International audience ; Although nuclear energy forms an important and controversial part of polar history, its uses and misuses have so far received little attention from professional historians. Especially mobile nuclear reactors, as deployed for instance on the Antarctic continent, played an important role in the conquest of the polar regions. The Antarctic case presented here allows to illustrate the large diversity of issues involved in the American mobile nuclear reactor programme, ranging from economic considerations, over military strategy, to environmental and health concerns. During several decades, mobile nuclear power reactors were considered a cheap and clean solution, yet as this essay shows, history proved otherwise. None of the economic targets were met and in the case of the Antarctic reactor, repeated failures and even radioactive leakages lead finally to the shutdown of the whole programme. ; Même si l'énergie nucléaire joue un rôle important et controversé dans l'histoire polaire, son usage et son mésusage ont reçu très peu d'attention de la part des historiens. Les réacteurs nucléaires mobiles en particulier, tels qu'ils ont été mis en oeuvre sur le continent antarctique, ont occupé une fonction cruciale dans la conquête des régions polaires. Le cas antarctique présenté ici permet d'illustrer la grande diversité des éléments invoqués dans le programme étatsunien de réacteurs nucléaires mobiles, allant de considérations économiques, en passant par la stratégie militaire, à des inquiétudes environnementales et de santé publique. Pendant plusieurs décennies, les réacteurs nucléaires mobiles ont été considérés une solution peu couteuse et propre, mais comme nous allons arguer ci-dessous, l'histoire en a voulu autrement. Aucun des objectifs économiques ne fut atteint et dans le cas du réacteur en Antarctique, de nombreuses coupures et même des fuites radioactives ont amené enfin à l'abandon du programme.
Irstea assure un appui au SANDRE, dans le cadre des actions du programme Aquaref d'appui aux politiques publiques et au SIE (système d'information sur l'eau). Les actions 2015 sont rapportées dans ce document.
This thesis aims to examine some novels of Alphonse Daudet in relation to the family. Starting from Petit Chose we follow a comparative study between Daudet, Dickens and Ippolito Nievo's novels. The theme of childhood, closely linked to the social, political and cultural life of France, reaches its peak in 1870, French crucial period. Indeed, after the defeat of 1870, the child becomes the most popular literary hero: he symbolizes the national tragedy, but at the same time, he represents the hopes of the nation. Dickens and Ippolito Nievo also addressed, in their novels, the theme of childhood abused and brutalized. For these reasons we have analyzed these Bildungs romans from a psychological point of view highlighting the cathartic value of writing ego. The second part our study is the analysis on the topic of divorce and parental alienation in Rose and Ninette and that of jealousy, adultery and forgiveness in the Petite Parish, highlighting the relevance of these themes daudétinnes. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the reception Daudet's novels in Italy. we tried to understand the role played by our writer in a cultural-historical period in which Emile Zola had a great success in Italy. But we also tried to understand how his reputation assentimental writer how novelist childhood was appreciated by Italian realist writers. We studied the reception of texts daudétiens by reading the articles listed in the Italian press at the time, but this perspective of analysis is also supported by the correspondence between Vittorio Pica and Edmond de Goncourt, from 1881 to 1896, collected in volume Votre fidèle ami de Naples by Nunzio Ruggiero, All'avanguardia book of literary criticism written by Vittorio Pica Ritratti letterari written by Edmondo De Amicis and critical essays by Luigi Capuana and Edoardo Scarfoglio. ; Cette thèse a pour objet d'examiner certaines oeuvres romanesques d'Alphonse Daudet par rapport à la famille. À partir du Petit Chose, nous avons analysé le récit autobiographique tant par rapport ...
This thesis aims to examine some novels of Alphonse Daudet in relation to the family. Starting from Petit Chose we follow a comparative study between Daudet, Dickens and Ippolito Nievo's novels. The theme of childhood, closely linked to the social, political and cultural life of France, reaches its peak in 1870, French crucial period. Indeed, after the defeat of 1870, the child becomes the most popular literary hero: he symbolizes the national tragedy, but at the same time, he represents the hopes of the nation. Dickens and Ippolito Nievo also addressed, in their novels, the theme of childhood abused and brutalized. For these reasons we have analyzed these Bildungs romans from a psychological point of view highlighting the cathartic value of writing ego. The second part our study is the analysis on the topic of divorce and parental alienation in Rose and Ninette and that of jealousy, adultery and forgiveness in the Petite Parish, highlighting the relevance of these themes daudétinnes. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the reception Daudet's novels in Italy. we tried to understand the role played by our writer in a cultural-historical period in which Emile Zola had a great success in Italy. But we also tried to understand how his reputation assentimental writer how novelist childhood was appreciated by Italian realist writers. We studied the reception of texts daudétiens by reading the articles listed in the Italian press at the time, but this perspective of analysis is also supported by the correspondence between Vittorio Pica and Edmond de Goncourt, from 1881 to 1896, collected in volume Votre fidèle ami de Naples by Nunzio Ruggiero, All'avanguardia book of literary criticism written by Vittorio Pica Ritratti letterari written by Edmondo De Amicis and critical essays by Luigi Capuana and Edoardo Scarfoglio. ; Cette thèse a pour objet d'examiner certaines oeuvres romanesques d'Alphonse Daudet par rapport à la famille. À partir du Petit Chose, nous avons analysé le récit autobiographique tant par rapport ...
This thesis aims to examine some novels of Alphonse Daudet in relation to the family. Starting from Petit Chose we follow a comparative study between Daudet, Dickens and Ippolito Nievo's novels. The theme of childhood, closely linked to the social, political and cultural life of France, reaches its peak in 1870, French crucial period. Indeed, after the defeat of 1870, the child becomes the most popular literary hero: he symbolizes the national tragedy, but at the same time, he represents the hopes of the nation. Dickens and Ippolito Nievo also addressed, in their novels, the theme of childhood abused and brutalized. For these reasons we have analyzed these Bildungs romans from a psychological point of view highlighting the cathartic value of writing ego. The second part our study is the analysis on the topic of divorce and parental alienation in Rose and Ninette and that of jealousy, adultery and forgiveness in the Petite Parish, highlighting the relevance of these themes daudétinnes. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the reception Daudet's novels in Italy. we tried to understand the role played by our writer in a cultural-historical period in which Emile Zola had a great success in Italy. But we also tried to understand how his reputation assentimental writer how novelist childhood was appreciated by Italian realist writers. We studied the reception of texts daudétiens by reading the articles listed in the Italian press at the time, but this perspective of analysis is also supported by the correspondence between Vittorio Pica and Edmond de Goncourt, from 1881 to 1896, collected in volume Votre fidèle ami de Naples by Nunzio Ruggiero, All'avanguardia book of literary criticism written by Vittorio Pica Ritratti letterari written by Edmondo De Amicis and critical essays by Luigi Capuana and Edoardo Scarfoglio. ; Cette thèse a pour objet d'examiner certaines oeuvres romanesques d'Alphonse Daudet par rapport à la famille. À partir du Petit Chose, nous avons analysé le récit autobiographique tant par rapport ...
La Cour constitutionnelle consacre un cas de concertation obligatoire entre les Régions dans le domaine de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs. Elle constate, aussi, une violation des règles répartitrices de compétences dans la matière de la comptabilité des associations sans but lucratif, la Région wallonne ayant imposé des obligations comptables aux éco-organismes de nature à empiéter sur les compétences de l'Autorité fédérale.
Trop d'universités en Belgique ? Après de nombreux débats récurrents sur le sujet, le francophone Décret Bologne du 31 mars 20041 a provoqué un rassemblement des neuf institutions universitaires, appelées à collaborer davantage pour former trois académies. L'académie « Wallonie Bruxelles » regroupant l'Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), la Faculté Polytechnique de Mons (FPMs) et l'Université de Mons-Hainaut (UMH), l'académie « Wallonie Europe » regroupant l'Université de Liège (ULg), la Faculté d'agronomie de Gembloux (FUSAGx) et enfin celle de « Louvain » reprenant l'Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), les Facultés Universitaires Catholiques de Mons (FUCaM), les Facultés de Notre Dame de la Paix (FNDP) et les Facultés Universitaires de Saint Louis (FUSL). Cet article s'intéresse d'une part au processus de négociations menant à la constitution au sein de la Communauté française des «académies » et à la manière dont elles ont évolué par la suite. ; Peer reviewed
Les élections municipales et autonomiques qui se sont déroulées le 22 mai 2011 en Espagne représentent le plus important succès électoral du Parti Populaire à l'échelle territoriale. Ce papier analyse les données du scrutin, en observant la participation électorale, la répartition territoriale des votes obtenus par chacune des formations politiques, de même que la position de ces élections municipales et autonomiques dans le cycle électoral des vingt dernières années. Après avoir traité des explications globales de ce renversement, il se focalise sur la Catalogne, où seules avaient lieu les élections municipales ; Municipal and autonomic elections, which took place in May 2011 in Spain, represent the largest electoral victory for the Popular Party at the territorial level. This paper analyzes data polling , scrutinizing voters' turnout, the territorial distribution of electoral votes obtained by each party as well as the position of the autonomic and municipal elections within the electoral cycle of the last twenty years. After dealing with global explanations of these results, it focuses on Catalonia, where only the municipal elections were held
Cette étude a pour objectif d'analyser, au travers des médias, les campagnes précédant le scrutin européen de 2009 dans 22 Etats membres au prisme de la perspective d'élections de second ordre et dans le prolongement de la littérature sur l'européanisation des sphères publiques nationales. Ainsi, à travers une approche qualitative et comparative, nous questionnons le rapport entre « le national » et « l'européen » dans les différentes campagnes à la lumière de trois indicateurs :les thèmes, les acteurs et l'ouverture aux autres Etats-membres. Ce Cahier du CEVIPOL est le résultat d'un projet qui a consisté à suivre, dans une majorité des Etats de l'Union européenne, les campagnes électorales qui ont précédé le septième scrutin pour le Parlement européen. Cette étude se compose, en premier lieu, d'une « analyse générale » établie d'après l'observation des différentes campagnes. Elle est suivie de « fiches pays », consacrées spécifiquement à la campagne dans chacun des 22 pays étudiés. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published
In 1770, without the author's name, appeared to be a philosophical and political history of the establishments and trade of Europeans in the two Indes, of which the abbee Raynal was the prime contractor, but not the sole author. In particular, Diderot had worked together for almost a third. The book has a huge success and has been reedited several times. Raynal signs the 1780 edition with its border portrait. The scandal broke out and Grimm's literary Correspondence, a natural ally of philosophers, is separated from Raynal. Mr Grimm opposed this dilemma to Raynal: "Or you believe that those you are attacking will not be able to come from you, and it is a chilling time to attack them; or you think they will be able and willing to come up; and it is a folie to expose themselves to their resentment". Diderot reacts violently to this dilemma and takes Raynal's defence against his 30-year-old friend Grimm: it is the apologetic letter of the abbee Raynal, which sets out the principles of the political commitment of the philosopher of the Enlightenment, beyond the humanist requirement of postity. The question then arises of engagement without the name, which is intended to be examined in this article. ; International audience ; In 1770, without the author's name, appeared to be a philosophical and political history of the establishments and trade of Europeans in the two Indes, of which the abbee Raynal was the prime contractor, but not the sole author. In particular, Diderot had worked together for almost a third. The book has a huge success and has been reedited several times. Raynal signs the 1780 edition with its border portrait. The scandal broke out and Grimm's literary Correspondence, a natural ally of philosophers, is separated from Raynal. Mr Grimm opposed this dilemma to Raynal: "Or you believe that those you are attacking will not be able to come from you, and it is a chilling time to attack them; or you think they will be able and willing to come up; and it is a folie to expose themselves to their ...
This thesis aims at highlighting the ethical, metaphysical and aesthetic questions that arise in the mature works of the Austrian author Hugo von Hofmannsthal. After having dealt with Hofmannsthal's original dilemma between opposing conceptions of the world and of his own existence, this work considers the two versions of The Woman without a Shadow. This opus is the first expression at maturity of his aesthetic whose underlying metaphysical foundation it enlightens.The experience of First World War, subject of our third chapter, compelled Hofmannsthal to widen the scope of his thoughts. His later plays illustrate which ethical conducts should rule individuals in a given society as well as between the peoples in Europe. The Salzburg Great World Theaterwhich is the focus of our fourth chapter, sets the pattern of his social ethics inspired by the principles of the social doctrine of the Church. As for The Tower, a tragedy which we will deeply analyse in our fifth chapter, it sketches his ethics for political action. The purpose of this play is indeed to advocate peace in Europe while helping nations to achieve higher standard of Humanity. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de mettre en lumière les interrogations éthiques, métaphysiques et esthétiques qui accompagnent la production des œuvres de maturité de !'écrivain autrichien Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Après avoir rappelé ses hésitations initiales entre des conceptions du monde et de l'existence distinctes, ce travail envisage les deux versions de la Femme sans ombre. Cette œuvre offre une première expression de son esthétique de maturité dont elle éclaire aussi les fondements métaphysiques. L'expérience de la Première Guerre mondiale, analysée dans le troisième chapitre, conduit Hofmannsthal à élargir le champ de ses réflexions. Son œuvre dramatique devient l'illustration des principes éthiques devant régler les échanges entre les membres d'une même société ainsi qu'entre les peuples d'Europe. Le Grand Théâtre du monde à Salzbourg, dont l'examen occupe le quatrième ...
Although the term "cluster" has been widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that the cultural cluster takes different forms. We will try to show through this analysis, what are the specificities of a particular type of cluster: metropolitan cultural clusters. Their edification is part of a dual desire to build new political objects in a new way. These clusters can be considered new political objects by their hybrid nature. They depend on both public policies and urban, economic and cultural dynamics.To better understand our research subject we will adopt a multidisciplinary scientific approach to be at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach. In short, it is a question of seeing how the evolution of these clusters is structured through the relationships between actors, of clarifying the logics behind these projects, the choices, the conflicts and the changes of position of the actors. Less sectoral and more territorialized, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where processes matter more than results. These processes will be the core of our analysis and we will seek to understand their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes governance. These projects defend themselves from adopting a top down approach, decided «from the top to the bottom» and assume a development that would be organic, whose strategies would not be frozen and would evolve according to opportunities. Despite these wishes, the cultural clusters we are studying bear the stigma of the past. The term cluster is inherited from industrial policies. The coordination methods of the players in these clusters seem to be fixed in old models and much less open than they suggest. Starting from case studies, and thanks to an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind this cultural cluster term. Through a longitudinal approach we will retrace the evolution of their objectives, whose factors we will seek to identify. ...
Although the term "cluster" has been widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that the cultural cluster takes different forms. We will try to show through this analysis, what are the specificities of a particular type of cluster: metropolitan cultural clusters. Their edification is part of a dual desire to build new political objects in a new way. These clusters can be considered new political objects by their hybrid nature. They depend on both public policies and urban, economic and cultural dynamics.To better understand our research subject we will adopt a multidisciplinary scientific approach to be at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach. In short, it is a question of seeing how the evolution of these clusters is structured through the relationships between actors, of clarifying the logics behind these projects, the choices, the conflicts and the changes of position of the actors. Less sectoral and more territorialized, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where processes matter more than results. These processes will be the core of our analysis and we will seek to understand their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes governance. These projects defend themselves from adopting a top down approach, decided «from the top to the bottom» and assume a development that would be organic, whose strategies would not be frozen and would evolve according to opportunities. Despite these wishes, the cultural clusters we are studying bear the stigma of the past. The term cluster is inherited from industrial policies. The coordination methods of the players in these clusters seem to be fixed in old models and much less open than they suggest. Starting from case studies, and thanks to an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind this cultural cluster term. Through a longitudinal approach we will retrace the evolution of their objectives, whose factors we will seek to identify. ...
Although the term "cluster" has been widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that the cultural cluster takes different forms. We will try to show through this analysis, what are the specificities of a particular type of cluster: metropolitan cultural clusters. Their edification is part of a dual desire to build new political objects in a new way. These clusters can be considered new political objects by their hybrid nature. They depend on both public policies and urban, economic and cultural dynamics.To better understand our research subject we will adopt a multidisciplinary scientific approach to be at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach. In short, it is a question of seeing how the evolution of these clusters is structured through the relationships between actors, of clarifying the logics behind these projects, the choices, the conflicts and the changes of position of the actors. Less sectoral and more territorialized, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where processes matter more than results. These processes will be the core of our analysis and we will seek to understand their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes governance. These projects defend themselves from adopting a top down approach, decided «from the top to the bottom» and assume a development that would be organic, whose strategies would not be frozen and would evolve according to opportunities. Despite these wishes, the cultural clusters we are studying bear the stigma of the past. The term cluster is inherited from industrial policies. The coordination methods of the players in these clusters seem to be fixed in old models and much less open than they suggest. Starting from case studies, and thanks to an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind this cultural cluster term. Through a longitudinal approach we will retrace the evolution of their objectives, whose factors we will seek to identify. This thesis proposes a renewed reading of the dynamics of cultural clusters. It is based on concepts derived from evolutionary theories. How, by mobilizing them, can we better understand the strategic bifurcations of the Nantes, Barcelona and Québec clusters? In other words, what do these concepts teach us about the determinants of flexibility? The conclusions will highlight the regular mechanisms that drive the evolution processes of metropolitan cultural clusters." ; Bien que le terme de « cluster » soit largement répandu dans les milieux académiques et politiques depuis les années 1990, nous verrons que le cluster culturel revêt différentes formes. Nous tenterons de montrer à travers cette analyse, quelles sont les spécificités d'un type de cluster bien particulier : les clusters culturels métropolitains. Leur édification s'inscrit dans une volonté qui est double celle de construire de nouveaux objets politiques d'une nouvelle manière. Ces clusters peuvent être considérés comme de nouveaux objets politiques de par leur nature hybride. Ils dépendent à la fois de politiques publiques et de dynamiques urbaines, économiques et culturelles. Pour mieux appréhender notre objet de recherche nous adopterons une approche scientifique pluridisciplinaire pour se situer à l'intersection de ces trois perspectives. Telle est l'originalité de notre démarche. En somme, il s'agit de voir comment se structure l'évolution de ces clusters à travers les rapports entre acteurs, d'éclairer les logiques qui sont derrières ces projets, les choix, les conflits et les changements de position des acteurs. Moins sectoriels et plus territorialisés, les clusters culturels métropolitains sont basés sur des projets où les processus comptent plus que les résultats. Ces processus constitueront le cœur de notre analyse et nous chercherons à comprendre leurs dynamiques. La « nouvelle manière de faire » fait directement écho à la gouvernance. Ces projets se défendent d'adopter une approche top down, décidée « par le haut pour le bas » et assument un développement qui serait organique, dont les stratégies ne seraient pas figées et évolueraient en fonction d'opportunités. Malgré ces volontés, les clusters culturels que nous étudions portent les stigmates du passé. Le terme de cluster est hérité en effet de politiques industrielles. Les méthodes de coordination des acteurs de ces clusters semblent figées dans d'anciens modèles et bien moins ouverts qu'ils ne le laissent supposer. En partant d'études de cas, et grâce à une analyse comparée internationale, nous mettrons en exergue la complexité qui se cache derrière ce terme de cluster culturel. Grâce à une approche longitudinale nous retracerons l'évolution de leurs objectifs dont nous chercherons à identifier les facteurs. Cette thèse propose une lecture renouvelée de la dynamique des clusters culturels. Elle s'appuie sur les concepts issus des théories évolutionnistes. Comment, en les mobilisant, peut–on mieux appréhender les bifurcations stratégiques des clusters de Nantes, Barcelone et Québec ? Autrement dit, que nous apprennent ces concepts sur les déterminants de la flexibilité ? Les conclusions mettront en exergue les mécanismes réguliers qui conduisent les processus d'évolution des clusters culturels métropolitains ».
Although the term "cluster" has been widely used in academic and political circles since the 1990s, we will see that the cultural cluster takes different forms. We will try to show through this analysis, what are the specificities of a particular type of cluster: metropolitan cultural clusters. Their edification is part of a dual desire to build new political objects in a new way. These clusters can be considered new political objects by their hybrid nature. They depend on both public policies and urban, economic and cultural dynamics.To better understand our research subject we will adopt a multidisciplinary scientific approach to be at the intersection of these three perspectives. This is the originality of our approach. In short, it is a question of seeing how the evolution of these clusters is structured through the relationships between actors, of clarifying the logics behind these projects, the choices, the conflicts and the changes of position of the actors. Less sectoral and more territorialized, metropolitan cultural clusters are based on projects where processes matter more than results. These processes will be the core of our analysis and we will seek to understand their dynamics. The "new way of doing things" directly echoes governance. These projects defend themselves from adopting a top down approach, decided «from the top to the bottom» and assume a development that would be organic, whose strategies would not be frozen and would evolve according to opportunities. Despite these wishes, the cultural clusters we are studying bear the stigma of the past. The term cluster is inherited from industrial policies. The coordination methods of the players in these clusters seem to be fixed in old models and much less open than they suggest. Starting from case studies, and thanks to an international comparative analysis, we will highlight the complexity behind this cultural cluster term. Through a longitudinal approach we will retrace the evolution of their objectives, whose factors we will seek to identify. ...
