Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the demographic situation in Ukraine at the close of 20th century. Changes in population size and proportions of its forming sources after the last All-Soviet Union general census of the population (1989) are the focus of attention in the article. The author investigates the main features of fertility, mortality, marriages, divorces and demographic development of Ukrainian family for this period of time. There was also examined the contribution of natural increase/decrease of population and its net-migration to the process of depopulation and deepening of the demographic crisis in the country. The author remarked the tendency to growth of the indices of demographic loading per 1000 midyear population of working age and transformations in its structure. There was predicted the further aging of population and lessening of its labour potential in the nearest future. There are no reasons to expect any swift positive changes in the demographic situation now. The demographic crisis is deepening.

[The] article falls into two chief parts. Part I provides an introduction to religious education in Europewhile exploring six key characteristics. Part II presents European developments concerning guiding principles, developments in the European institutions and comparative European projects as well as existing networks. Finally [the author summarises] some perspectives for religious education. (Orig.).

"In this article the author addresses the question of the ontology of power and rule-setting in the international monetary system. By distinguishing between two dimensions of monetary power - autonomy and influence - he offers an innovative approach towards power in the international monetary system. Within this context he examines and analyses different developments, outlining a diffusion of power among states as well as between states and non-state actors rather in the dimension of autonomy than in the dimension of influence. The author introduces the concept of leaderless diffusion, meaning that leadership in the system has been more scattered than relocated. He argues that a power shift has taken place from few very powerful states towards a growing number of autonomous actors, especially when it comes to rule-setting abilities within the monetary system. Furthermore, he outlines that on the level of governance, a distinction should be made between the individual state and the global system and thus offers an elaborated approach towards understanding monetary and economic power in the 21st century." (author's abstract)

The paper proposes three different kinds of science models as value-added services that are integrated in the retrieval process to enhance retrieval quality. The paper discusses the approaches Search Term Recommendation, Bradfordizing and Author Centrality on a general level and addresses implementation issues of the models within a real-life retrieval environment.

This article about the education system of San Marino is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The author gives an overview of the background, structure and further characteristics of the Sammarese education system. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).

This article about the education system of Monaco is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The author gives an overview of the background, structure and specific features of the Monegasque education system including vocational and post-secondary training. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).

This article about the education system of the Faroe Islands is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The author gives an overview of the background and the characteristics of the Faroese education system including vocational and higher education. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).

In view of the different national education systems of modern Europe comparable features of diversity can be observed, as well as a wide range of similarities, e.g. compulsory school attendance, the horizontally structured school system or core subjects. "In the current period education systems are affected by growing influence of global changes, concerning both their internal processes and their positions in the perceptions by the society." The author points out that since this trend is marked by strong dynamism, exact predictions on times to come are very difficult; thus his "predictions at the beginning of the 21st century" are made "on the provison that they need to be revised even in the near future." The author's considerations are focused on the following criteria which mirror trends to be observed in all European education systems: Educational sovereignty; opening of schools; curriculum development; intercultural socialisation and education; teaching profession and teacher education. In an exemplary excursion into the comparative domain Europe as educational space in its own right is compared to the United States, Australia and Canada. The author concludes with remarks on the global dimension of European education. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).

The article presents theoretical and methodical grounds for identification of the subject of public opinion. The author finds out that functional features of public opinion determine the features of subjects too. These features tell about the subject range, structure, how it is organized, how it exerts influence on human behavior and activity of the social institutions which have the status of public opinion object.

This article about the education system of Andorra is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The author gives an overview of the history, development, structure and administration of the Andorran education system which includes three different public school systems (French, Spanish and Andorran) and the University of Andorra. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).

The author discusses a sociological understanding of the social institution notion. Analysis of corresponding ideas by E. Durkheim, M. Weber, G. Mead, and T. Parsons reveals various meanings that were con sidered to be scientific milestones. According to classical traditions, institutions are regarded as complex mechanisms for regulation of not uniform inner social orders. Modern institutional approach to social research deals with existing institutional complexes, transform ing institutional conditions and institutional actions by individuals and groups.

In recent years, reported violence, both physical and psychological, against journalists in Germany and the United States has increased threateningly. This development needs to be reviewed in more detail, since freedom of speech and freedom of the press in journalism particularly serve the public interest by fulfilling fundamental democratic tasks. The so-called chilling effect describes how pressure and threats of violence can influence journalists' work and cause changes in content and style of reporting. This development is especially problematic, as it interferes with the most basic societal functions of journalism. To explore these developments, a qualitative study of the situation in Germany and the United States was conducted to determine whether editorial work in news reporting is already influenced by violence against journalists. Data for this study was collected in guided qualitative interviews with 22 journalists from Germany and the United States. The study reveals that the most common consequence of increasing violence is the implementation of a wide range of security measures by journalists and news organizations. Nevertheless, effects on reporting are mostly denied. The research unfolds that there is a wide range of individual experiences with violence and consequences for journalistic work. This demonstrates the relevance of further research in this area in order not to endanger the press and freedom of expression in democracies.

This article is devoted to consideration of the forth-social effects, which resulted the market institutionalization in post-Soviet Ukrainian society. The main effects are the change of the forms of social alienation and the formation of a socioeconomic thresh old of exploitation, as against the organizational-bureaucratic exploitation inherent in the Soviet society, the displayed social cleavage on a line of the social alienation and the socioeconomic exploitation, the active symbolical struggle for legitimization of the specific discourses of the market, and the formation of a class system of the post-Soviet society as a system of the alternative social forces. These effects become the result of an indemnification of those structural— cultural "failures", which were comprised by a so cial system of a Soviet type. The author confirms that the post-socialist transformation has been developed as a spontaneous process of "alignment" of social space, before pulled together to one social pole — "nomenclature" class. Thus the "alignment" is a returning of the social space to a complex, emergence, dynamic balance, which is inherent to the complex social phenomenon. The author considers the market institutionalization as a compensator reaction of a Soviet type of industrial society, which exhausted its internal resources and was compelled to rush in search of other necessary resources of development. It is considered in what way the social cleavage is institutionalizing in the forms of a specific class position and practice.

The EU's scientific potential is increasingly flowing into the world of new scientific knowledge. The object of this paper is the communication interpretation of the Open Science policy, covering not only access and storage of scientific information and preservation of scientific information, but communication aspects also. Purpose of the study: Establish modern trends in the scientific ecosystem oriented towards facilitating the publication and communication of scientific results. Tasks of the study: Compare new solutions in science communication models in the most popular platforms, and explore what is the alternative to traditional scientific journals. Methodology/approach: The qualitative systematic review (qualitative evidence synthesis), scientific criticism of sociological surveys, methods of analytic and synthetic processing of primary and secondary resources, secondary data analysis and overview of scientific publications available in the libraries worldwide, have been used to obtain data about the impact of new EU solutions: the European Road Map for development of the European Research Area (ERA), the European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, etc. A comparative analysis of innovation in publishing platforms was conducted with special attention to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's Gates Open Research platform. Results: The creators of the Gates Open Research platform defend the view of the rapid and socially beneficial effect of new and publicly-accepted scientific knowledge. The cutting-edge solutions are: transfer power from the hands of editors to the hands of the authors; minimize barriers or gatekeepers on the path of the new scientific outcome for society; assessment of the research not in view of the venue of publication but on the basis of the intrinsic value of the completed study; minimize the funds invested in publishing and dissemination. Implications: The conclusions can be important in identifying technological and ideological regularities for optimizing the model of scientific publications and increasing the speed and visibility of any scientific news.

In the article the role of the social pedagogue in the interaction of family as the first public step in a person's life is discussed. More than that, the family is considered as a social institute, which helps in the process of children's socialization, and where the first sustainable impressions about the world are formed. The author also reveals the role of school. The article discusses the problem of educating the younger generation in terms of relationships between families and schools, taking into account those features that are peculiar to different types of families in Russia.