Suchergebnisse

Taxation of Options in Lithuania: a Comparison with Other OECD States The author of this master thesis analyzes the taxation of employee stock options in Lithuania and three OECD countries: United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany. At the beginning of the thesis, the concept and purpose of the stock options as a form of employee financial participation are discussed and the types of employee stock options are identified. Later on, author explains the main aspects of taxation of employee stock options and distinguishes practically arising taxation issues. International double taxation is identified as one of the most problematic issues that countries encounter in the respect of the taxation of employee stock options. However, author seeks to find and name possible solutions for the avoidance of double taxation and analyzes the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between Lithuania and Latvia. The taxation of employee stock options in this thesis is examined from the perspective of both employee and the employer. In the context of Lithuanian tax law, the taxation of employee stock options is assessed in terms of income, social insurance and compulsory health insurance taxes, as well as the procedure for calculating and declaring the aforementioned taxes. In the context of foreign countries, author studies the legal requirements for stock option grant and the taxation of stock options. Finally, author compares the taxation of stock options in Lithuania, United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany and evaluates Lithuanian tax environment regarding employee stock options. In the conclusion, a few possible improvements for the tax legislation are proposed.

Taxation of Options in Lithuania: a Comparison with Other OECD States The author of this master thesis analyzes the taxation of employee stock options in Lithuania and three OECD countries: United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany. At the beginning of the thesis, the concept and purpose of the stock options as a form of employee financial participation are discussed and the types of employee stock options are identified. Later on, author explains the main aspects of taxation of employee stock options and distinguishes practically arising taxation issues. International double taxation is identified as one of the most problematic issues that countries encounter in the respect of the taxation of employee stock options. However, author seeks to find and name possible solutions for the avoidance of double taxation and analyzes the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between Lithuania and Latvia. The taxation of employee stock options in this thesis is examined from the perspective of both employee and the employer. In the context of Lithuanian tax law, the taxation of employee stock options is assessed in terms of income, social insurance and compulsory health insurance taxes, as well as the procedure for calculating and declaring the aforementioned taxes. In the context of foreign countries, author studies the legal requirements for stock option grant and the taxation of stock options. Finally, author compares the taxation of stock options in Lithuania, United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany and evaluates Lithuanian tax environment regarding employee stock options. In the conclusion, a few possible improvements for the tax legislation are proposed.

Taxation of Options in Lithuania: a Comparison with Other OECD States The author of this master thesis analyzes the taxation of employee stock options in Lithuania and three OECD countries: United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany. At the beginning of the thesis, the concept and purpose of the stock options as a form of employee financial participation are discussed and the types of employee stock options are identified. Later on, author explains the main aspects of taxation of employee stock options and distinguishes practically arising taxation issues. International double taxation is identified as one of the most problematic issues that countries encounter in the respect of the taxation of employee stock options. However, author seeks to find and name possible solutions for the avoidance of double taxation and analyzes the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between Lithuania and Latvia. The taxation of employee stock options in this thesis is examined from the perspective of both employee and the employer. In the context of Lithuanian tax law, the taxation of employee stock options is assessed in terms of income, social insurance and compulsory health insurance taxes, as well as the procedure for calculating and declaring the aforementioned taxes. In the context of foreign countries, author studies the legal requirements for stock option grant and the taxation of stock options. Finally, author compares the taxation of stock options in Lithuania, United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany and evaluates Lithuanian tax environment regarding employee stock options. In the conclusion, a few possible improvements for the tax legislation are proposed.

Taxation of Options in Lithuania: a Comparison with Other OECD States The author of this master thesis analyzes the taxation of employee stock options in Lithuania and three OECD countries: United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany. At the beginning of the thesis, the concept and purpose of the stock options as a form of employee financial participation are discussed and the types of employee stock options are identified. Later on, author explains the main aspects of taxation of employee stock options and distinguishes practically arising taxation issues. International double taxation is identified as one of the most problematic issues that countries encounter in the respect of the taxation of employee stock options. However, author seeks to find and name possible solutions for the avoidance of double taxation and analyzes the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement between Lithuania and Latvia. The taxation of employee stock options in this thesis is examined from the perspective of both employee and the employer. In the context of Lithuanian tax law, the taxation of employee stock options is assessed in terms of income, social insurance and compulsory health insurance taxes, as well as the procedure for calculating and declaring the aforementioned taxes. In the context of foreign countries, author studies the legal requirements for stock option grant and the taxation of stock options. Finally, author compares the taxation of stock options in Lithuania, United States of America, United Kingdom and Germany and evaluates Lithuanian tax environment regarding employee stock options. In the conclusion, a few possible improvements for the tax legislation are proposed.

The article analyses mediation and its application possibilities in solving business disputes. Nowadays it's no secret that business dispute mediation is a flexible, voluntary and, most importantly, non-judgmental method to resolve business disputes. It is oriented towards amicable dispute resolution, and controlled by the parties to the mediation. This Article provides a comprehensive analysis of several core issues and addresses a particular process, business dispute mediation, where the concept of business disputes is analysed. Due to the specifics of business disputes, the author indicates three possible criteria which formulate the content of a business dispute. These criteria involve the dispute resolution mechanism, the subjective structure of a business dispute and finally, the subject matter of the dispute. In accordance with these criteria, the author of the article also suggests a definition of business disputes. After discussing the theoretical basis for the concept of a business dispute, the author analyses another issue that is of special interest to the current discussion. It involves questions regarding the enforceability of settlement agreements that have resulted from business dispute mediation in which the parties have agreed on the relative merits of the dispute. The author of this article provides that in accordance with Lithuanian legal regulations, settlement agreements may be enforced exceptionally by the parties' good will. The enforceability of settlement agreements is also meaningful at the international level. Scientists and practitioners suggest that voluntary compliance with settlement agreements is insufficient. There is an increasing need for legal mechanisms to facilitate the enforcement of cross border mediation settlement agreements. Whereas no previous business dispute mediation research in national legal literature has been made, a further in-depth analysis of business dispute mediation and its peculiarities is considered to be necessary. It is noticeable that the question of the enforcement of international mediation settlement agreements has been recently posited as an important issue by international organizations. Therefore, the author suggests that the current topic is suitable for a deeper analysis and consideration. The aim of the present article is to analyse business dispute mediation, its processive object, and problematical issues. The research object of the article is mediation in business disputes. Traditional jurisprudence methods, namely the linguistic method, the method of document analysis and the systematic analysis method, were applied in order to achieve the purpose of this research.

Master's thesis analyses the problem of Free Economic Zones as a source of regional development process and its impact on the regional economic development. The goal of the thesis is to reveal economic impact of Free Economic Zones on regional economic development in Baltic States. Master's thesis consists of introduction, main part, conclusions, recommendations, references and appendixes. Main part consists of 3 sections. The first section analyses the conception of free economic zones in the context of regional economic development. The second part presents methodological part of free economic zones' impact on the regional economic development in Baltic States. The third part presents the results of the research of free economic zones' impact on the regional (economic) development in Baltic States. The research has shown that although at different level in each investigated region, FEZs in Baltic States have impact on the regional economic development, providing new economic activities, investments in infrastructure, attraction of advanced businesses as well as formation of new businesses creates an impact on the regional economic development. In reference to the results of the research the following directions (recommendations) for the public administration bodies and the executive bodies of the FEZs of the sample were formulated: The national public administration bodies of Baltic States should concentrate on the improvements and possible investments on infrastructure of the FEZs. Also author strongly recommends the local public administration bodies of the host regions of the sample FEZs (Sillamäe, Liepaja and Šiauliai) to take (even) more active role in the development process. Strongly recommended by the author that both national and local public administration bodies of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to work on the policies in order to prevent or at least minimize the emigration and outflowing brain drain. Author strongly recommends that the sample FEZs to work on regional alliances such as clusters in order to maximize number of elements. Author strongly recommends Sillamäe Free Zone and Šiauliai Free Economic Zone to work on the future development activities concentrating on environmental issues as Liepaja Special Economic Zone already works on the topic.

The article analyses mediation and its application possibilities in solving business disputes. Nowadays it's no secret that business dispute mediation is a flexible, voluntary and, most importantly, non-judgmental method to resolve business disputes. It is oriented towards amicable dispute resolution, and controlled by the parties to the mediation. This Article provides a comprehensive analysis of several core issues and addresses a particular process, business dispute mediation, where the concept of business disputes is analysed. Due to the specifics of business disputes, the author indicates three possible criteria which formulate the content of a business dispute. These criteria involve the dispute resolution mechanism, the subjective structure of a business dispute and finally, the subject matter of the dispute. In accordance with these criteria, the author of the article also suggests a definition of business disputes. After discussing the theoretical basis for the concept of a business dispute, the author analyses another issue that is of special interest to the current discussion. It involves questions regarding the enforceability of settlement agreements that have resulted from business dispute mediation in which the parties have agreed on the relative merits of the dispute. The author of this article provides that in accordance with Lithuanian legal regulations, settlement agreements may be enforced exceptionally by the parties' good will. The enforceability of settlement agreements is also meaningful at the international level. Scientists and practitioners suggest that voluntary compliance with settlement agreements is insufficient. There is an increasing need for legal mechanisms to facilitate the enforcement of cross border mediation settlement agreements. Whereas no previous business dispute mediation research in national legal literature has been made, a further in-depth analysis of business dispute mediation and its peculiarities is considered to be necessary. It is noticeable that the question of the enforcement of international mediation settlement agreements has been recently posited as an important issue by international organizations. Therefore, the author suggests that the current topic is suitable for a deeper analysis and consideration. The aim of the present article is to analyse business dispute mediation, its processive object, and problematical issues. The research object of the article is mediation in business disputes. Traditional jurisprudence methods, namely the linguistic method, the method of document analysis and the systematic analysis method, were applied in order to achieve the purpose of this research. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos mediacijos taikymo galimybės ginčams, kylantiems iš verslo teisės reguliuojamų santykių, spręsti. Pirmiausia nagrinėjama verslo ginčų sąvoka ir jos turinį formuojantys kriterijai. Aptarus verslo ginčų sampratą, kalbama apie mediacijos taikymo tokiuose ginčuose prielaidas. Taip pat straipsnyje nagrinėjami mediacijos ypatumai, reikšmingi sprendžiant verslo ginčus. Tiriami aktualūs mediacijos metu pasiekto susitarimo vykdymo aspektai. Pagaliau, vadovaujantis užsienio autorių atliktais mokslinių tyrimų rezultatais, išskiriamos teorinės ir praktinės mediacijos taikymo verslo ginčuose problemos ir tiriamos galimos jų sprendimo kryptys.

The principle of state neutrality and the principle of secularity of the state are established in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The principle of separateness of the state and the church is also indicated in the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania of 13 June 2000 "On certain provisions of the Law on Education". The paper deals with interpretation of this principle in the scholarly works of some authors. Taking into account the state neutrality concept discussed within the framework of political philosophy, this paper raises certain doubts with regard to the scholarly interpretation of the principle of separateness of the state and the church established in the constitutional jurisprudence. The author of the paper discusses a particular argument raised by some scholars as to the uniqueness of the constitutional principle of separateness of the state and the church. In this regard the author conducts a systemic analysis of the constitutional jurisprudence and its interpretation with regard to the principle of secularity of the state. Moreover, the concept of the state neutrality principle is indicated in the paper. Finally, the state neutrality principle is discussed in the context of a line of reasoning of the authors who claim that the principle of separateness of the state and the church conceptually differs from the principle of separation of the state and the church. In this regard, the author asserts that the approach claiming that co-operation of the state and the church is a feature of the Lithuanian Constitution in light of the constitutional principle of secularity of the state lacks coherence and implies certain risks on the constitutional system prescribing relations between the church and the state in Lithuania.

The principle of state neutrality and the principle of secularity of the state are established in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The principle of separateness of the state and the church is also indicated in the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania of 13 June 2000 "On certain provisions of the Law on Education". The paper deals with interpretation of this principle in the scholarly works of some authors. Taking into account the state neutrality concept discussed within the framework of political philosophy, this paper raises certain doubts with regard to the scholarly interpretation of the principle of separateness of the state and the church established in the constitutional jurisprudence. The author of the paper discusses a particular argument raised by some scholars as to the uniqueness of the constitutional principle of separateness of the state and the church. In this regard the author conducts a systemic analysis of the constitutional jurisprudence and its interpretation with regard to the principle of secularity of the state. Moreover, the concept of the state neutrality principle is indicated in the paper. Finally, the state neutrality principle is discussed in the context of a line of reasoning of the authors who claim that the principle of separateness of the state and the church conceptually differs from the principle of separation of the state and the church. In this regard, the author asserts that the approach claiming that co-operation of the state and the church is a feature of the Lithuanian Constitution in light of the constitutional principle of secularity of the state lacks coherence and implies certain risks on the constitutional system prescribing relations between the church and the state in Lithuania.

The principle of state neutrality and the principle of secularity of the state are established in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The principle of separateness of the state and the church is also indicated in the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania of 13 June 2000 "On certain provisions of the Law on Education". The paper deals with interpretation of this principle in the scholarly works of some authors. Taking into account the state neutrality concept discussed within the framework of political philosophy, this paper raises certain doubts with regard to the scholarly interpretation of the principle of separateness of the state and the church established in the constitutional jurisprudence. The author of the paper discusses a particular argument raised by some scholars as to the uniqueness of the constitutional principle of separateness of the state and the church. In this regard the author conducts a systemic analysis of the constitutional jurisprudence and its interpretation with regard to the principle of secularity of the state. Moreover, the concept of the state neutrality principle is indicated in the paper. Finally, the state neutrality principle is discussed in the context of a line of reasoning of the authors who claim that the principle of separateness of the state and the church conceptually differs from the principle of separation of the state and the church. In this regard, the author asserts that the approach claiming that co-operation of the state and the church is a feature of the Lithuanian Constitution in light of the constitutional principle of secularity of the state lacks coherence and implies certain risks on the constitutional system prescribing relations between the church and the state in Lithuania.

The principle of state neutrality and the principle of secularity of the state are established in the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. The principle of separateness of the state and the church is also indicated in the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania of 13 June 2000 "On certain provisions of the Law on Education". The paper deals with interpretation of this principle in the scholarly works of some authors. Taking into account the state neutrality concept discussed within the framework of political philosophy, this paper raises certain doubts with regard to the scholarly interpretation of the principle of separateness of the state and the church established in the constitutional jurisprudence. The author of the paper discusses a particular argument raised by some scholars as to the uniqueness of the constitutional principle of separateness of the state and the church. In this regard the author conducts a systemic analysis of the constitutional jurisprudence and its interpretation with regard to the principle of secularity of the state. Moreover, the concept of the state neutrality principle is indicated in the paper. Finally, the state neutrality principle is discussed in the context of a line of reasoning of the authors who claim that the principle of separateness of the state and the church conceptually differs from the principle of separation of the state and the church. In this regard, the author asserts that the approach claiming that co-operation of the state and the church is a feature of the Lithuanian Constitution in light of the constitutional principle of secularity of the state lacks coherence and implies certain risks on the constitutional system prescribing relations between the church and the state in Lithuania.

Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.

Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.

Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.

Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.