Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction -- 2. Problem Formulation -- 2.1. Notations and representations -- 2.2. Restrictive assumptions -- 2.3. Optimality criteria -- 2.4. Classification of problems -- 3. Methods of Solution -- 3.1. Complete enumeration -- 3.2. Combinatorial analysis -- 3.3. Mixed integer and non-linear programming -- 3.4. Branch-and-bound -- 3.5. Dynamic programming -- 3.6. Complexity theory -- 3.7. Heuristic methods -- 4. One-Machine Problems -- 4.1. n|1?cmax problems -- 4.2. n|1|i|Cmax problems -- 4.3. n|1??ci problems -- 4.4. n|1|?|?Ci problems -- 5. Two-Machine and Three-Machine Problems -- 5.1. The n|2|?,?|cmax and n|3|?,?|cmax problem -- 5.2. The n|2|F|?Ci problem -- 5.3. The n|2|P|Cmax problem with time lags -- 6. General Flow-Shop and Job-Shop Problems -- 6.1. The n|m|P|? problem -- 6.2. The n|m|F|? problem -- 6.3. The n|m|G|? problem -- 6.4. The n|m|?, no wait|? problem -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- 7.1. Complexity of scheduling problems -- 7.2. Practical scheduling problems -- 7.3. Conclusions -- List Of Notations -- References -- Author Index.

From the first slaves who rose up against their master in the early period of American history to the prominent modern figures such as Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Eldridge Cleaver, Red, Black, and Green traces the origins, the struggles and the accomplishments of black nationalism. Its broad discussion of the ideology of black nationalism and of the conditions that gave rise to this ideology provides the foundation for a thorough account of the black nationalist movement in the peak years of its momentum, roughly the decade 1963 to 1973. The author deals both with specific milestones, such as Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association in the early twentieth century, and with the far-reaching implications of the movement for the black community and for the United States as a whole. He looks at the many facets of black nationalism - revolutionary nationalism, cultural nationalism, religious nationalism, and educational nationalism - analyses the relationship between this movement and liberation movements in general

The essays in this book were originally presented by Professor Viner as the 1966 Jayne Lectures of the American Philosophical Society. The relationship between religious doctrines and economic theory and behavior had long interested Professor Viner, and the conclusions he discussed represented years of thoughtful study. They focus in particular on the way in which providence was used to justify existing economic and social conditions. The author points out that providence favors trade among peoples in order to promote universal brotherhood; providence also creates social inequality because it is part of the divine plan. Providence designed a world in which commerce was necessary, in which good business benefited not only the individual, but all mankind, in which inequality in rank and income was part of the scheme of things. Why, then, the evils of over-rigid mercantilism, or selfish profiteering, of undeserved and hopeless poverty? Professor Viner shows that in discussing such questions the Fathers of the Church, the scholastics, the theologians of the seventeenth century, and the philosophers of the eighteenth laid the foundations for modern economic thought.

By relating economic changes to the political backdrop, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 describes and analyzes the economic civilisation of Europe in the last epoch before the Industrial Revolution. The author makes a special effort to apply economic reasoning to the economic forces of the period and challenges some longstanding opinions about what was and was not important in explaining economic performance. The significance of this study rests in its identification of the ways a 'traditional' society developed its economy despite the absence of the obvious growth factors of the nineteenth century. The approach is consciously comparative: problems of interpretation are identified; research not yet available elsewhere is incorporated into the text; and examples are drawn from minor as well as major countries in western and central Europe. Topics dealt with include the development of agriculture and industry, foreign and regional trade, urbanization, a study of demand in explaining economic growth, the bourgeoisie, and the state.

In this study of the changes in the social and political thought of the Edwardian Liberal Party, Dr Emy charts the process of internal conversion by which the Party came to favour an advanced social policy. He links these changes with important developments in the internal composition of the Party, in particular the emergence of a new group of social radicals, and claims that these two factors were responsible for the Liberals' commitment to advanced measures of social reform. The author also maintains that the entry of the social radicals into Parliament marks the origins of a significant debate in modern British politics - the economic problem. He argues that the central issue of the problem - the degree to which social and moral priorities are both entitled to and are able to displace the primacy of deterministic economic assumptions about how society must work - was the critical issue of post-1906 politics, and also came to form the touchstone of modern party allegiances

This study is an attempt to chronicle and analyse the attitudes of the New York press in connection with the events of the period from 1914 to 1917 relating to American neutrality. It is based primarily on a day­ to-day study of sixteen daily newspapers in New York City for the period of American non-participation in the First World War. The research involved not only editorial opinion but also news items, feature articles, letters to the editor, book reviews and special commentary. The files of the major New York newspapers of the period naturally constituted the basic sources. In addition to this, use was made of the memoirs, diaries and private papers of editors, publishers and other public figures; the Congressional Record, 1914-1917; Congressional hearings and reports, 1915, 1919, 1936 and 1937; certain British and German materials; books, articles and other secondary sources. The author also drew upon the recollections of New Yorkers active in journalism during the period.

A collection of fourteen essays in which Professor Postan draws together for the first time his contributions to the debate on historical method, and discusses from a variety of different angles, the inter-relation of history and the social sciences. After making, in his first three essays, a direct statement of his point of view, the author deals with two main aspects of the subject: time sequences and theoretical relevance of facts. He then proceeds to exemplify his point of view more particularly with relation to macro-economics and to certain specific issues within economic history as well as to economic history in general. In the final two chapters, one is on Karl Marx, the other on Hugh Gaitskell, he seeks to describe the intellectual climate in which the debate on methodology was held and in which his opinions on the subject were formed. The essays contained in this book will be of interest to all those involved in the social sciences, economics and history, as well as to those specifically concerned with historical methodology

The best known, most often cited history of anthropological theory is finally available in paperback! First published in 1968, Harris's book has been cited in over 1,000 works and is one of the key documents explaining cultural materialism, the theory associated with Harris's work. This updated edition included the complete 1968 text plus a new introduction by the author, which discusses the impact of the book and highlights some of the major trends in anthropological theory since its original publication. RAT, as it is affectionately known to three decades of graduate students, comprehensively traces the history of anthropology and anthropological theory, culminating in a strong argument for the use of a scientific, behaviorally-based, etic approach to the understanding of human culture known as cultural materialism. Despite its popularity and influence on anthropological thinking, RAT has never been available in paperback. . . until now. It is an essential volume for the library of all anthropologists, their graduate students, and other theorists in the social sciences.

This book considers the varied roles played by the United Nations in cases where threats to peace are created by civil strife in modernizing societies. These struggles for internal supremacy are viewed by the superpowers and other states as parts of larger racial, anti-colonial, or ideological contests. Through a careful analysis of selected cases-Algeria, Angola, the Congo, Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Lebanon, Laos, Yemen, and Vietnam-the author clarifies the legal and political factors limiting the United Nations' effectiveness in containing violence and promoting peaceful change.Originally published in 1967.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905

This study's main concern is with the growth of Communism within Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Indonesia, Indochina, and the Philippines. The author explores the origin and fate of these indigenous movements, their role in domestic politics and relationship to the metropolitan parties (in the case of colonial dependencies) and to the Soviet Union, and their success or failure under the conditions of independence. He also assesses the influence of Communist experience in China, the formation of Russian policy in Southeast Asia, and the policies of the domestic Communist parties. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

"These lectures were delivered at the Lowell Institute in Boston in November and December, 1906, and in January, 1907, at Columbia University, in New York. The pragmatic movement seems to have rather suddenly precipitated itself out of the air. A number of tendencies that have always existed in philosophy have all at once become conscious of themselves collectively, and of their combined mission; and this has occurred in so many countries, and from so many different points of view, that much unconcerted statement has resulted. In these lectures, the author seeks to unify the picture as it presents itself to him, dealing in broad strokes, and avoiding minute controversy. Pragmatism is discussed as a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable, as a theory of truth, and as a mediator between empiricist ways of thinking with the more religious demands of human beings. Its place in philosophy and its relation to humanism are also addressed"--Publisher. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)

In this paper, six papers are introduced which deal with issues in tax reform and with recent developments in taxation policies in five English-speaking countries—the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America (USA), Australia, and New Zealand. It is shown that the structure of the taxation systems in these countries, in particular the dominating influence of a highly progressive personal income tax, has played a major part in inducing widespread tax avoidance and evasion, and thereby in corrupting and discrediting the tax systems of the countries in question; so that they operate perversely with respect to equity, to efficiency, and to the other objectives of taxation policy. In the paper the author argues that tax effectiveness needs to be elevated to a position of overriding importance in the design of taxation policies; outlines the kinds of reforms which are necessary in order to give effect to generally accepted economic criteria; and discusses the importance of political and other constraints on tax reform.

This paper examines the management improvement efforts of recent Presidents, focusing on the initiatives of the Reagan administration under the banner of REFORM 88. It analyzes the principal thrusts of REFORM 88 and contrasts the form and substance of the project with similar undertakings during previous administrations. The author details some of the systemic factors that have traditionally combined to limit the effectiveness of such efforts to improve management in the federal bureaucracy, and describes how REFORM 88 deals with these factors. Particular attention is directed to the roles played by the President, the White House Staff, the Office of Management and Budget, and agency management officials. An attempt is also made to assess the impacts of REFORM 88 in terms of reduced costs and improved effectiveness. The paper concludes that while REFORM 88 some what resembles previous management improvement initiatives, it has several distinctive characteristics that would appear to enhance its chances of success, namely, a healthy reliance on agency initiative and existing management systems.

The political significance of women's lobbying efforts to affect the wording of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms is assessed in this paper. The author proposes that the women's lobby worked within government defined terms of reference, and its success was limited to strengthening the federal government's commitment to legal equality rights for women. In the process, the Ad Hoc Committee which led the lobby modeled its tactics on those of traditional pressure groups, and not on the consensual tactics of many feminist groups. ; Dans cette communication, l'auteur examine l'importance politique des efforts des groupes féministes exerçant des pressions afin d'obtenir des droits pour les femmes a l'intérieur de la Charte des Droits et Liberté. Ces groupes ont accepté les limites établies par le gouvernement fédéral. Leur succès était de consolider les droits d'égalité déjà accepté par le gouvernement fédéral. Présentement à développer les tactiques, le Comité ad hoc sur la Constitution a adopté des tactiques traditionnels plutôt que les tactiques féministes .

Die Autorin berichtet von ihrer Schulzeit und dem Weg zum Abitur, das sie im ersten Abitursjahrgang an einem thüringischen Mädchengymnasium im Jahre 1915 ablegte. Der Bericht vom Studium in Berlin, München und Heidelberg (in den Fächern Nationalökonomie und Jura) veranschaulicht die besonderen Chancen, die studierende Frauen während des Ersten Weltkriegs an deutschen Universitäten wahrnehmen konnten. Soziale Hilfsdienste während des Krieges und familiäre Aufgaben nach dem Krieg zögerten die Promotion zwar hinaus - sie erfolgte 1925 in Jena -, diese eröffnete dann aber eine Fülle von Möglichkeiten öffentlicher caritativer und pädagogischer Wirksamkeit bis zur NS-Zeit und nach 1945. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The author tells of her school days up to the final examination, which she passed in 1915 at a Thuringian secondary school for girls as one of the first women to do so. The account of her experiences as a student in Berlin, Munich, and Heidelberg (she took up law and political economy) illustrates the special opportunities for female students at German Universities during the First World War. Social services during and domestic duties after the war delayed the doctorate, which she obtained in Jena in 1925 and which then opened up a great number of opportunities to work with charitable associations and in the educational field up to the Third Reich and after 1945. (DIPF/Orig.)