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The article is devoted to the study of the current position of the schumpeterian competition. Interpreting schumpeterian competition as a struggle of entrepreneurial ideas, the author shows how the results of checking and developing Schumpeter's ideas in contemporary neoSchumpeterian
literature. Focusing on the conditions that determine the innovative nature of competition, the author outlines the main features of the Russian economy, which prevent its transition to an innovative competition.

The author defines outsourcing not only as a business-tool, but also as one of the most important indicators of the health of the national economy and its competitiveness. Methodology to define the volume of outsourcing in the economy proposed by the author is new to the Russian economic science. By using a range of econometrics of personal design — namely methods of «statistics», «industries» and «outsourcing» (explained hereinafter) the author defines the share of outsourcing as 19% of GDP. At the same time, the author proves that the current volume of outsourcing is insufficient to secure stable growth of the economy. Industrial behemoths and state owned companies — so called national champions — are weakening, not strengthening the competitiveness of the Russian economy with their size. Because of the very overconcentration in the Russian economy, the share of small and medium enterprises is too small. The number of workers hired by SMEs is also less than in other comparable economies. The insufficient share of outsourcing also to the lack of innovations, because innovation breeds not inside large state owned corporations but amongst entrepreneurs. In the end of the article
summarizes factors that will contribute or otherwise hamper the development of outsourcing in the Russian economy, influencing its competitiveness worldwide.

The author examines the process of Soviet military involvement in the events that took place in Afghanistan from the viewpoint of the United States. This topic is poorly studied, and the author makes an attempt to fill this gap. The main goal of the paper is to consider the process of increasing involvement of the USSR in the interior Afghan affairs from the U.S. position and to trace how this position changed during 1979. Methods and materials: The author mainly relies on the document 'The secret correspondence of the foreign policy agencies of the United States on Afghanistan' and also draws documents from the U.S. Congress and a monthly bulletin from the U.S. State Department. Analysis. The special attention is paid to the period from the beginning of the spring of 1979 to the end of 1979, since it was during this period of time that the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan continued to grow. Results: The author concludes that throughout 1979 and earlier, the U.S. closely followed the events in Afghanistan and Soviet actions there. However, the U.S. position on possible Soviet military involvement was expectant, and the USSR was not given strong protests, which could promote the Soviet decision on military intervention in the civil war in Afghanistan.

This article substantiates the selection of a new object in accounting – the cost of Internet technology. The author presents new methods for accounting the costs of Internet technologies and provides the interpretation of the concept of «virtual assets». The author considers it necessary to introduce separate accounts for accounting the costs of Internet technologies. We believe that this approach will allow to see the total amount of the costs of Internet technologies, which is important for purposes of planning, monitoring and analysis, as well as to resolve contentious issues arising in accounting the costs of Internet technologies, which will significantly facilitate the work of accountants. In the absence of theoretical developments in accounting the costs of Internet technologies we make the first attempts to classify the costs of Internet technologies. We propose grouping the costs according to the following criteria: their purpose; frequency of occurrence (one-time and ongoing); gains in the time period (current, deferred costs and capital). The author concludes with a recommended register for accounting the costs of Internet technologies.

The article is devoted to the current problem of student and youth protest actions that took place in South Africa in 2015-2017. The author shows their influence on the political life of the country. The socioeconomic and ideological reasons for the initiation of the student riots are analyzed. The connection of protests with the general crisis of higher education in South Africa is traced. The study is based on the analysis of the South African print media of recent years. The author analyzes main events and results of the protests that took place in the autumn of 2015, the aggravation of the situation in the sphere of higher education in connection with the student riots in the autumn of 2016, and the unsuccessful attempt to hold the Higher Education National Convention in March 2017. These events became the stages of the movement "Fees must fall" for the abolition of universities fees. The author evaluates the participation of modern youth and student parties and associations in the protests. It is noted that youth and student protests are used by the left and radical parties of the South African political spectrum in the struggle for influence in the country.

In this article, the author deals with the question of how the Septuagint renders a Hebraic construction that contains the absolute infinitive and a finite verb. The author bases his considerations on E. Tov's article "Renderings of Combinations of the Infinitive Absolute and Finite Verbs in the Septuagint — Their Nature and Distribution" that was published in "The Greek and Hebrew Bible. Collected Essays on the Septuagint". It has been conducted a comparison between the groups indicated by E. Tov (there are six in the whole and two of them are used most of all, namely a finite verb with the participle and a finite verb with a noun) and a kind of figura etymologica, i. e. verb with object. Technically, LXX's renderings are almost the same as the figura mentioned above. Comparing functions and meanings of the Hebraic and Greek constructions (i. e. figura etymologica), the author has made a conclusion that the way Hebraic constructions were rendered is not literal Hebraism as much as an appropriate possibility to translate correctly the essence of these constructions in Greek. Furthermore, the author compares places from the Greek prose and poetry with their counterparts in the LXX. It turns out that these are almost identical with the two main rendering types by means of which constructions with the infinitive absolute and a finite verb are translated. Apart from this, it finds out that behind Greek renderings lie not constructions with the infinitive absolute of Masoretic text, but combinations of a verbal form with an object, in addition in most cases they are created from/have different roots. The fact that the translators of the LXX found Greek equivalents surprisingly freely suggests again a thought about the consciousness of their choice and their knowledge of the Greek classical literature.

The paper considers the role of revolutions in the development of historical
process and globalization as the main component of historical process. It is shown
why the nature of revolutions has changed and their significance has sharply increased since the beginning of the 16th century, i.e., with the beginning of the Industrial revolution and the Early Modern Period. The author gives some characteristics of revolutions as a phenomenon. He also analyzes how the role of revolutions
increased in the historical process and globalization and why it began to decline in
the second half of the 19th century (in terms of the most important driving force of
progress). The paper examines the role of revolutions at present time and the methods of their use as a geopolitical weapon. The author gives some forecasts.

The article presents a survey on the history of the Western studies within historical materialism framework starting from the end of the 19th century at the general background of the fate of the Western Marxism and its crisis after the collapse of socialism. The author shows the waves of the Western Marxists' attenuating and increasing interest in historical materialism. The article also studies academic and intellectual merits of historical materialism. The author argues that the methodology of historical materialism has many valuable findings and conclusions. A peculiar attention is paid to Marx's conclusion that the changing developmental level of productive forces inevitably leads to changes in all other spheres of societal life; moreover, these changes proceeds far from automatically and immediately but via the resolution of structural and systemic crisis in a society. The author makes a conclusion that today one can hardly work within the framework of historical materialism conception since many of its postulates should be revised. On the other hand, today the fate of historical materialism and Marxism is defined by a certain paradox: its influence increases along with the merge with other theories, therefore they, nevertheless, continue to exist. There are defined three directions within social science which are clearly associated with historical materialism. Since it has become a part of the general intellectual legacy one can figuratively speak about its genetic drift.

This article contains review of the key definitions and purposes of the category management, describes 8 stages of the method of the work with product categories. Various analysis of the assortment, definition of the categories roles, strategies and tactics, setting of the purposes and goals, helped on practice to implement category management into retail. In the basis of the study the author evaluates its results and economic efficiency. Hereafter it sums up the category management in the modern Russian reality becomes more actual and in-demanded.

The article focuses upon the problem of political affiliation in corporate governance. It aims to provide insights into theoretical and methodological aspects of the problem applied to the Russian corporate environment. The author evaluates the academic relevance of the problem in international studies, reviews the underpinning fundamental theories, provides an insight into the construct of political affiliation through the lens of corporate governance, outlines the methodology used in the studies of political affiliation to eventually assess the relevance of the problem to the Russian corporate environment.

The work is devoted to the study of the film music of one of the bright composers of the twentieth century, Alfred Garrievich Schnittke. The music scores of the composer for feature films, TV films and documentaries of major Russian film directors are in the center of attention. Among them there are E. Klimov, I. Talankin, A. Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky, Y. Karasik. In this work, the author used a "multi-step" principle of analysis: from the literary source and the actual director's revealing of the plot to the composer's music scores and music in the film, regarded as similar but not identical "texts".

The article deals with the methodological problems of the correlation between the theory and the history of macroeconomics in the training courses for economics students. The author comes to the conclusion that the unity of historical and logical in the curricula of the Macroeconomics course is realized on the basis of the principle of continuity of scientific ideas and hypotheses, consistently developed by different scientific schools. The hypotheses that unite all modern scientific schools of macroeconomics include the role of expectations of economic agents in explaining the processes of macroeconomic dynamics, the rationale for the use of rules in conducting macroeconomic policies, the relationship between economic growth and economic fluctuations.

The paper considers one of the measures proposed by the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) to deregulate domestic gas market: abolition of lower boundary of gas prices for wholesale buyers, where two conditions inherent in gas market still remain: vertical structure of monopolist and the one export channel for pipeline gas. The author analyses the impact of proposed reforms on independent Russian gas companies competitiveness. The purpose is to provide domestic gas market reformation qualitative analysis and quantitative assessment of independent gas producers impact. As a result, the most likely implications of reforms are theoretically determined and quantitative assessment of their impact on the independent producer is provided.

The article analyzes the "passportization" of the local, primarily Jewish, population of the Polish territories annexed to the USSR, particularly in Western Belorussia in 1940–1941. The Author considers this transformation not only as a measure of unification, but also as an important method of migration control, as well as "purification" of the social image of cities in the "new" border zone. In the focus of the article is the Jewish population. Since the majority of the Jews fitted at the same time to several paragraphs of the secret instructions on the issuance of passports "with restriction" (which in fact meant a ban on residence in the border town), they were particularly affected during the implementation of the "passportization".

Based on the hypothesis of uneven distribution of violence potential among economic agents, the paper describes a model of power redistribution as the purposeful manipulation of rules and/or enforcement mechanisms. The author determines the methodological foundations, premises and theoretical framework for the study of institutional interventions as forms of involuntary exchange. The state of violent equilibrium is described: further use of potential power for the interventionist leads to a decrease in legitimacy and increased control costs; the resistance of the object of intervention to the established institutional order causes an increase in the costs of noncompliance. We propose practical applications and perspective directions for further studies of power redistribution in the political and economic process.