Suchergebnisse

Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: 1941 June uprising

Furthermore, in order to find out the possible obstacles for the proposal to apply criminal liability for the attempts with dolus eventualis, related norms of the Penal Code as well as the opinions of the researchers of criminal law are analysed. The analysis of Article 22 of the Lithuanian Penal Code shows that the text of the Penal Code does not preclude criminal liability for an attempt with dolus eventualis. What is more, the analysis of the theoretical discussion of the pro and contra views regarding the criminalisation of an attempt with dolus eventualis allows to conclude that dolus eventualis is compatible with the concept of attempt. Consequently, the author ascertains that there are no formal (dogmatic) reasons to object to the criminal liability for an attempt with dolus eventualis. He indicates that the discussion is of penal-political nature. The author concludes that because of the high dangerousness of the crimes committed with dolus eventualis, it is more politicaly reasonable to qualify such crimes according to the rules that are applied for intentional crimes (and, consequently, punish attempts) than to qualify them similarly to negligent crimes (and leave attempts unpunished).

Furthermore, in order to find out the possible obstacles for the proposal to apply criminal liability for the attempts with dolus eventualis, related norms of the Penal Code as well as the opinions of the researchers of criminal law are analysed. The analysis of Article 22 of the Lithuanian Penal Code shows that the text of the Penal Code does not preclude criminal liability for an attempt with dolus eventualis. What is more, the analysis of the theoretical discussion of the pro and contra views regarding the criminalisation of an attempt with dolus eventualis allows to conclude that dolus eventualis is compatible with the concept of attempt. Consequently, the author ascertains that there are no formal (dogmatic) reasons to object to the criminal liability for an attempt with dolus eventualis. He indicates that the discussion is of penal-political nature. The author concludes that because of the high dangerousness of the crimes committed with dolus eventualis, it is more politicaly reasonable to qualify such crimes according to the rules that are applied for intentional crimes (and, consequently, punish attempts) than to qualify them similarly to negligent crimes (and leave attempts unpunished).

Italian historian Sebastiano Ciampi, has spent 22 years investigating the Italian and Polish communications history. This is the first professional historian, as the Italian witch collected and posted information related to the subject. To inform the public about his findings an to commemorate it in the beggining of XIXth centyry he published fuor books and Tritoma , that are not available to the public and often not even aware of them. And though the author has worked on behalf of the Polish government and sought information about its citizens, but as Lithuanian and Polish history are inseparable, among the collected data there are some news about Lithuania as well. So the main purpose of this research is to look what kind of information about the Lithuania in the XVI-XIX centuries, the author has detected in his studies, and to look what is his contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies. So the work starts with the looking at the author's personality and his life, then it goes to the information, the author has found, about the italians in Lithuania and lithuanians in Italy, with the presentations of the material that S. Ciampi detected, with gives us the opportunity to lead to conclusions of the guests that visited Lithuania, their work in this country and the contibution to the Lithianian art. Later, fifteen letters are discussed. Letters, that were written in diferent periods and are published in these books, that directy or no concerns Lithuania, or lithuanians, that were involved in some events.Finally, different messages and announcements are discussed, and stories relating to the subject. The final section presents conclusions that answers the fundamental question of this work: what is S. Ciampi's contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies- he brought the unknown names of italian artists, doctors in Lituania into the scientific circulation, gave an oppotunity to look, through the published letters, what interested the Italian rulers about our country in different times.

Italian historian Sebastiano Ciampi, has spent 22 years investigating the Italian and Polish communications history. This is the first professional historian, as the Italian witch collected and posted information related to the subject. To inform the public about his findings an to commemorate it in the beggining of XIXth centyry he published fuor books and Tritoma , that are not available to the public and often not even aware of them. And though the author has worked on behalf of the Polish government and sought information about its citizens, but as Lithuanian and Polish history are inseparable, among the collected data there are some news about Lithuania as well. So the main purpose of this research is to look what kind of information about the Lithuania in the XVI-XIX centuries, the author has detected in his studies, and to look what is his contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies. So the work starts with the looking at the author's personality and his life, then it goes to the information, the author has found, about the italians in Lithuania and lithuanians in Italy, with the presentations of the material that S. Ciampi detected, with gives us the opportunity to lead to conclusions of the guests that visited Lithuania, their work in this country and the contibution to the Lithianian art. Later, fifteen letters are discussed. Letters, that were written in diferent periods and are published in these books, that directy or no concerns Lithuania, or lithuanians, that were involved in some events.Finally, different messages and announcements are discussed, and stories relating to the subject. The final section presents conclusions that answers the fundamental question of this work: what is S. Ciampi's contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies- he brought the unknown names of italian artists, doctors in Lituania into the scientific circulation, gave an oppotunity to look, through the published letters, what interested the Italian rulers about our country in different times.

Italian historian Sebastiano Ciampi, has spent 22 years investigating the Italian and Polish communications history. This is the first professional historian, as the Italian witch collected and posted information related to the subject. To inform the public about his findings an to commemorate it in the beggining of XIXth centyry he published fuor books and Tritoma , that are not available to the public and often not even aware of them. And though the author has worked on behalf of the Polish government and sought information about its citizens, but as Lithuanian and Polish history are inseparable, among the collected data there are some news about Lithuania as well. So the main purpose of this research is to look what kind of information about the Lithuania in the XVI-XIX centuries, the author has detected in his studies, and to look what is his contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies. So the work starts with the looking at the author's personality and his life, then it goes to the information, the author has found, about the italians in Lithuania and lithuanians in Italy, with the presentations of the material that S. Ciampi detected, with gives us the opportunity to lead to conclusions of the guests that visited Lithuania, their work in this country and the contibution to the Lithianian art. Later, fifteen letters are discussed. Letters, that were written in diferent periods and are published in these books, that directy or no concerns Lithuania, or lithuanians, that were involved in some events.Finally, different messages and announcements are discussed, and stories relating to the subject. The final section presents conclusions that answers the fundamental question of this work: what is S. Ciampi's contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies- he brought the unknown names of italian artists, doctors in Lituania into the scientific circulation, gave an oppotunity to look, through the published letters, what interested the Italian rulers about our country in different times.

The article analyses the plans of Germany to seize Klaipėda Region in 1938, the political circumstances of the German ultimatum issued to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, the response of the Lithuanian Government to the German demands, the organisation of the retreat of Lithuanian military units and state institutions from Klaipėda, its process, and the dynamics of German units marching into Klaipėda Region. ;In spring 1938, after the Austrian Anschluss, the situation of Eastern Europe and the German politics with regard to Klaipėda essentially changed. The tension reached its peak in 1939, when the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia and focused on the occupation of Danzig. Although the Lithuanian Government started contemplating on the possible military occupation of Klaipėda Region at the beginning of March 1939, the evacuation which took place on 21–22 March 1939 from Klaipėda Region was chaotic and non-organised. Before any official documents on the ceding of the territory had been signed, the Lithuanian Government gave the first orders to start secret military evacuation from Klaipėda Region. No clear evacuation order were received from Lithuanian governing authorities, and the export of private and state property was implemented without any organised transportation. Belated information about the ceding of Klaipėda Region to Germany impeded effective implementation of evacuation plans by Lithuanian institutions and military units. The plans worked out for the Riflemen Union failed. On 22 March 1939, Lithuanian institutions no longer controlled the situation either in the city or the region of Klaipėda.

The article analyses the plans of Germany to seize Klaipėda Region in 1938, the political circumstances of the German ultimatum issued to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, the response of the Lithuanian Government to the German demands, the organisation of the retreat of Lithuanian military units and state institutions from Klaipėda, its process, and the dynamics of German units marching into Klaipėda Region. ;In spring 1938, after the Austrian Anschluss, the situation of Eastern Europe and the German politics with regard to Klaipėda essentially changed. The tension reached its peak in 1939, when the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia and focused on the occupation of Danzig. Although the Lithuanian Government started contemplating on the possible military occupation of Klaipėda Region at the beginning of March 1939, the evacuation which took place on 21–22 March 1939 from Klaipėda Region was chaotic and non-organised. Before any official documents on the ceding of the territory had been signed, the Lithuanian Government gave the first orders to start secret military evacuation from Klaipėda Region. No clear evacuation order were received from Lithuanian governing authorities, and the export of private and state property was implemented without any organised transportation. Belated information about the ceding of Klaipėda Region to Germany impeded effective implementation of evacuation plans by Lithuanian institutions and military units. The plans worked out for the Riflemen Union failed. On 22 March 1939, Lithuanian institutions no longer controlled the situation either in the city or the region of Klaipėda.

In this article there, aa conditional release from the correction institutions is analysed, which was setup by the Punishment Enforcement Code of the Republic of Lithuania as an alternative to freedom deprivation punishment. Without looking into the process of historical development, to analyse the problems of conditional release from the correction institutions realisation and how to deal with them. Lithuanian legal regulations are compared to international documents, which are related with alternative to freedom deprivation punishment (Tokyo Rules (1990), European Rules on Prison Leave (1982), European Rules on social reactions to juvenile delinquency (1987), European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures (1992), European Recommendation on Concerning Prison Overcrowding and Prison Population Inflation (1999), European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures (2000), European Rules on Conditional release (parole) (2003)). Conditional release from the correction institutions legal regulations in foreign countries are looked over, an experience of conditional release from the correction institutions implementation in Lithuania and abroad and, most importantly, landmarks of conditional release from the correction institutions institution improvement had been given. The article is based on the national documents and the documents of the United Nations and the Council of Europe, legal regulations and practice of conditional release from the correction institutions in foreign countries. ; Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos bausmių vykdymo kodekse įteisintas institutas – lygtinis paleidimas iš pataisos įstaigų, kaip alternatyva laisvės atėmimui. Straipsnyje, nesigilinant į šio instituto formavimosi raidą, siekiama apžvelgti lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų turinį, išanalizuoti lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų instituto įgyvendinimo problemas ir pasiūlyti priemones joms pašalinti, palyginti, ar Lietuvos teisinis lygtinio paleidimo reguliavimas atitinka pagrindinių tarptautinių dokumentų, susijusių su alternatyvomis laisvės atėmimo bausmei, nuostatas, taip pat palyginti nacionalinę bei užsienio valstybių patirtį, įgyvendinant lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų institutą. Palyginti tai su Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos (toliau – JTO) standartinėmis minimaliomis su laisvės atėmimu nesusijusių priemonių taisyklėmis (Tokijo taisyklėmis), Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacija Nr. R (82) 16 "Dėl paleidimo iš kalėjimo", Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacija Nr. (87) 20 "Dėl socialinės reakcijos į nepilnamečių nusikalstamumą", Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacija Nr. R (92) 16 "Dėl Europos bendruomenės sankcijų ir priemonių taisyklių", Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacija Nr. R (99) 22 "Dėl kalėjimų perpildymo ir kalėjimų populiacijos padidėjimo", Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacija Rec (2000) 22 "Dėl Europos bendruomeninių sankcijų ir priemonių taisyklių taikymo tobulinimo", Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacija Rec (2003) 22 valstybėms narėms "Dėl lygtinio paleidimo (parolio)". Straipsnyje pateikiamos gairės dėl lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų instituto teisinio reguliavimo ir nuteistųjų resocializacijos tobulinimo.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

The author of the present article analyzes the legal regulation regarding the subjects responsible for the protection of public order in municipal territories with an emphasis on the collision between the activity and responsibility of the police and municipal institutions. The author suggests multiple solutions to the problem of competence delimitation in the sphere of public protection. According to the author, in municipal territories four multiple- choice forms of public order protection are possible and the right to choose the forms which would most effectively guarantee the safety of the community should belong to local government institutions. What is more, the article deals with an analysis of the organizational problems related to the implementation of the functions of public order protection and an evaluation of the prospects of the decentralization of these functions. The author presents a critical evaluation of the situation when public order protection requirements which logically derive from the interests of local residents are identified by central public administration institutions rather than local government institutions or regional-level institutions. The planning of the safe environment strategy must be based on the interests of a country's local residents; what is more, the particularities of different regions must be considered. To solve the mentioned problems two alternative public order protection strategy models are suggested. Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that local government institutions should be actively motivated to get involved in securing public safety through legal and organizational means.

The author of the present article analyzes the legal regulation regarding the subjects responsible for the protection of public order in municipal territories with an emphasis on the collision between the activity and responsibility of the police and municipal institutions. The author suggests multiple solutions to the problem of competence delimitation in the sphere of public protection. According to the author, in municipal territories four multiple- choice forms of public order protection are possible and the right to choose the forms which would most effectively guarantee the safety of the community should belong to local government institutions. What is more, the article deals with an analysis of the organizational problems related to the implementation of the functions of public order protection and an evaluation of the prospects of the decentralization of these functions. The author presents a critical evaluation of the situation when public order protection requirements which logically derive from the interests of local residents are identified by central public administration institutions rather than local government institutions or regional-level institutions. The planning of the safe environment strategy must be based on the interests of a country's local residents; what is more, the particularities of different regions must be considered. To solve the mentioned problems two alternative public order protection strategy models are suggested. Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that local government institutions should be actively motivated to get involved in securing public safety through legal and organizational means.

The author studies a legal measure, which was introduced by a type of European Union law known as Framework Decision, adopted in June 2002 by the European Union Council of Ministers. Lithuania has implemented the Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant by making modifications to the national Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. It should be noted, that the European Arrest Warrant is the first European instrument, implementing the principle of mutual recognition. The master's thesis deals with the concept and system of the European Arrest Warrant, it's historical development, examines mandatory and discretionary grounds for non execution of the European Arrest Warrant, legal procedure, requirements of the form and content of the European Arrest Warrant. The author also focuses on some obstacles and problems found at national level during implementation of the Framework Decision. Furthermore, the author analyzes the statistical rates of issuing European Arrest Warrant and the surrendered persons to Lithuania. Aditionally, the master's thesis is illustrated by practical application of the European Arrest Warrant. Finally, the author gives summarized conclusions and makes particular suggestions for improving existing legal norms, which regulate the European Arrest Warrant.