Organizada, Ley Federal de Extinción de Dominio, códigos penales y de procedimientos )

Desde el retorno de los conservadores (Partido Liberal Democrático) y de Shinzo Abe al poder en diciembre de 2012, y tras un accidentado interludio de 3 años de gobierno del Partido Democrático (que terminó en una desastrosa derrota para el PD), el gobierno japonés se encuentra embarcado en una importante reformulación de su estrategia de defensa y del rol de su ejército. El primer ministro Abe pretende ir aún más lejos al proponer una reforma constitucional que permitiría romper con la histórica restricción impuesta a las fuerzas armadas japonesas por los vencedores de la II Guerra Mundial. Si reforma de la constitución hubiese, el ejercito japonés no estaría más limitado a su rol de Fuerzas de Autodefensa y podría evolucionar hacia el desarrollo de nuevas capacidades ofensivas y articular estrategias militares más convencionales, como por ejemplo tener una participación activa en operaciones militares en el extranjero y venir en ayuda a sus aliados, entre los cuales el primero y más importante es bien evidentemente Estados Unidos. Ya en el 2004, y a pedido de los Estados Unidos, Japón envió tropas militares para asistir en la reconstrucción de Irak, siendo la primera vez desde la Segunda Guerra que el país tenía una presencia militar en el extranjero. De prosperar la propuesta de reforma, Japón se alejaría de su histórico pacifismo impuesto, es cierto, por los Estados Unidos, pero que ha pasado a ser un valor importante para gran parte de la sociedad japonesa. La cuestión del rearme japonés nunca abandonó las preocupaciones de los japoneses ni de su clase política, pero dos factores han acelerado el debate y brindado mayor empuje a los defensores del rearme. El primero es la situación geoestratégica del sudeste asiático, donde la política de expansión militar china y su voluntad afirmada de dotarse de una marina de guerra de primer nivel, han despertado vivas preocupaciones en Japón y otros países vecinos. Si a esto le sumamos la "sabiamente esquizofrénica" actitud del vecino Norcoreano, la situación ha alcanzado importantes niveles de tensión. El segundo factor que explica la actitud japonesa es la "desconfianza" de que su principal aliado, los Estados Unidos, no tenga la capacidad, o la voluntad, para asegurar en el futuro la defensa del archipiélago. Por más que Estados Unidos ha reafirmado su interés estratégico en la zona, como confirma su estrategia del "pivote asiático" inicialmente formulada por Hillary Clinton en 2011, existen recelos acerca de hasta dónde llegará el compromiso americano y en qué medida la relación de amor-odio con China podrá influenciar en el futuro la actitud americana vis-à-vis de Japón. La crisis en la relación sino-nipona tiene varias aristas. La mas visible es el litigio por el control de las islas Senkaku (o Diaoyu para los chinos) y la voluntad china de ampliar su área de influencia y recuperar un patrimonio que considera como histórico. Las Senkaku-Diaoyu son un conjunto de 5 diminutas islas inhabitadas (7km2 de superficie) situadas en el mar del este chino a 90 millas náuticas al oeste de Okinawa y 120 millas al norte de Taiwán. Anexadas en 1895 tras la primer guerra sino-japonesa, fueron restituidas a Japón en 1972 luego de ser administradas por los Estados Unidos al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, aunque desde 1971 tanto China como Taiwán reivindican la soberanía sobre estas islas. Las islas representan un interés estratégico y económico importante tanto para China como para Japón. Las islas, o más bien sus zonas de explotación marítimas, poseen reservas ictícolas importantes y potenciales recursos en hidrocarburos. Desde el punto de vista estratégico, son la clave para el control del mar del este chino. Múltiples incidentes diplomáticos han envenenado las relaciones entre los dos países, el más importante siendo la decisión del gobierno japonés de comprar tres de las islas que estaban en manos de privados japoneses, provocando la reacción encolerizada del gobierno chino que sigue considerándolas como parte inalienable del territorio chino. Ambos estados han utilizado estos acontecimientos como un trampolín para hacer avanzar sus respectivas causas nacionalistas. La actitud china con respecto a las Senkaku-Diaoyu se enmarca en una estrategia mucho más amplia de expansión de su área de influencia, ya no sólo económica, sino también política y militar, chocando irremediablemente -aunque de manera sabiamente orquestada por el PCC-, con sus vecinos y con los Estados Unidos. Mediante la construcción de una gran armada y una actitud agresiva, China intenta romper el bloqueo estratégico sobre sus aguas territoriales conformado por las islas y los aliados de Estados Unidos en la región. Pero el litigio territorial chino no se limita únicamente a las Senkaku-Diaoyu, sino que China reivindica igualmente en el mar del sur la soberanía sobre una extensa zona marítima en forma de U, "la línea a nueve rayas", que cuenta con tres importantes archipiélagos. La soberanía sobre esta zona está dividida entre China, Filipinas, Vietnam, Brunei, Malasia e Indonesia, pero China reivindica la totalidad del control y de su zona de explotación económica. La estrategia del gobierno chino ha sido la de alternar presiones diplomáticas con amenazas militares apenas veladas, al mismo tiempo que construye un arsenal jurídico destinado a revindicar sus derechos históricos sobre las zonas en disputa. La política china ha sido una de "acción por reacción", es decir que ha aprovechado cualquier incidente o amenaza (real o ficticia) para desarrollar una política ofensiva. En este sentido, la estrategia del pivote asiático ha sido catalogada por Beijing como un intento estadounidense de asfixiar y acorralar a China en una zona vital (una estrategia de Contención digna de la guerra fría según el Politburó chino), provocando una reacción ofensiva acorde a la amenaza percibida. La respuesta china intenta asimismo evaluar la capacidad de resistencia japonesa a sus veleidades expansionistas en los mares asiáticos y el compromiso estadounidense en la región. Al mismo tiempo, al articular públicamente el contencioso sobre un eje nacionalista, el PCC corre el riesgo de provocar una escalada diplomática que no está seguro de poder ganar y ese es un lujo que el politburó no puede darse a los ojos de su "opinión pública". El aliado histórico de Japón, los Estados Unidos, ha reafirmado su total apoyo a la causa nipona a través de dos actos importantes (conviene recordar que Japón y los Estados Unidos firmaron en 1960 un tratado de Seguridad y Cooperación que garantiza la protección americana al territorio japonés). El primero es el respaldo del Senado americano a la legitimidad de la causa nipona en el litigio de las islas. En un texto votado el 29 de noviembre, el Senado reconoce de manera inequívoca la administración japonesa sobre las islas Senkaku (sin por lo tanto pronunciarse sobre la cuestión de la soberanía sobre las islas) y que éstas están cubiertas por el tratado de Seguridad y Cooperación y reconoce que su posición no puede ser influenciada de forma alguna por la amenaza, coerción o acción militar, en una clara referencia a la postura china. El segundo punto que refuerza los vínculos entre EEUU y Japón, es el compromiso de ampliación de la cooperación militar y de las estrategias de defensa conjuntas firmado entre ambos países a principios de octubre de este año. El acuerdo permitirá, entre otras cosas, colocar drones espías en territorio japonés para supervisar las acciones chinas y norcoreanas así como la instalación de un nuevo sistema de radares de última generación cerca de Kyoto. El acuerdo también estipula directrices para el trabajo conjunto en proyectos de ciberseguridad, uno de los aspectos que más preocupan a ambos países. El acuerdo avala, por lo menos de manera tacita, el esfuerzo japonés de rearme y este punto es probablemente el que a futuro represente el mayor riesgo a la estabilidad regional. Por primera vez en 11 años el gobierno japonés procedió a un aumento del presupuesto de defensa, con un incremento aún más fuerte del 3% previsto para los próximos dos años. Conjuntamente con el intento de reforma constitucional, demuestra la voluntad del gobierno de Abe de enviar un claro mensaje a su contraparte chino pero también de hacer uso de la coyuntura actual para reposicionar favorablemente ante la opinión pública el debate sobre el rearme, teñido de un no disimulado nacionalismo japonés, respuesta necesaria, según sus defensores, al no menos vehemente nacionalismo chino y a la pérdida de capacidad disuasoria del gigante norteamericano. Frente a la amenaza china, Japón está decidido a reestructurar y adaptar su ejército para enfrentar de manera más dinámica los desafíos futuros, en particular en las zonas marítimas y costeras del sur del archipiélago. Así, el número de submarinos pasará de 16 a 22 y luego a 25 y se reducirá el número de tanques a favor de equipamiento más móvil. Japón ha procedido a movilizar tropas y material del norte al sur de su territorio, y se propone mejorar a la brevedad su respuesta logística y sus sistemas de defensa balísticos. Si bien es cierto que el equipamiento japonés es infinitamente superior del punto de vista tecnológico, poco puede importar a futuro frente a la cruda potencia del leviatán chino. Si entre 2003 y 2012 el presupuesto de defensa japonés disminuyó, el presupuesto chino para el mismo período aumento en un impresionante 175%. Si el presupuesto de defensa japonés en 2012 alcanzó el muy respetable monto de 59 mil millones de dólares, el presupuesto chino superó los 166 mil millones de dólares! A título de comparación, Francia gastó en el mismo año 58,9 mil millones, Rusia 90,7 y Estados Unidos… ¡682 mil millones de dólares, lo que representa el 39% del total mundial de gastos de defensa! Una de las prioridades del gobierno chino es justamente el incremento, numérico y tecnológico, de su armada, permitiéndole al país pasar de la histórica posición defensiva de su litoral costero que caracterizó a la china maoísta (1949-78) a una posición de "defensa activa" de sus mares próximos así como poder proyectarse en escenarios globales. La construcción de dos nuevos portaviones de fabricación china y el reacondicionamiento de un antiguo porta-avión ucraniano se encuadran en esta estrategia de proyección global. La marina china es en la actualidad, en tonelaje, la tercer armada del mundo, detrás de la rusa y muy por detrás de la estadounidense que es además cualitativamente muy superior. Se estima que China cuenta por ejemplo con 5 o 6 submarinos nucleares de misiles balísticos, aunque sólo dos han sido oficialmente "confirmados" como activos por el departamento de defensa americano. Francia y el Reino Unido cuentan con 4 submarinos nucleares balísticos activos cada uno, Estados Unidos con 18 y Rusia con 12. Pero para hacer frente a la expansión del área de influencia China, Japón no se ha limitado a contar únicamente con el apoyo estadounidense, sino que la diplomacia japonesa intenta construir partenariados de cooperación con otros estados que analizan con igual recelo las políticas nacionalistas chinas. Así, por ejemplo, la armada japonesa ha establecido una serie de acuerdos o ejercicios de cooperación y defensa conjuntos con Australia (y Estados Unidos). Asimismo, desde el año 2000 Japón e India conforman un "partenariado estratégico global" y por primera vez en 2012 las dos marinas llevaron adelante un ejercicio conjunto. En un foro más político, Japón ha favorecido el estrechamiento de los lazos con los miembros de la ASEAN, más que preocupados por las recientes reivindicaciones chinas y las presiones diplomáticas de Beijing. Aún más significativo es que, a pesar de todos los diferendos diplomáticos e históricos que los oponen, Japón y Corea del Sur se dicen listos para cooperar para hacer frente a las amenazas norcoreanas y chinas. Prueba de esto es que el 10 de noviembre de este año un ejercicio tripartito entre las armadas de Japón, Corea del Sur y los Estados Unidos tuvo lugar en aguas surcoreanas. Estas redes de partenariados tienen como objetivo principal presentar un frente común, disuasorio en primera instancia, al desarrollo de la potencia china. El progreso tecnológico ha llevado a que en la actualidad resulte virtualmente imposible distinguir entre capacidades militares ofensivas y defensivas. El argumento que las políticas de rearme o las carreras armamentistas cumplen fines puramente defensivos, no resiste comprobación histórica, salvo, como bien marca la escuela neorrealista, en el caso de la carrera nuclear. Algunos verán en el posible rearme japonés una respuesta natural y defensiva a la expansión militar china; otros avanzarán que el nacionalismo japonés nunca echó del todo por tierra su pasado imperialista y que las políticas chinas presentan la excusa ideal para promover la causa nacionalista. No obstante, poco importa si la causa es defensiva o ofensiva, justa o injusta, necesaria para salvaguardar la seguridad nacional o sencillamente políticamente oportunista, a efectos de preservar la estabilidad y la paz regional o mundial, sólo cuenta el equilibrio de fuerzas. Por si solo, ni Japón ni los países vecinos pueden oponerse a la expansión China. La política nacionalista china en su zona de influencia se enmarca en el nuevo "partage du monde" y en la competencia global con el rival norteamericano, y en ese sentido, no puede desprenderse de la lógica de acción-reacción. En las relaciones internacionales de nada sirve la historia del "huevo y la gallina", porque desgraciadamente la responsabilidad moral o legal de las acciones o violaciones cometidas es secundaria a los imperativos de la fuerza. Ya lo decía Tucídides hace más de 2000 años, "los fuertes hacen lo que deben y los débiles lo que pueden". En realista convencido, pero atribulado, no puedo, por más que mis amigos liberales intenten convencerme de lo contrario, dejar de observar que los grandes estados siguen pensando y actuando, antes que nada, en términos de seguridad y poder. La escalada en el sudeste asiático y las respuestas que parecen encadenarse no hacen más que reforzar la vieja máxima de Alexander Hamilton: "Self-preservation is the first duty of a nation".Sobre el autorLicenciado en Estudios Internacionales,Universidad ORT –Uruguay; Master en Ciencia Política,Université de Genève – Suiza;Master en Estudios de Desarrollo,Instituto de Altos Estudios Internacionales y de Desarrollo(IHEID- The Graduate Institute) Ginebra, Suiza.

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Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1597234-paraguay-el-presidente-federico-franco-ac uso-al-mercosur-de-persecucion-implacable Portugal y Francia negaron aterrizaje a avión de Evo Morales. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/presidente-de-bolivia-aterrizo-en-viena_12906099-4 Se cumple un nuevo aniversario de la operación que rescató a Ingrid Betancourt de las FARC. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23150223 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Senado de Estados Unidos aprueba la mayor reforma migratoria desde 1986. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2013/06/immigration-ref orm-1http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/senado-de-ee-uu-vota-para-la- reforma-migratoria_12898219-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1596173-eeuu-avance-de-la-reforma-migratoria Devastadoras inundaciones en Calgary, Canadá. 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Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/21/world/europe/spain-terror-arrests/index.html Cámara alta rusa aprueba la ley contra la 'propaganda' homosexual. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ley-contra-propaganda-homosexual-en-rusi a_12896426-4http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/01/content_16693533.htm España estudia usar ayudas europeas para rebajar cotizaciones al empleo juvenil. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/28/actualidad/13724387 58_497110.html El poder imparable de Silvio Berlusconi se pone a prueba. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/poder-de-silvio-berlusconi_12901233-4http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/07/02/l-etrangere-du-gouvernement-italien_3440545_3214.html Un juez del Tribunal para la ex Yugoslavia denuncia que su presidente presionó para absolver a presuntos criminales de guerra. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/30/actualidad/137260289 4_696290.html En Bélgica las empresas tendrán que pagar impuestos sobre las ganancias de al menos el 5%. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2013/07/02/en-belgique-les-entrepr ises-devront-payer-un-impot-sur-les-benefices-d-au-moins-5_3440298_3234.html Envían a la cárcel al ex tesorero del PP. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1596177-envian-a-la-carcel-al-ex-tesorero-del-pp ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Aumentan a más de 850 los muertos en las inundaciones en el norte de la India. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/inundaciones-en-india_12894664-4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23145924http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/23/world/asia/india-floods/index.html Terremoto sacude a Indonesia. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/02/world/asia/indonesia-earthquake/index.htm l?hpt=ias_c2http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2013/07/02/indonesie-un-seisme-f rappe-la-province-d-aceh_3440482_3216.html Disturbios dejaron 27 muertos en región musulmana de Xinjiang (China). Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-china-crackdown-20130630,0,6192697.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/china-27-muertos-en-disturbios-en-xinjiang-china_12896162-4 Hong Kong se unió a la ola mundial de protestas callejeras. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/07/02/les-hongkongais-veul ent-tenir-la-chine-a-distance_3440380_3210.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1597310-hong-kong-se-unio-a-la-ola-mundial-de -protestas-callejerashttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/hong-kong-pide-el-voto-universal_1290 4265-4 Decenas de personas son condenadas por conspirar para derrocar al gobierno de Emiratos Árabes Unidos.Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/02/19247518-dozens-convicted -jailed-over-coup-plot-in-united-arab-emirates?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23142248http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/02/world/meast/uae-trial/index.html?hpt=imi_c2 Continúa la violencia y los atentados en Afganistán. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/01/content_16697758.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/world/asia/suicide-attack-afghanistan.h tml?ref=worldhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/19/world/asia/afghanistan-security-talks/inde x.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-en-kabul-afganistn_ 12894222-4http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/asia/afghanistan-violence/index.htm l?hpt=ias_c1http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23127933 Cameron visita Pakistán y Afganistán. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/29/world/asia/afghanistan-uk-cameron/index.ht ml?hpt=ieu_c2http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-bombings-20130701,0,3205657.story Ataques dejan decenas de muertos es Pakistán. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/asia/pakistan-violence/index.htm l?hpt=wo_bn7http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-karachi-politics-20130622,0,5791307.story Irak víctima de varios ataques suicidas. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23152066http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/02/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt =imi_c2http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/01/content_16692920.htmhttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-47-dead-in-iraq-20130702,0,1629150.storyhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/world/middleeast/iraq-attacks-north-of-ba ghdad-kill-at-least-25-people.html?ref=world&gwh=607A6C23979374587693873D 6BBA697B Continúa la crisis política y humanitaria en Siria. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23112222http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/27/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html?h pt=imi_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/02/actualidad/13727538 73_716974.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/rebeldes-sirios-decapitam-um-sacerdote-catolico-8882364#ixzz2XtplBaby Activistas del matrimonio gay salen a manifestarse en China. Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/27/world/asia/china-gay-rights-jiang/index.html John Kerry visita Medio Oriente con objetivo de alcanzar la paz. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-kerry-optimist-20130701,0,5352126.storyhttp://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-kerry-middle-east-peace-20130628,0,5967175.storyhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/30/world/meast/kerry-mideast-talks/index.ht ml?hpt=wo_c2 Hassan Rowhani pide "interacción constructiva" en la política exterior y respalda a los medios de comunicación libres. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-president-20130630,0 ,7247038.story ÁFRICA Miles demandan salida de Moursi en Egipto. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?re f=world&_r=0http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23154233http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/06/30/3478008/egypt-protesters-gather-to -demand.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1597594-el-presidente-de-egipto-rechaza-el-ultimatu m-del-ejercitohttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/02/19246354-egypts-morsi-sa ys-he-wont-step-down-vows-to-protect-his-legitimacy?litehttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/933273.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/03/content_16712076.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/world/middleeast/egypts-young-activist s-rouse-protests-but-leave-next-steps-in-hands-of-public.html?ref=worldhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/presidente-rejeita-ultimato-militar-agrava-crise- no-egito-8881653#ixzz2XtpIET4t http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/07/egypthttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/07/02/actualidad/137274216 7_249635.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/07/02/la-presidence-egyptienne-r ejette-l-ultimatum-de-l-armee_3440080_3212.html Obama realiza gira por países africanos. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23141473http://oglobo.globo.com/videos/t/todos-os-videos/v/webchamada/2667109http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-obama-africa-20130702,0,61 47803.storyhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-obama-food-security-20130629,0,3937951.storyhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-07/01/content_16694415.htmhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/02/19244981-obama-bush-h onor-victims-of-osama-bin-ladens-opening-salvo-against-us?lite El mundo sigue en vilo por la salud de Mandela. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-mandela-court-battle-20130702,0,6824949.storyhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/83222.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/27/world/africa/south-africa-mandela/index.html ?hpt=wo_bn10http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/world/africa/mandelas-relatives-argue- over-burial-plans.html?ref=world&gwh=CFB0271FBA8705BE7B76E06622F3BC73 Fuerzas de Paz de la ONU comienzan sus operaciones en Mali. Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23125615 Ex presidente de Chad es acusado en Senegal por crímenes de guerra. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23153532 Para muchos en África la falta de electricidad es una barrera al crecimiento. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/world/africa/for-many-in-africa-lack-o f-electricity-is-barrier-to-growth.html?ref=world OTRAS NOTICIAS Fin de pobreza extrema debe ser nuevo objetivo mundial para 2030: ONU. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/la-onu-dice-que-el-fin-de-la -pobreza-extrema-debe-ser-nuevo-objetivo-mundial-para-2030_12845943-4 "Los Angeles Times" presenta portal sobre el crecimiento de la población mundial. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/population/ "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21580206-business-week

PERANAN SATUAN RESERSE KRIMINAL KEPOLISAN DALAM MENANGGULANGI TINDAK PIDANA PENADAHANKENDARAAN BERMOTOR(Studi Kasus: Polresta Padang) ARTIKEL/JURNAL Diajukan Sebagai Persyaratan UntukMendapatkan Gelar Sarjana Hukum Oleh: VICKY ERZAM FERNANDO 0810012111045 Bagian Hukum Pidana FAKULTAS HUKUMUNIVERSITAS BUNG HATTAPADANG2013 PERANAN SATUAN RESERSE KRIMINAL KEPOLISIAN DALAM MENAGGULANGI TINDAK PIDANA PENADAHAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (Studi Kasus: Polresta Padang) Vicky Erzam Fernando1, Uning Pratimaratri1, Syafridatati21 Jurusan Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Bung HattaE-mail:Vicky.ErzamFernando@yahoo.co.id AbstractAn increasing number of motor vehicles in the city of Padang with increasing motorcycle theft crimes. Motorcycle theft crimes are usually closely related to fencing motorcycle. Issues raised in this study were: (1) How does the role of the Police Criminal Investigation unit in tackling fencing motorcycles in Padang? (2) What are the barriers experienced by the Criminal Investigation Unit of the Police in tackling crime in Padang fencing motorcycle? (3) What factors cause crime fencing motorcycles in Padang. This study uses a socio-legal approach. Data sources used include primary data and secondary data. Secondary data obtained from the criminal statistics of the years 2010-2012. Data collected by the study of documents and interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of this study concluded (1) that the role of the Criminal Investigation unit in tackling crime fencing Police vehicles in Padang. (2) The constraints experienced by the Police Criminal Investigation unit in tackling crime fencing Police vehicles in Padang. (3) Factors that cause the occurrence of crime in the Police vehicle fencing Padang.Keywords: Detective, Crime, fencing, Motor Vehicles. A. Pendahuluan1. Latar Belakang Penegakan hukum di Indonesia perlu adanya aparatur penegak hukum yang handal, beribawa, penuh pengabdian, cerdas, taat hukum dan berwawasan luas, supaya terciptanya aparatur penegak hukum yang disenangi dan disegani oleh masyarakat, terutama bagi penegak hukum di tubuh kepolisian negara Indonesia. Pengertian penegakan hukum adalah suatu proses untuk mewujudkan keinginan-keinginan hukum menjadi kenyataan, yang disebut sebagai keinginan-keinginan hukum disini tidak lain adalah pikiran-pikiran badan pembuat undang-undang yang dirumuskan dalam peraturan itu. (Sukarto Marmosudjono, 1989:12) Penegakan hukum akan selalu melibatkan manusia didalamnya. Hukum tidak bisa tegak dengan sendirinya, artinya ia tidak mampu untuk mewujudkan sendiri kehendak-kehendaknya yang tercantum dalam hukum itu. Penegakan hukum pidana secara kongkrit diwujudkan oleh hukum acara pidana yaitu melalui proses penyidikan, penuntutan, pemeriksaan sidang dan eksekusi yang dilaksanakan oleh masing-masing instansi penegak hukum yaitu: Polisi, Jaksa, Hakim, dan Badan Eksekusi (Lembaga Pemasyarakatan). Polisi adalah badan pemerintahan yang bertugas memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban umum. Kepolisian artinya segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan polisi atau singkatnya urusan polisi. (H. Hilman Hadikusuma, 2005:167) Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia bertujuan untuk mewujudkan keamanan dalam negeri yang meliputi terpeliharanya keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, tertib dan tegaknya hukum. Terselenggaranya perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat, serta tertibnya ketentraman masyarakat, dengan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia diatur dalam Pasal 4 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang kepolisian. Di dalam Pasal 5 UU No 2 Tahun 2002 menyebutkan bahwa Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia merupakan alat negara yang berperan dalam memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, menegakkan hukum, serta memberikan perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dalam rangka terpeliharanya keamanan dalam negeri.Tindak pidana Penadahan berasal dari kata straf (Belanda), yang pada dasarnya dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu penderitaan (nestapa) yang sengaja dikenakan atau dijatuhkan kepada seseorang yang telah terbukti bersalah telah melakukan suatu perbuatan tindak pidana. Menurut Moeljatno dalam Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief, istilah hukuman yang berasal dari kata straf, merupakan suatu istilah yang konvensional. Moeljatno menggunakan istilah yang inkonvensional, yaitu pidana yang dapat dikenai hukuman menurut ketentuan hukum pidana di negeri Belanda hanya merupakan tindakan-tindakan (hendelingen) yang oleh undang-undang dengan tegas dinyatakan dapat dikenai hukuman[1]. (LJ. Van Aperldorn, 1985: 336). Berkaitan dengan tugas tersebut, reserse kriminal merupakan bagian terpenting bagi dinamika kegiatan kepolisian terlebih dalam Era Globalisasi dan reformasi dewasa ini, dimana tuntutan masyarakat terhadap tranparansi, demokrasi, perlindungan hak asas manusia, dan supremasi hukum yang semakin meningkat. Di samping dinamika kehidupan masyarakat yang berkembang semakin cepat gelagat perubahannya semakin sulit untuk dibaca sehingga diperlukan upaya early warning dan early detection yang tajam dan akurat guna mengetahui gelagat tersebut melalui penguasaan teori, keterampilan dan pengalaman serta pemanfaatan teknologi modern. Di Padang permasalahan tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor merupakan suatu kasus besar yang terungkap oleh kepolisian, terutama bagi reserse kriminal yang merupakan pencari informasi yang langsung kelapangan dalam melakukan penyidikan, berupa penyamaran yang langsung turun ke masyarakat untuk mencari informasi tindak pidana yang telah terjadi. Dalam upaya menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor ini, anggota dari reserse kriminal hendaknya perlu berkerja keras untuk mencari informasi dalam penyidikan tindak pidana yang terjadi dalam masyarakat. Peranan reserse kriminal sangatlah penting dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor dari hasil pencurian yang sangat meresahkan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu mengingat barang hasil pencurian, penipuan dan lain-lain apabila berkurangnya pihak penadah atau penerima, tentu bagi pelaku kejahatan pencurian, dan penipuan barang hasil kejahatan tidak menguntungkan mengingat yang diinginkan oleh pelaku pencurian, penipuan dan lain-lain adalah uang. Untuk itu polisi Republik Indonesia sangat berperan dalam menanggulangi maupun mengurangi berbagai tindak pidana yang terjadi pada umumnya dan tindak pidana penadahan pada khususnya maka tindakan yang di ambil oleh Polri di Kota Padang dengan melakukan penertiban dan pemeriksaan hampir di setiap jalan raya, baik itu pemeriksaan kelengkapan kendaraan bermotor, surat-surat lainnya yang berkaitan dengan kepemilikan seseorang terhadap kandaraan tersebut. Selanjutnya dengan adanya penyuluhan dari pihak berwajib maka dengan memberi pengumuman-pengumuman atau dengan pemberitahuan pada spanduk atau iklan yang dipajang disamping jalan raya atau tempat-tempat ramai yang dilalui oleh masyarakat agar masyarakat pemilik kendaraan bemotor dapat menjaga atau mewaspadai keselamatan kendaraan bermotor miliknya jauh dari pencurian kendaraan bermotor yang marak terjadi pada saat ini. Di Indonesia sebutan satuan reserse sekarang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan satuan reserse kriminal. Polisi merupakan aparat negara yang selalu berhubungan dengan menjaga ketertiban dan keamanan di masyarakat. Keamanan atau aman adalah suatu kondisi dimana seseorang atau sekelompok orang mempunyai rasa, bahwa dirinya berpikir dengan pasti. Tidak mempunyai rasa khawatir terhadap apapun karena bebas dari ancaman bahaya. Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah yang telah diuraikan diatas, maka dapat dirumuskan apabila yang menjadi permasalahan sebagai berikut:Bagaimana peranan satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang?Apa hambatan-hambatan yang dialami oleh satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang?Faktor-faktor apakah penyebab terjadinya tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang?Tujuan peneltian ini adalah :Untuk mengetahui peranan satuan reserse kriminal dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang.Untuk mengetahui hambatan-hambatan yang dialami oleh satuan reserse kriminal dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang.Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang. MetodologiPenelitian ini merupakan pengacuan pada judul dan perumusan masalah penelitian ini termasuk dalam kategori penelitian yuridis sosiologis yaitu pendekatan masalah penelitian hukum dengan melihat perundang-undangan yang ada, dihubungkan dengan prakteknya dilapangan atau dengan fakta terhadap masalah yang dirumuskan. Sumber Data yang digunakan meliputi data primer, data primer merupakan data yang diperoleh langsung dari masyarakat atau yang diperoleh di lapangan dari Imade Safari, anggota satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian Polresta Padang. Data sekunder yaitu data yang diperoleh langsung dari statistik kriminal tahun 2010-2012 tentang tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor di Polresta Padang. Hasil dan PembahasanAdapun bentuk-bentuk peranan satuan reserse kriminal Kepolisian dalam penanggulangan secara represif ini dapat diikuti dengan tindakan-tindakan berupa hal-hal sebagai berikut:Memberi respon yang cepat terhadap setiap laporan atau pengaduan dari setiap warga masyarakat, baik yang telah menjadi korban maupun masyarakat yang telah mengetahui terjadinya suatu tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor. Kehadiran dan penindakan secara cepat yang dilakukan oleh aparat yang berwenang, akan memberikan rasa tentram dan aman bagi masyarakat disatu pihak dan memberi dampak prevensi bagi calon pelaku lain.Penerimaan laporan yang disertai dengan respon yang cepat datangnya anggota kepolisian ketempat kejadian perkara, memungkinkan masalah dapat ditemukan bukti-bukti saksi serta tersangka di tempat kejadian perkara atau pengejaran dan penagkapan tersangka, apabila yang bersangkutan telah melarikan diri.Menasehati para pelaku kejahatan penadahan kendaraan bermotor yang telah tertangkap. Para pelaku penadahan kendaraan kendaraan bermotor yang telah ditangkap selama masa penyelidikan selalu mendapatkan nasehat dan bimbingan dari pihak Polresta.Memaksimalkan usaha penanganan dan penyelesaian perkara tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor. Terhadap pelaku tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor yang telah tertangkap, pihak Polresta segera membuat berita acara pemeriksaan (BAP) seseorang yang berdasarkan hasil penyidikan adalah pelaku tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor, tindak selanjutnya adalah melimpahkan perkara tersebut (menyerahkan pelaku dan BAP nya) kepada pihak kejaksaan.Imade Safari, selaku kasubnit buser, satuan reserse kriminal Polresta Padang menyatakan bahwa hambatan-hambatan yang di alami satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor yaitu :Penyidik dalam melakukan penangkapan terhadap tersangka menemui kesulitan karena tempat pelarian tersangka berada jauh didaerah terpencil.Kurangnya sarana dan prasarana dalam penyidikanDengan adanya laporan bahwa telah terjadi suatu tindak pidana, untuk pergi ke (TKP) tempat kejadian perkara penyadik harus mempunyai bekal dan saran untuk pergi kesana. Diantaranya beberapa anggota yang harus diterjunkan guna penyidikan tersebut serta sudah lengkaplah alat-alat guna kepentingan penyidik. Penyidik hal sarana ini menemui kesulitan dan kendala pada daerah yang sulit ditempuh oleh kendaraan.Rendahnya kesadaran hukum masyarakat.Terhadap suatu tindak pidana banyak masyarakat yang tidak mau terlibat didalamnya apalagi kalau ia mengetahui secara tidak langsung, ini disebabkan enggan untuk menjadi saksi dengan alasan banyak pekerjan lain.Terbatasnya jumlah personilTerbatasnya di sini maksudnya bukan jumlah anggota satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian melainkan jumlah dari anggota satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian yang profesional.Kurangnya biaya operasionalDalam melakukan penyidikan dalam kasus pidana selalu membutuhkan biaya yang sangat besar sedangkan anggaran satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian terbatas.Faktor-faktor itu antara lain adalah :Keterbatasan alat pemuasan kebutuhan manusiaSebagai makhluk yang memiliki hawa dan nafsu, manusia juga memiliki kebutuhan yang tidak terbatas.Sementara itu alat pemuas kebutuhan manusia itu berupa barang dan jasa juga memiliki keterbatasan baik kuantitas maupun kualitasnya.Rendahnya penghasilan masyarakatTingkat penghasilan masyarakat yang rendah telah menyebabkan tingkat kesejahteraan belum mencapai standar taraf kelayakan hidup. Di lain pihak ia memerlukan banyak kebutuhan baik bagi dirinya sendiri maupun keluarganya.Tingginya angka persaingan hidupTingginya angka persaingan dalam kehidupan ini telah menyebabkan manusia mengalami tekanan secara emosional untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan hidupnya.Krisis ekonomiKrisis ekonomi yang kemudian berkembang menjadi krisis multidimensi, telah menyebabkan tertutupnya lapangan pekerjaan bagi para pencari pekerjaan. (Imade Safari, Wawancara, 12 Januari 2013) Kesimpulan Dalam rangka penanggulangan tindak pidana penadahan kendaraan bermotor upaya yang diambil oleh satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian Polresta Padang yaitu peranan kepolisian secara preventif dan secara represif dengan titik berat pada peranan preventif, sebab lebih ekonomis dan praktis serta tidak merusak persatuan yang ada dalam masyarakat. Peranan secara preventif ini dilakukan melalui penyuluhan oleh aparat satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian, pengawasan serta peningkatan personil aparat satuan reserse kriminal kepolisian. Sementara itu upaya penanggulangan secara represif dilakukan dengan kegiatan razia terhadap kendaraan bermotor.Yang menjadi hambatan-hambatan dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penadahan kendaran bermotor di Polresta Padang yaitu :Sulit untuk menangkap tersangkaKurangnya sarana dan prasarana dalam penyidikan49 Rendahnya kesadaran hukum masyarakatTerbatasnya jumlah personilKurangnya biaya operasionalPelaku melarikan diriTidak ada cukup buktiPelaku tindak kejahatan pencurian atau yang lainnya tidak mau mengakui seluruh kejahatanyaTransaksi penjualan barang hasil kejahatan ditempat-tempat yang sulit dilacakFaktor utama yang menyebabkan terjadinya kejahatan penadahan kendaraan bermotor di kota Padang adalah faktor ekonomi. Faktor ini dalam perkembangannya mengalami perubahan bentuk, yang satu sama lain memiliki kaitan. Faktor-faktor itu antara lain keterbatasan alat kebutuhan manusia, rendahnya penghasilan masyarakat, tingginya angka persaingan hidup dan lain-lain. Selain itu faktor-faktor pendorongnya yaitu faktor-faktor pendidikan, faktor lingkungan dan faktor kemajuan teknologi, budaya dan agama. (Imade Safari dan Doni Gunawan Saputra, Wawancara). Daftar Pustaka.Andi Hamzah, 1986, Pengusutan Perkara Kriminal Sarana Teknik dan Sarana Hukum, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta.Andi Hamzah dan Ayu Rahayu, 1983, Suatu Tinjauan Ringkas Pemidanaan Di Indonesia, Akademika Pressindo: Jakarta.H. Hilman Hadikusuma, 2005, Bahasa Hukum Indonesia, Alumni, Bandung.LJ. Van Apeldorn, 1985, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta.M. Karjadi, 1987, Polisi, Politeia, Bogor.Moeljatno, 1995, Perbuatan Pidana Pidato Dies Natalis, Universitas Gajah Mada.Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief, 2005, Teori-Teori dan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Alumni: Bandung.Mustafa Abdullah dan Ruben Ahmad, 1983, Intisari Hukum Indonesia, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta.R. Soesilo, 1974, pokok-pokok hukum pidana dan delik-delik khusus, Politeia, Bogor.Soerjono Soekanto, 2007, Pengantar Penelitian Hukum, UI- PRESS, Jakarta.Sukarto Marmosudjono, 1989, Penegak Hukum di Negara Pancasila, Pustaka Kartini, Jakarta.Wirjono Prodjodikoro, 1989, Asas-asas Hukum Pidana di Indonesia, PT Eresco, Bandung.Undang-undangUndang-Undang No. 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia.Undang-Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan. Sumber lainKendaraan Bermotor http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/diakses 19 oktober tahun 2012 jam 02.00 wib.Yolan Adelia, Skripsi Hukum, Upaya Kepolisian Lalu Lintas Dalam Kecelakaan Sepeda Motor http://digilib.ubaya.ac.id/diakses 18 oktober tahun 2012 jam 23.27 wib.Darpawan, Tindak Pidana Penadahan, http://G etskripsi.com/diakses 9 oktober tahun 2012 jam 08.00 wib.Tindak Pidana Penadahan, Unsur-unsur dan Pengertian http://donxsaturniev.bogspot .comdiakses 17 oktober 2012 jam 20.00 wib. [1] LJ. Van Apeldorn. 1985. Pengantar ilmu Hukum. PT Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta, hlm 336