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Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to assess the contribution of "Matriarchy" to the entrepreneurship and family business literature. The literature on gendered aspects of entrepreneurship is expanding and maturing in its level of theoretical sophistication and subject coverage. At the same time, our nuanced understanding of how gender influences entrepreneurial action also expands, as does our appreciation of how men and women do entrepreneurship. It is widely acknowledged that although the theories of entrepreneurship and small business are cognate literature, entrepreneurship has primacy. The heroic male entrepreneur is the master narrative against which we measure other forms of entrepreneurship. The role played by wives, partners, family and employees is often left unstated. In our eternal quest to theorise and explain entrepreneurial action in its entirety, we seldom consider the explanatory power of the sociological theory of "Matriarchy". Consequentially, in this theoretical paper, we present and discuss several important aspects of the theory which are applicable to our understanding of the diverse nature of gendered enactment within entrepreneurship and small business in which entrepreneurship provides the action to be measured and small business, the setting in which it is encountered. The work primarily concentrates on the theoretical aspects of Matriarchy as well as building upon the extant literature of entrepreneurship, gender and small and family business.


Design/methodology/approach
– The literature on Matriarchy is presented and analysed in conjunction with appropriate texts from the above literature. The readings help construct a theoretical framework which is tested against narratives of Matriarchial figures encountered via research and written up using retrospective ethnography. This unusual qualitative methodology allows the author to test and develop the utility of the theoretical framework. The resultant narratives and vignettes are both illuminating and enlightening.


Findings
– The stories of the Matriarchs illustrate how gender differences impact upon entrepreneurial identities and the everyday practicalities of doing business. While the male head of the family may be the titular business owner, many privately defer to the Matriarchal voice which acts as a positive driving force in business, binding a family together.


Research limitations/implications
– The theory of Matriarchy offers another powerful explanatory variable in how gendered relationships influence entrepreneurial identities and in making the theory the focal point, we can avoid some of the common assumptions we make when we concentrate on entrepreneurship as the key variable. In perpetuating heroic entrepreneurial narrative as success stories, we as the ultimate consumers of such socially constructed fiction are also complicit. This article, therefore, has the potential to influence how we as authors of such narratives narrate stories of women in family business.


Originality/value
– The paper challenges the universality of traditional renditions of family businesses as entrepreneur stories. It re-examines and challenges accepted wisdom building up a discussion, which confronts accepted theories of entrepreneurship and family business.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to attempt to theorise difference as encountered by a team of six diverse researchers interested in addressing cultural and religious diversity in sexuality education. Drawing Todd's (2003, 2011a, b) concepts of "the crossroads", "becoming present" and "relationality" in conversation with Barad's (2003, 2007, 2012) ideas around relationality and intra-activity, the paper explores how "difference" in team research might be re-conceptualised. The aim is to theorise difference, differently from Other methodological literature around collaborative research. Typically, this work highlights markers of difference based on researcher identity (such as gender and ethnicity) as the source of difference in research teams, and examines how these differences are worked through. The aim of this paper is not to resolve difference, but understand it as occurring in the relational process of researchers becoming present to each other. Difference that is not understood as the product of the individual (Barad, 2012), may engender an orientation to ethical relationality, whereby research teams might hold in tension a conversation between the individual and the collective.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is philosophical and methodological. It draws on conceptual understandings from feminist educational philosophy and new materialisms. Findings are based on empirical experiences of a team of researchers exploring cultural and religious difference in sexuality education. Its aim is to re-think the ontology of "difference" as conventionally understood in qualitative methodological literature around team research.Findings– The contribution to conceptualising difference in research teams is to apply Todd's (2011a) theoretical work around "becoming", "relationality" and the "crossroads" and further delineate it with Barad's (2012) concept of intra-activity. Combining these theorist's ideas the paper offers a conceptualisation of difference that is not the product of individual researcher identities that manifests at the point of collision with (an)other identity. Rather, difference becomes intra-actively in meeting at the crossroads where the "who" is formed. The author argues it is a configuration that cannot be known in advance, and that blurs individuals (and contingent identities) in its uniqueness.Practical implications– Although conceptual in nature, this paper can be seen as having implications for working with difference in research teams. Drawing on Todd (2003, 2011a) what becomes important in attending to difference in research teams is being openly receptive to the Other. For instance, that the differences of perspective in relation to a research project are not melted into consensus, but that the singularities are always held in relation to each-other.Originality/value– This paper takes new and emerging ideas in educational philosophy and new materialisms around relationality and applies them to a re-thinking of "difference" in qualitative methodological literature. The result is to offer a new ontology of "difference" as experienced by members of a qualitative research team. It also brings the work of Barad and Todd into conversation for the first time, in order to think ethically about how researchers might work with difference.

PurposeWork integration social enterprises (WISEs) create jobs through business ventures that function as locations for training and employment of disadvantaged workers. A key challenge for US WISEs is that the businesses that are easiest to launch and best suited to absorb large numbers of unskilled workers may be located in the same low wage labor market sectors out of which these interventions are designed to catapult workers. This paper aims to present data on an understudied aspect of WISEs: the labor market niches where they are active, the occupations associated with these labor market positions, and the work conditions offered through their WISE businesses.Design/methodology/approachData presented in this paper are from a national WISE database developed by the author that includes 254 businesses associated with 123 WISEs, and a pilot study of 15 WISEs testing an instrument for use in a national survey of US WISEs. Each business associated with the WISEs in the national database was coded for industry, occupation and wage data using categories developed by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Each WISE business was further coded as preparing its workers for either low or middle skill jobs. These data were analyzed using frequency counts, chi square tests of association and a two‐step cluster analysis. To explore employment conditions inside WISE businesses, the pilot study data were analyzed using a multiple case study analysis approach. Through focused coding techniques, descriptions of the employment conditions associated with the WISE jobs are reviewed.FindingsAnalysis at the level of occupation category reveals that about 72 percent of the jobs that WISEs train clients to perform exist in low skill occupations. Chi‐square tests of association between NTEE code (a proxy for target population) and job skill level are not significant suggesting that low skill training is utilized by organizations serving clients facing a range of disadvantage. Cluster analyses indicate that for WISEs targeting disabled populations and for newer organizations targeting the general unemployed populations, low skill job training pervades but for education organization and for older employment organizations, middle skill job training is more prevalent. The pilot data analyses show that the WISEs offer minimum wage or higher wage positions but many without guaranteed hours or a clear pathway out of WISE employment.Practical implicationsThese data suggest WISEs in the USA have grown well beyond their earlier, narrower niche working with the disabled to employ a much broader portfolio of client populations, many higher functioning. However, the findings that many WISEs are positioned in the low skill labor market and on some dimensions can mirror the low skill labor market employment conditions suggest that additional aspects of WISE workforce development strategy should be taken into account.Originality/valueThe paper focuses on the labor market niches where WISEs are active, the occupations associated with these labor market positions, and the work conditions offered.

Este artigo parte de uma distinção entre políticas de segurança humana e políticas de segurança cidadã, no contexto de reestruturação e crise capitalista global, discutindo, especificamente, situações referentes ao Brasil e à cidade de Salvador, Bahia. Com base numa perspectiva antropológica sobre as dimensões do trabalho e renda, a reprodução social e as desigualdades sociais e as relações de poder, que condicionam os processos contemporâneos de desenvolvimento urbano, o autor, refletindo criticamente sobre as consequências da securitização dos problemas sociais, sustenta a necessidade de articularem-se políticas econômicas a políticas de segurança de forma a serem compensadas as tendências negativas do capitalismo contemporâneo, priorizando a segurança humana de todos, em lugar de uma segurança cidadã restrita a interesses ou preconceitos de parte da sociedade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Securitização. Segurança humana. Desenvolvimento capitalista. Trabalho digno. Desigualdades sociais. Periferia urbana. HUMAN SECURITY: a feasible goal? John Gledhill This article begins with a distinction between human security policies and citizen security policies within the context of restructuring and the global capitalist crisis, discussing specifically situations Brazil and in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Based on an anthropological perspective on the dimensions of labor and income, social reproduction and social inequalities and the relationships of power which condition the contemporary processes of urban development, the author, making a critical reflection about the consequences of the securitization of social problems, supports the need for the articulation of economic and security policies in order to compensate the negative trends of capitalism today, giving priority to human safety for everyone, instead of a citizen safety restricted to the interest or prejudices of society. KEY WORDS: Securitization. Human security. Capitalist development. Decent work. Social inequalities. Urban periphery. LA SÉCURITÉ HUMAINE: un objectif viable? John Gledhill Le point de départ de cet article est de faire la différence entre politiques de sécurité humaine et politiques de sécurité du citoyen, dans le cadre de la restructuration et de la crise capitaliste mondiale. On y analyse plus spécifiquement les situations concernant le Brésil et la ville de Salvador-Bahia. C'est dans une perspective anthropologique concernant les dimensions du travail et des revenus, la reproduction sociale, les inégalités sociales et les relations de pouvoir, facteurs qui conditionnent le processus contemporain de développement urbain, que l'auteur fait une analyse critique des conséquences de sécuritisation des problèmes sociaux. Il affirme qu'il est absolument nécessaire de faire le lien entre les politiques économiques et les politiques de sécurité afin de pouvoir contrebalancer les tendances négatives du capitalisme contemporain, privilégiant la sécurité humaine pour tous au lieu d'une sécurité du citoyen limitée à des intérêts ou à des préjugés de la société. MOTS-CLÉS: Sécuritisation. Sécurité humaine. Développement capitaliste. Travail digne. Inégalités sociales. Périphérie urbaine. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

In his article, Mark Lipovetsky proposes a critical approach to the scientific intelligentsia of the 1960s, which, according to common opinion, constituted the leading group in the liberal movement of the late Soviet period. The article, however, focuses not on the political but the cultural ideology of this group, which the author defines as the ITR-discourse (ITR - the Soviet-period acronym for scientific/technological specialists). In the author's opinion, this ideology has outlived the Soviet period, shaping the mainstream of post-Soviet liberalism as well. In discussing this cultural ideology (poetics of the discourse), Lipovetsky isolates its characteristics, such as essentialism, resistance to complexity, double confrontation of the authorities and the "masses," and the subsequent exceptionalist position of the intelligentsia. The Strugatsky brothers have effectively summarized this complex of features in the perennial figure of their science-fiction prose (extremely popular among the scientific intelligentsia), the progressor, a representative of the advanced (i.e., communist in the specific ITR interpretation) civilization situated in a backward, medieval/fascist society. This character feels alienated from society and tries to help those in need but well realizes the danger of a large-scale revolutionary invasion. Lipovetsky's article traces the evolution of this character in the Strugatskys' prose. In the author's opinion, Viktor Pelevin's cynical spin doctors emerge as the direct heirs to "progressors," which reflects transformations of the idealistic cultural ideology of the sixties in the post-Soviet period. The article concludes with the proposition that the further effectiveness of the protest movement that started in 2011-2012 will depend on the liberal intelligentsia's ability to overcome the cultural ideology that they inherited from the scientific intel­ligentsia of the Thaw period. В своей статье Марк Липовецкий предлагает критический взгляд на научно-техническую интеллигенцию 1960-х, по общему мнению, ставшую лидером либерального движения позднесоветского периода. Основное внимание уделяется культурной (а не политической) идеоло­гии этого социального слоя. По мнению автора, именно эта культурная идеология − или дискурс ИТР − пережила советский период, оставаясь мейнстримом и постсоветского либерализма. Описывая эту культурную идеологию (поэтику дискурса), Липовецкий выделяет такие ее черты, как эссенциализм, сопротивление сложности, двойное противостояние власти и "народу" и вытекающую из этого противостояния позицию культурной исключительности. Наиболее емким обобщением этого комплекса стал созданный братьями Стругацкими образ "прогрессора", представителя высокоразвитой (коммунистической - в специфическом для ИТР-дискурса понимании) цивилизации, заброшенного в средне­вековое/фашистское общество, но знающего о пагубности револю­ционных преобразований. В статье прослеживается эволюция этого образа. По мнению автора, прямыми наследниками "прогрессоров" становятся циничные манипуляторы массовым сознанием, проходящие через творчество Виктора Пелевина, что, как полагает автор, отражает трансформацию культурной идеологии научно-технической интелли­генции 1960-х в постсоветский период. В заключении высказывается предположение о том, что дальнейшее развитие протестного политиче­ского движения 2011-2012 гг. возможно только на основе преодоления описанной в статье культурной идеологии.

The author used the 1956 Hungarian anti-Stalinist rebellion as the starting point for a thorough rethinking of the political structures of man's existence, in particular of political power. Such a rethinking is based on the insight regarding the autonomy of the political with regard to the economic and class structure of society. From this is derived not only the specific rationality of state and politics, but also the specific political evils related to the very nature of political power. Specific rationality, specific evil -- therein lies the double and paradoxical originality of the political. It is the task of political philosophy to make this originality explicit and to clarify its paradox: the greatest political evil is linked with the greatest political rationality, and political alienation exists precisely because the political is relatively autonomous. The autonomy of the political is not only the idea of man's stepping into man-hood through citizen-hood, but also the distinctive character of the political connection in relation to the economic connection. The understanding and criticism of the political paradox can be approached only if one sets clear boundaries to the political sphere and perceives the validity of the distinction between the political and the economic. Every criticism presupposes this distinction, and it does not abolish it in any respect. In order to rediscover the sense of the political, one must return to Rousseau's reflection in continuation of a return to the thinkers of classical antiquity (Aristotle's Politics in particular) as basis for any criticism of power. The truth of the political, as the reality of state ideality, is the legal equality of all before all, irreducible to class conflicts, to the dynamics of economic supremacy and alienation. But the state is also -- will, administration and physical coercion. Thus the political as a reasonable organisation implies politics as decision: the political is always accompanied by politics. Unlike the political, which exists only in great moments, in "crises", at "turning points", at crossroads of history, politics is perceived as a set of actions aimed at winning, executing and retaining power. Precisely politics poses the problem of political evil. This however does not mean that power is identical to evil. But power is particularly prone to evil; throughout history it has been perhaps the greatest opportunity for evil and the greatest demonstration of evil. The reason for this is that power is a momentous thing, that power is the instrument of historical rationality of the state. This is the fundamental political paradox. A practical solution to this paradox -- to achieve that there is a state, but that there is not too much of it -- is possible only through democratic control of the people over the state and through invention of institutional techniques the purpose of which is to make possible the exercise of power and to make impossible any abuse thereof. Adapted from the source document.

Evoliucionuojant medijoms požiūriai į auditorijas nuolat kito. Auditorijos kaip kolektyvinės medijų pranešimų gavėjos savo esme yra itin dinamiškos ir kintančios struktūros. Kiekviena naujai atsirandanti medija darė įtaką auditorijų kaitos procesams ir skatino mokslininkus iš naujo įvertinti auditorijas formuojančius veiksnius bei persvarstyti jų sampratos aktualumą.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip kito auditorijų samprata per visą studijų laikotarpį, ir klausiama, kokios auditorijos koncepcijos gyvuoja šiandien, kai iškyla medijų auditorijos, veikiančios daugiakanalėje daugialypės terpės erdvėje.Reikšminiai žodžiai: publikos, minia, masės, auditorijos, masinė auditorija, naujosios medijos, konvergencija, medijų naudotojai, medijų auditorijos.Shifts of the audience's paradigmsDaiva SiudikienėSummaryThis paper reveals the main theoretical approaches which influence the construction and shifts of the audience's paradigms. The audience studies developed eventually under the influence of contradictory theoretical perspectives. It was stated that the significant processes had started long before the academic discipline formation, but intellectual discussions on the reflections of the massification processes were significant for developing the theoretical background for further audience studies. Contemplations on such concepts as public, crowd, mass, mass society, mass audience are closely related to the traditions of political theory, social philosophy and cultural history of the late 19th and the 20th centuries. Development of the communication sciences measures more than one hundred years, but the audience as an equivalent participator of the communication process had been recognized only at the end of the 20th century. For a long time, the audiences had been approached as unqualified and unable to evaluate the media production properly. Therefore, the conception of audience as the market dominated throught a couple of decades and formed the research traditions of the audience as a quantitatively measured object. The extent remains the most significant indicator in this research area, but the audience studies have generated much more concepts. Side by side with the citizens audience, there emerged the notions of the interpretive communities and lifestyle audiences. The recognition of the fact that the audience members differ in their socio-cultural and national characteristics, knowledge, experience in the use of media and other aspects, clarification of this notion remain a complicated matter. The most important facet should be the point that the individuals realize their role differently as an audience, but all together they are in the process of creating the cognitive schemes and the collective ideals as a certain united community. The rise of the new media has generated unprecedented processes in the post-modern societies and new notions applied for media users. It was stated that, despite the media explosion and the audience fragmentation, this term remains relevant. The new media environment is recasting the notion of audience for covering a wide range and multifaceted activities of media users. Therefore, the new roles of media users are under consideration. According to the author of this paper, as the most meaningful concepts should be recognized those that indicate the creative potential of the audience.

Abstract: It is widespread accepted that a creditor, who after a breach of contract wishes to safeguard his entitlement to full compensation for loss incurred, has a responsibility to take reasonable steps to mitigate this loss. There are, however, different views with regard to the scope of this duty to mitigate. Here it is advocated that the legal consequences of a failure to avert or minimize a loss must be similar to those of any joint occurrence of a fault of the wrongdoer with neglect of the aggrieved party. This implies that the liability of the wrongdoer should be reduced by apportioning the loss, which both parties could and should have avoided, between them both. Most modern legal systems do in fact acknowledge the assimilation of the doctrines of contributory negligence and failure to mitigate the loss and thus recognize the prospect of an apportionment of the damage. Not so, however, the European Commission's Expert Group. They exempt the debtor from liability insofar as the creditor contributed to his own loss. This contribution presents some critical reflections on how the duty to mitigate the loss is sanctioned in the newly proposed instrument on European contract law. The author illustrates that the provision in question - Article 163 of the proposal - does not provide for an adequate representation of the latest developments in the various European legal systems on this matter. Résumé: Il est largement admis qu'un créancier qui, à la suite d'une rupture de contrat, souhaite sauvegarder son droit à entière réparation du dommage subi, doit effectuer des démarches raisonnables pour atténuer son dommage. Il existe toutefois différentes opinions quant à la portée du devoir d'atténuer le dommage. La thèse ici défendue est la suivante : les conséquences juridiques du défaut d'empêcher ou de diminuer un dommage doivent être similaires à celles de tout événement conjugant une faute de l'auteur du dommage et une négligence de la partie lésée. Ceci implique que la responsabilité de l'auteur du dommage devrait être réduite en répartissant la perte que les deux parties auraient pu ou auraient dû éviter, entre elles deux. La plupart des systèmes juridiques modernes reconnaissent en réalité l'assimilation des doctrines de la faute de la victim ('négligence contributive') et du défaut de modération du dommage, et admettent donc l'idée de la répartition du dommage. Ce n'est cependant pas le cas du Groupe d'Experts de la Commission Européenne. Ils exonèrent le débiteur de sa responsabilité pour autant que le créancier a contribué à son propre dommage. La présente analyse présente quelques réflexions critiques sur la question de savoir comment l'obligation de modérer le dommage est sanctionnée dans l'instrument nouvellement proposé en droit européen des contrats. L'auteur explique que la disposition en question - Article 163 de la proposition - ne réflète pas de manière adéquate les récents développements des divers systèmes juridiques Européens en cette matière.

- The author examines the question of how the future of Europe can be foreseen, whether it is moving towards integration or towards a reassertion of the national features of all EU member states. The French and Dutch rejection of the European Constitution in 2004 triggered a search for a lower-key, less political form of European integration. Possible initiatives to break out of the current state of immobility include two interconnected paths: one is a return to the functional method for horizontal integration and the other is a development and broadening of Europe's big regional areas. The need therefore arises to give people a sense of responsibility for European integration in order to convince governments to relinquish more of their sovereignty. Reconstructing the European Union meaning and reality, by Myrianne Coen The fall of the Berlin Wall has thrown a stark light on the loss of reference points for Europeans: those of good and evil - values, of their territory and their interests. Religion is discredited, technology has no conscience. In this context there is a reawakening of ethics. But now the question arises as to the values on which this ethics is to be based, its deep meaning. The history of our civilisation shows that such values have always been rooted in the survival of the species, which implies protection of the individual. Nowadays they are expressed in respect for human (individual) rights and the primacy given to the democratic system applied to a society conceived as a "significant space of exchange". Managing change in complete security is therefore a question of evaluating policies, taking the individual as a benchmark according to an interpretation which has the survival of the species as a temporal limit and the respective territories of individual freedom as a spatial limit. All of this has to take account of reality, assuring a dialectic management between the dynamics of what we are able to do and the meaning which tells us what it is permissible to do. Devising management structures able to reconcile security and change should thus take account of everything that is effective and ethical. Conducting a suitable policy - the necessary condition for effectiveness - entails taking account of reality as it is in such a way that it may be modified (the dynamics of the possible) while respecting others in (individual) space and time (future generations). On the basis of these criteria it is therefore a question of determining, in the light of reality and principles, the meaning that emanates from democratic decisions, of considering the significant spaces that the meaning covers and of structuring them so that they encompass mutual relations. The individual is placed in this context as a benchmark by which the planet should measure itself, and the planet in turn should be considered "for mankind", since it is mankind who gives it a meaning.

Universiteterne er i krise og har været under pres udefra i mange år. Denne artikel behandler det interne pres på universiteterne. Forskerne selv blokerer den faglige kritik, livsnerven i det videnskabelige arbejde. Den populære socialkonstruktivistiske relativisme har udviklet sig til en ekstrem udgave af tidligere tiders herskende akademiske mantra – hvis du lader mig i fred, forstyrrer jeg ikke din niche. For at komme ud af dødvandet genintroduceres Karl Poppers berømte udtryk Det Venligt-fjendtlige Samarbejde mellem Forskerne. Det drejer sig om de grundlæggende sociale relationer i forskningen, der hele tiden truer med at blive nedbrudt til alene at være almindeligt lønarbejde, hvor kritik tolkes som mangel på solidaritet, og den udeblevne faglige kritik udtrykker en vellykket konkurrencebegrænsning.
Med udgangspunkt i Umberto Ecos selvkritiske udsagn om, at der er grænser for fortolkning, diskuteres Poppers begreb om videnskabelighed og objektivitet som sociologiske begreber. Her spiller den permanente faglige kritik og Den kritiske holdning den centrale rolle, og det vises gennem en diskussion af kritikken af Popper, at den "normalvidenskabelige" afvisning af Popper som falsifikationist og empirist er forfejlet. Udviklingen af Poppers kritikbegreb benyttes til at undersøge mulighederne for et opgør med de sidste årtiers socialkonstruktivistisk fornufts- og oplysningskritik og for at etablere (institutionalisere) kritikken som afgørende for universiteternes eksistens.

ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Nils Bredsdorff: The Necessity of Criticism or The Friendly-Hostile Cooperation Between Scientists

This article deals with the internal pressure in universities, in that scientists themselves block scientific criticism. The widespread relativism of social constructivism has developed into an extreme version of the previously prevailing mantra of academia – if you leave me alone, I promise not to interfere in your niche.
To get out of this dilemma, the author reintroduces Popper's famous expression: The friendly-hostile cooperation between scientists. It concerns basic social relations within research. These relations are constantly under pressure and might disintegrate into ordinary wage labour, a kind of wage labour in which criticism is understood as lack of solidarity, and the absence of scientific criticism is seen as a result of successful restriction on competition.
The article starts with Umberto Eco's self-critical statement that there are limits to interpretation, and then addresses Popper's concept of science and objectivity as sociological terms under discussion. In Popper's concept, permanent scientific criticism by peers and The Critical Attitude are the crux of the matter. It is argued that the "normal scientific" rejection of Popper for being a "falsificationist" and an empiricist is wrong. Popper's concept of criticism is employed to examine the possibilities of a showdown with the recent decades of social constructivist criticism of reason and enlightenment, and to establish (institutionalized) criticism as a decisive factor for the survival of the universities.

Key words: Karl Popper, criticism, epistemology, critical attitude, social constructivism.

The Canadian province of British Columbia has been widely recognized as the North American leader in employing Design, Build, Finance Operate public–private partnerships to create new public infrastructure. Canada is one of the most decentralized federations in the world. Provinces exercise considerable autonomy and have powerful revenue raising power at their disposal. Although Canadian local governments are generally seen as substantially inferior to the two senior levels of government, those in British Columbia have in fact managed to achieve quite a bit of autonomy due to non-constitutional factors. Large infrastructure projects, for which municipalities and other local government agencies must look to the province for financial support are among the most controversial of issues within the provincial–local government relationship. The introduction of public–private partnerships represents a classic example of a political entrepreneur changing the rules of the game to favour their desired outcomes. In this case, a government leader determined to pursue an infrastructure program that the province lacked the capital to support and the re-structuring of the state along New Public Management lines. However, even though the rule change favoured the Premier's immediate goals, and allowed him to over-ride much local objection, it can be argued that in the long run neither local governments nor the province have necessarily gained in power by changing the rules of the game. In keeping with the general tenants of the New Public Management, the introduction of public–private partnerships has given precedence to technocratic forms of knowledge, especially those involved with finance and accounting, with the aim of pursuing public goals in the most "economically efficient" manner possible. The flip side is that democratic input is strictly limited to the initial question as to whether or not a project is desirable, not how it can be best achieved or whether, once underway, it still represents a wise move. As a result, if there are any real winners in terms of autonomy, it has been senior public managers at both the provincial and local level and their financial and accounting advisors. These actors have had the range of issues for which they are accountable markedly simplified when it comes to major infrastructure projects, even as the complexity of such projects are increased by the use of public–private partnerships. Evidence is drawn from government documents, news accounts and interviews conducted by the author with senior managers, politicians and appointed board members of local government organizations (a quasi-governmental agency and a regional municipality's transit authority) as well as a provincial ministry, which acts as a control case. By employing three cases within the same province and the same time-frame, many of the contextual factors that can confound a study of this sort have been held constant for the purpose of comparison.

Nuestro periodo de estudio muestra un clima surcado por crisis, paradojas y enfrentamientos, en un contexto en que germinan nuevos movimientos sociales. Se inicia con el primer golpe de Estado que quiebra el orden formal constitucional y provoca el derrumbe del proyecto liberal agroexportador junto con la restauración del conservadurismo de tintes nacionalistas. Estos vertiginosos cambios políticos y económicos son acompañados desde lo demográfico con la ruptura de diversas tendencias: se hace visible el descenso de la fecundidad, los saldos migratorios europeos se vuelven negativos, se profundiza la migración interna y se inauguran los casamientos entre cónyuges que pertenecen a la primera generación de argentinos. La elite política aristocratizante muestra, en lo poblacional, una visión tradicional del rol de la mujer y una mirada racista de los flujos migratorios. En este trabajo indagamos el papel del Estado como receptor de las ideas, demandas y presiones que le exponían diferentes sectores sociales. Nos preguntamos cuáles eran los "problemas" y cuáles las "soluciones" que planteaban al Estado los industriales, los militares, los obreros y los profesionales de la salud pública sobre las variables demográficas; qué políticas formuló el Estado en respuesta a estos reclamos, y cuáles eran sus relaciones y discursos en el marco de los intensos debates poblacionales del periodo. Nuestro análisis nos exhibe un Estado firmemente interpelado, colocado en el centro de las discusiones sociales y capaz de formular un intervencionismo cuyo principal destinatario serían los sectores populares. AbstractThe period of study reveals a climate of crises, paradoxes and confrontation, in a context that saw the origin of new social movements. This period began with the first coup d'état, which destroyed the formal constitutional order and led to the collapse of the liberal agro-export project, together with the restoration of nationalistic conservatism. In the demographic sphere, these dizzying political and economic changes were accompanied by the interruption of several trends: there was a visible decrease in fertility, European migra­tory rates became negative, internal migration increased and marriages began to occur between members of the first generation of Argentineans. In the population sphere, the patrician political elite displayed a traditional view of woman's role, together with a racist attitude towards migratory flows. This study explores the state's function as a receptor of the ideas, demands and pressures expressed by the various social sectors. The author examines the problems and solutions put to the state by industrialists, the military, workers, and public health professions regarding demographic variables, the formulas the state provided to meet these demands and their relations and discourses within the context of the intense debates on population at the time. The analysis reveals a state that was constantly questioned, located at the center of social discussions and capable of formulating a type of interventionism whose main target would be the popular sectors.

Antanas Maceina (1908–1987) – iškilus tarpukario Lietuvos ugdymo mokslo – tautinio auklėjimo teorijos, pedagoginio santykiavimo, švietimo ir mokyklų vaidmens lietuvių kultūroje, pedagoginio vitalizmo problemos, fenomenologinės pedagoginio akto analizės, visuotinės pedagogikos istorijos – atstovas, pagrindęs filosofijos ir pedagogikos santykį, teigęs realistinį idealizmą. Pirmasis VDU apgynęs pedagogikos daktaro disertaciją Tautinis auklėjimas (1934, vadovas – prof. Stasys Šalkauskis), A. Maceina parašė kapitalinį Pedagogikos istorijos veikalą (1939), kuriame svarsto tautinio auklėjimo ir atitautinimo problemas, aiškina lavinimo ir auklėjimo esmę, teigia ugdymo kūrybinį pobūdį ir mokyklų laisvę valstybėje. Straipsnio autorius, vertindamas įvairialypį A. Maceinos pedagoginį palikimą, koncentruoja dėmesį į tautinio auklėjimo teorijos reikšmingumą, švietimo ir mokyklų vaidmenį keliant lietuvių kultūrą, taip pat į fenomenologinę ugdymo, ypač pedagoginio akto, analizę. Iš akiračio neišleidžiama A. Maceinos pedagoginių pažiūrų raida, ugdymo interpretacijų kaita, ryškėjančio filosofo pastanga kurti universaliąją pedagogiką. Nors A. Maceinos palikimo leidėjai suskubo ugdymo teoriją pavadinti "pedagogikos filosofija", straipsnio autorius linkęs sugrąžinti autentiškesnį, paties pedagogikos veikalų autoriaus teiktą "filosofinės pedagogikos" įvardijimą ir analizuoti jos virsmą į ugdymo filosofiją. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: ugdymo filosofija, pietizmas pedagogikoje, tautinio auklėjimo ir atitautinimo teorija, švietimas ir mokykla valstybėje, kūrybinis ugdymo pobūdis.Philosophical Pedagogy of A. MaceinaJuozas Vytautas Uzdila
SummaryAntanas Maceina (1908–1987) is an outstanding representative of pedagogical education inbetween the two wars. He worked in the spheres of the theory of national education, pedagogical correlation, and the history of world pedagogy, analyzed the role of education and educational institutions in Lithuanian culture, the problem of pedagogical vitalism, and gave a phenomenological analysis of the pedagogical act. A. Maceina grounded the close connection between philosophy and pedagogy, asserted their integral synthesis and realistic idealism. At Vytautas Magnus University he was the first to maintain a doctoral dissertation in pedagogy "National Education" in 1934 (scientific research supervisor Prof. Stasys Šalkauskis). In 1939, A. Maceina wrote his great work "A History of Pedagogy" where, with his characteristic pietism, he considered the problems of national education and denationalization, elucidated the essence of education and training, asser ted the creative nature of fostering and the freedom of educational institutions in Lithuania. The article focuses on A. Maceina's diverse pedagogical heritage emphasizing the significance of his theory of national education, the role of school education in promoting Lithuanian culture, the phenomenological analysis of the pedagogical act, the development of his ideas of pedagogy, and his determined attempt to create world pedagogy. Although the publishers of A. Maceina's works labeled his theory of education as "philosophy of pedagogy", the author of the article is inclined to call back a more authentic term "philosophical pedagogy" given by A. Maceina himself and then to analize its transformation to educational philosophy.Keywords: philosophical pedagogy, educational philosophy, pietism in pedagogy, theory of national education and denationalization, school education in the state, pedagogical act, creative nature of education.

SUMMARY:
Sohpie Coeurié in her article reconstructs the "stolen memory" of French archives, i.e., the story of the documents that became Soviet and Nazi "loot" in the course of the WWII. Nazi archival extrusions as well as inter-war period regulations of archival policies and rules (national as well as international) provide context and comparative cases for the major case of the Soviet Union's dealing with French archival documents. In 1945, the Russian term "trophies," as applied to the conquered archives and other cultural products, had no equivalent in the language of the Soviet Union's war allies. As the article shows, this term indeed expressed the essence of Soviet archival policy in defeated Germany and in other European countries. On the one hand, the documents were needed to disclose Nazi crimes, and to this degree Russia went along with its war allies. Yet, on the other hand, the documents were viewed as a compensation for war loses, and as something that could be used strategically in ideological purposes.

Sohpie Coeurié explains that the logic behind the Soviet collection of "archival trophies" was not national – Soviet leaders did not support conscious projects whose aim was to assemble in the Soviet Union documents pertaining to Russian history and culture. Confiscations were governed by political and police pragmatism, and later by the logic of the Cold war. Therefore Coeurié suggests that the Soviet "managing of the past" assumed a more complicated form compared to Nazi Germany: the Soviet Union rejected nationalism in favor of the "empire of the revolution" ideal. Moscow became the center for historical archives of the world revolutionary movement (e.g., socialist, communist), and the "trophy archives" became a part of the "empire of the revolution" memory. Coeurié illustrates this statement by analyzing the history of the Central State Special Archive; principles of classification and usage of the "trophy archives" in the 1950s–1960s; implications of the rejection by Soviet archivists of the principle of respect toward a "collection's origin"; and the most frequently consulted French collections from the Special archive. While doing this, she notices the moment of nationalization of Soviet ideology and archival policy during the later Soviet period – the trend that became dominant in post-Perestroika Russia. To explain this trend, the author turns to Russian debates about restitution, and specifically to a complicated story of returning French archival "trophies" to France. Partial success of French efforts to get back their archives are explained in the article by the absence in Russian society of a consensus regarding the history of WWII and the nature of the Soviet period, as well as by the nationalization of Russian state ideology. The choice of documents to be restituted was based not on the fact of their French origin, but on their "French" character. Materials that were confiscated by the Soviet Army and officials at the end of the War but recognized by contemporary Russian archivists as a part of "Russian cultural heritage" remained in Russia.

Considerando o contexto dos anos 90, marcado pela precarização no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, o artigo examina, com base nos dados da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA), a evolução das formas de inserção ocupacional das mulheres no mercado de trabalho dessa Região metropolitana, analisando os impactos diferenciados sobre os gêneros. Os resultados evidenciam impactos diferenciados e contraditórios quanto às desigualdades de gênero, com situações geralmente desvantajosas para as mulheres. Assim, apesar de ter havido redução dos diferenciais entre os sexos, com o aumento da participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e nas inserções mais protegidas, e diminuição dos diferenciais de rendimentos, a precariedade ainda prevalece entre as mulheres, dado o aumento expressivo do desemprego, dos serviços domésticos e do assalariamento sem carteira. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: gênero e trabalho, trabalho e diferenciais de gênero, mercado de trabalho, precarização do trabalho. WORK AND PRECARIOUSNESS IN RMPA: differentiated evolution attenuates gender inequalities Considering the context of the nineties, marked by precariousness in the Brazilian labor market, the author examines, using data from the Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre – PEDRMPA (Research of Employment and Unemployment in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre – PED-RMPA), the evolution of occupational insertion of women in the labor market of this metropolitan region, analyzing the differentiated impacts on gender composition. Data show differentiated and contradictory impacts in the gender inequalities, with generally disadvantaged situations for women. Therefore, despite a differential reduction between genders, with an increase of women participation on the labor market and on the most protected insertions, and a decrease on income differentials, precariousness still prevails among women, considering the expressive increase of unemployment, of household services and precarious employment. KEY WORDS: gender and work, work and gender differentials, labor market, work precariousness. TRAVAIL ET PRECARISATION DANS LA RMPA: l'evolution diferenciee attenue les inegalites de genre Prenant en considération le contexte des années 90, marqué par la précarisation du marché du travail brésilien, cet article observe, à partir des données de la Recherche sur l'Emploi et le Chômage de la Région Métropolitaine de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA), l'évolution des formules d'insertion occupationnelle des femmes, sur le marché du travail de cette région métropolitaine, et analyse les impacts différenciés sur les genres. Les résultats mettent en évidence les impacts différenciés et contradictoires concernant les inégalités de genre, avec des situations souvent désavantageuses pour les femmes. C'est ainsi que, malgré la diminution des différentiels entre sexes, étant donné l'augmentation de la participation des femmes sur le marché du travail et dans des insertions plus protégées, vu également la diminution des différentiels de revenus, la précarité domine encore parmi les femmes à cause de l'augmentation expressive du chômage, des travaux domestiques et du travail salarié sans contrat. MOTS-CLÉS: genre et travail, travail et différentiels de genre, marché du travail, précarité du travail. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br