Suchergebnisse

El concepto "desarrollo sustentable" se ha consolidado en la academia, organismos internacionales e instituciones públicas que tienen como una preocupación central el bienestar colectivo o la calidad de vida de la población. También está presente en el discurso de partidos políticos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, movimientos sociales y otros actores de la sociedad civil, que buscan nuevas respuestas a distintos problemas que aquejan a la sociedad y que dicen relación con su estrategia de desarrollo. De esta forma, se trata de un concepto universalmente aceptado y legitimado, aunque su significado no siempre sea unívoco y no conlleve en todos los casos al mismo tipo de acciones. Su fortaleza, sin embargo, radica en su concepción ampliamente compartida como uno de los meta - objetivos de la sociedad. No obstante, tal vez una de las mayores debilidades del concepto sea su (todavía) baja aplicabilidad a la realidad. Como dice Reboratti (2000:202), "desarrollo sostenible es.una meta a alcanzar, una posibilidad que aparece en el futuro y que tal vez nunca alcanzaremos.", pero según reconoce el mismo autor, requiere de al menos un esfuerzo de planificación, que –según entendemos nosotros- ha de contar con herramientas específicas, que permitan encauzar en forma efectiva el desarrollo de un territorio hacia su sustentabilidad. En este contexto, resulta fundamental desarrollar una metodología de ordenamiento territorial que pueda conducir efectivamente a un desarrollo sustentable. Por cierto, es necesario que dicha metodología sea de fácil aplicación, de manera que se constituya en un apoyo eficiente y eficaz para las instituciones responsables de la planificación y administración del territorio. En virtud de lo anterior, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general exponer una metodología para la elaboración de un Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial, basada en el concepto de "sustentabilidad", que sea efectiva y simple en su aplicación. Los componentes centrales de esta propuesta metodológica son: (a) la integración de distintas herramientas de análisis para el diagnóstico evaluativo de un territorio, (b) la ponderación de todas las dimensiones de la sustentabilidad, (c) la proposición de instrumentos para el diseño de modelos espaciales que permitan encauzar el desarrollo de un territorio hacia su sustentabilidad, considerando el uso racional de los recursos naturales, la reducción de los riesgos de desastres y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las generaciones presentes y futuras. La metodología propuesta ha sido aplicada a un caso de estudio de escala local, la comuna de San José de Maipo en Santiago de Chile, a través de un ejercicio docente desarrollado por los alumnos de la promoción 2007 en el Taller de Gestión Ambiental, del Magíster en Asentamientos Humanos y Medio Ambiente de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. El proceso metodológico propuesto considera básicamente dos subprocesos: el diagnóstico evaluativo del sistema territorial y el diseño de un modelo territorial, cuyo resultado es la elaboración de un Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial Sustentable para la comuna de San José de Maipo. ; The "development sustentable" concept has been consolidated in the academy, international organizations and public institutions that take as a central worry the collective well-being or the quality of life of the population. Also it is present in the speech of political parties, not governmental organizations, social movements and other actors of the civil society, who look for new answers to different problems that afflict the society and that have relation with his strategy of development. Of this form, it is universally accepted and legitimized concept, though his meaning not always is univocal and does not carry in all the cases to the same type of actions. It strength, nevertheless, takes root in the conception widely shared as one of them in goal - objetives of the society. Nevertheless, one of the major weaknesses of the concept is that still have low applicability to the reality. As Reboratti says (2000:202), " sustainable development is . a goal to reaching, a possibility that appears in the future and that maybe we will never reach . ", but as the same author recognizes, needs of at least an effort of planning, which - as we understand - has to rely on specific tools, that they should allow to channel in effective form the development of a territory towards it sustentability. In this context, it turns out to be fundamental to develop a methodology of territorial classification that could lead exactly to a sustentable development. Certainly, it is necessary that the above mentioned methodology have an easy application, an efficient and effective support for the institutions responsible for planning and administrate the territory. In that way, the present work has as general objective expose a methodology for the elaboration of a Territorial Planning Classification, based on the concept of "sustentability", that is an effective and simple application. The central components of this methodological offer are: (a) the integration of different tools of analysis for the diagnosis of a territory, (b) the ponderation of all the dimensions of the sustentability, (c) the proposition of instruments for the design of spatial models who allow to channel the development of a territory towards it sustentability, considering the rational use of the natural resources, the reduction of disasters risks and the improvement of the quality of life of the present and future generations. The proposed methodology has been applied to a case of study on a large scale locally, the commune of San Jose del Maipo in Santiago of Chile, across an educational exercise by the pupils of the promotion 2007 in the Workshop of Environmental Management, of the Magíster in Human Accessions and Environment of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. The methodological proposed process considers basically two subprocesses: the diagnosis evaluation of the territorial system and the design of a territorial model, whose result is the elaboration of a Territorial Classification of a Sustentable Plan for the commune of San Jose del Maipo. ; Fil: Rodríguez Seeger, Claudia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ; Fil: Reyes Päcke, Sonia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Das Menschenbild ist die Gesamtheit der Annahmen und Überzeugungen, was der Mensch von Natur aus ist, wie er in seinem sozialen und materiellen Umfeld lebt und welche Werte und Ziele sein Leben haben sollte. Diese Annahmen über den Menschen sind das Thema der Philosophischen Anthropologie und als empirische Fragestellung bilden sie eine Aufgabe der Psychologie. In neuerer Zeit werden die traditionell religiös oder philosophisch bestimmten Menschenbilder zunehmend durch die Ergebnisse der Humanwissenschaften beeinflusst. Statt der üblichen Abgrenzung von Philosophischer Anthropologie und Biologischer Anthropologie zu folgen, muss heute auf eine Interdisziplinäre Anthropologie hingearbeitet werden. Zu dieser Aufgabe kann die Psychologie wegen ihrer Grenzstellung zwischen Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, Biologie und Medizin wesentlich beitragen. Das Buch enthält fünf Themenbereiche: (1) Menschenbilder der Psychotherapie und Psychologie: u.a. Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm, Viktor Frankl, Burrhus F. Skinner, außerdem Beiträge der Persönlichkeits- und Sozialpsychologie zu subjektiven Theorien, Selbsttheorien und Einstellungen. (2) Menschenbilder der Biologie und Neurobiologie: Genetik, Abstammung, Primatenforschung und Hirnforschung. (3) Menschenbilder in sozialer und interkultureller Sicht. (4) Menschenbilder und Religion: Christentum, Buddhismus, Islam, Chinesischer Universalismus; repräsentative Umfragen zu Religion, Religiosität und Spiritualität. (5) Wege der Aufklärung: Menschenwürde und Menschenrechte, Menschenbilder und religiös motivierte Wertkonflikte, Glauben und Vernunft, Pluralismus und Toleranz, Überzeugungen und ihre Konsequenzen. — In 25 Kapiteln werden wichtige Aspekte von Menschenbildern geschildert. Zum Thema der religiösen Überzeugungen werden bevölkerungsrepräsentative Umfrageergebnisse in Deutschland einbezogen. Eine eigens durchgeführte Untersuchung bei 800 Studierenden verschiedener Fächer befasste sich u.a. mit der Evolution und Sonderstellung des Menschen, geistiger Existenz nach dem Tod, Gottesglauben und Theodizee-Problem, Atheismus, Interesse an Religion und Sinnfragen, dualistischer bzw. monistischer Auffassung des Gehirn-Bewusstsein-Problems sowie der Willensfreiheit. Die Annahmen über den Menschen sind so verschieden, dass eine einheitliche Bestimmung unmöglich ist. Dieser Pluralismus der Überzeugungen ist eine Folge der philosophischen Aufklärung, der Säkularisierung und der Glaubensfreiheit; er wird durch das zunehmende Wissen über andere Kulturen und andere Religionen gefördert. Deswegen bildet der fortschreitende Prozess der Aufklärung ein zentrales Thema: der Umgang mit diesem Pluralismus, Toleranz und Intoleranz, Vernunft und Glauben, Fundamentalismus und Aberglauben. Aus psychologischer Sicht sind die Fähigkeit zur Perspektiven-Übernahme, die Duldung der Mehrdeutigkeit und eine geringe Ausprägung autoritärer und ethnozentrischer Persönlichkeitszüge als toleranzfördernde Denkstile hervorzuheben. Der Pluralismus der Menschenbilder führt häufig zu religiös motivierten Wertkonflikten, muss aber nicht zwingend auf eine Relativierung grundlegender ethischer Normen hinauslaufen. An die Stelle der religiösen oder metaphysischen Begründungen der Ethik treten die universalen Prinzipien der Menschenwürde und Menschenrechte sowie die Idee des Weltethos, insbesondere die in sehr vielen Kulturen verbreitete Goldene Regel. Die Absichten des Buchs werden in zwei Themen zusammengefasst: Die differentielle Psychologie der Menschenbilder erfordert mehr empirische Untersuchungen und die Reflexion der möglichen Konsequenzen philosophischer Vorentscheidungen für die Forschung und die Praxis der Psychologen, Psychotherapeuten, Ärzte und anderer Berufe. — Die Kontroversen über das Gehirn-Bewusstsein-Problem (Leib-Seele-Problem) und die Willensfreiheit lehren, dass geisteswissenschaftlich-idealistische und naturalistische Auffassungen einander ausschließen. Demgegenüber bedeutet Komplementarität, dass jedes der beiden Bezugssysteme auf seine Weise vollständig ist, aber dennoch nur einen Teil bildet in der umfassenden Beschreibung von Geistigkeit und Natur des Menschen. ; Concepts of man ("Menschenbilder', assumptions about human nature). Psychological, biological, cross-cultural & religious perspectives. Psychological and interdisciplinary anthropology. A concept of man ("Menschenbild') is the comprehensive representation of assumptions and belief systems about human nature, about how man lives in his social and material context, and about which values and goals he should have in life. Assumptions about human nature are a matter of Philosophical Anthropology and of empirical investigation in Differential Psychology. In more recent times, the traditional concepts of man as formed by religion and philosophy have become increasingly influenced by findings of the advancing biological and social sciences. The conventional distinction between Philosophical Anthropology and Biological Anthropology should be superseded by an explicit interdisciplinary approach. Psychology can make a considerable contribution to this by virtue of its well-placed position as a field of science between those of the Humanities, Social Sciences, Biology and Medicine. The book has five main topics: (1) Concepts of man in Psychotherapy and Psychology, for example, Sigmund Freud, Erich Fromm, Viktor Frankl, Burrhus F. Skinner, and concepts from personality research and social psychology such as subject models, self theories, and attitudes. (2) Concepts of man in Biology and Neurobiology: genetics, descent of man, primatology, and brain research. (3) Concepts of man in Social and Intercultural Perspectives. (4) Concepts of man and Religion: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Chinese Religion; social surveys on religious beliefs, religious attitudes, and spirituality. (5) Ways of Enlightenment: Concepts of human dignity and human rights, assumptions on human nature and religiously motivated conflicts of value, religious belief and reason, pluralism and tolerance, covert anthropological assumptions and their consequences. — Concepts of man and their important aspects are outlined in 25 chapters. With respect to religious beliefs, findings from representative surveys in Germany are reported. A particular study by the author was conducted in 800 students to assess their attitudes toward such topics as evolution or creation of mankind, belief in forms of post-mortal existence, belief in god, theodicy, atheism, interest in religion and questions of life's purpose and meaning, supernatural (parapsychic) relationships, a dualistic or monistic conception of brain and consciousness (mind-body), and free will or determinism. The diversity of belief systems about human nature is such that a unified theory of man with which to accommodate the inherent contradictions of these systems appears impossible to achieve. This pluralism may be attributed to the continuing process of enlightenment and secularization and to freedom of religion. This development is being fostered by the growth in knowledge about inter-cultural and inter-religious diversity. The process of enlightenment is therefore a central theme with a number of key aspects: coping with pluralism, definitions of tolerance and intolerance, reason and belief, fundamentalism and superstition. Psychologically, the ability to take different perspectives and to tolerate ambiguity as well as having a low trait level of authoritarianism and ethnocentricity appear conducive to higher tolerance in thinking style. Pluralism may often lead to religiously-motivated value conflicts, but it does not necessarily result in a relativism of basic ethical norms. The religious foundation of morality is being replaced by secular and universal principles such as dignity of man, human rights, and the concept of World Ethos ("Weltethos'), especially the Golden Rule which is acknowledged as a valid principle in many cultures. The aims of this book may be summarised in two points: The differential psychology of concepts of mind ("Menschenbilder') requires more empirical investigation and reflection on the practical implications of philosophical preconceptions about mind-body and free will on the way in which psychotherapists, psychologists, and doctors exercise their respective professions. — The controversies on mind-body and free will show that idealistic and naturalistic concepts are mutually exclusive. The principle of complementarity acknowledges however that each of these two approaches constitutes in itself a frame of reference (or paradigm) which in its way is "complete' but captures only one aspect of the very broad notion of human spirituality and biological nature. Keywords: Anthropology, Philosophical & Psychological & Cultural; Personality & Personality Theories; Mind-Body; Free Will; Human Nature; Meaning of Life; Religion; World View

Inhaltsangabe:Gang der Untersuchung: Die vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert die sozialen Beziehungen, das Freizeitverhalten sowie die persönlichen Lebenseinstellungen von Menschen im hohen und höheren Lebensalter. Das Ziel ist die Analyse der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede des sozialen Netzwerkes, des Freizeitverhaltens sowie der persönlichen Einstellungen zwischen älteren Menschen, die keinen Sport treiben, die selbstorganisiert sportlich aktiv sind und jenen, die sich in einem Verein, einer Institution oder kommerziellen Einrichtung sportlich betätigen. Dazu wurden vorrangig Ruheständler mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens über ihre Einstellungen, ihre Freizeit, ihre sportlichen Aktivitäten, ihre Lebenseinstellungen und ihre sozialen Kontakte befragt und deren Aussagen mit-einander verglichen. Teilnehmer der Befragung waren Bürger der Städte Oldenburg und Bonn. Der Erhebungszeitraum erstreckte sich von Juni 2004 bis August 2004. Die Altersspanne lag zwischen 59 und 82 Jahren, so dass vorrangig Menschen im Altersruhestand befragt worden sind. Diese Arbeit soll beleuchten, inwieweit der Sport - abgesehen von der positiven gesundheitlichen Wirkung - den Menschen dazu dient, sich soziale informelle Kontakte außerhalb der Familie aufzubauen und zu erhalten. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, welche anderen freizeitlichen Aktivitäten in dieser Hinsicht als soziale Kontaktplattform dienen können und wie sich die persönlichen Selbstcharakterisie-rungen von Sportlern und Nichtsportlern unterscheiden. Diese Untersuchungsabsicht wird anhand folgender Schritte realisiert: Nach der bereits einführend erläuternden Darstellung der Problemlage im ersten Kapitel sind die theoretischen Grundlagen Gegenstand des zweiten Kapitels. Hier werden verschiedene Alternstheorien und Freizeitdefinitionen diskutiert. Einer allgemeinen Darstellung grundlegender Theoriebegriffe folgt eine Diskussion über den Stellenwert der sozialen Beziehungen, der Beziehungen zwischen den Gene-rationen, dem Sozialkapital und der Freizeit sowie den sportlichen Aktivitäten und den verschiedenen Wirkungen sportlicher Aktivitäten im Ruhestand. Hierin ist der aktuelle Stand der Forschung zu den Themen Freizeitverhalten im Alter, Sport und Alter und Generationenbeziehungen/soziale Beziehungen enthalten. Die Ergeb-nisse der verschiedenen Studien werden im fünften Kapitel als Vergleichswerte für die hier durchgeführte Untersuchung herangezogen. Der erste Teil des dritten Kapitels beinhaltet die zusammengefassten Frage-stellungen und die Forschungshypothesen im Zusammenhang von sportlicher Aktivität, Freizeitgestaltung und den damit in Konnex stehenden jeweiligen sozialen Kontakten. Die Planung und Durchführung der Untersuchung werden im dritten Kapitel beschrieben. Es werden Überlegungen zur Entwicklung und Konstruktion des Fragebogens und der damit gewählten quantitativen Untersuchungsmethode angestellt. Es folgt ein Überblick über sämtliche Variablen und deren Operationa-lisierungen sowie über die Rekrutierung der Stichprobe und eine Stichproben-beschreibung. Eine deskriptive Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse, die Diskussion der Hypothesen und der entstandenen Fragen aus dem zweiten Kapitel sind Gegenstand des vierten Kapitels. Das fünfte Kapitel beinhaltet eine kritische Wertung der Ergebnisse unter Bezugnahme der Untersuchungsziele, Hypothesen und der hier aufgeführten theoretischen Grundlagen sowie die Bewertung der Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die sportwissenschaftliche Theoriebildung. Diskutiert werden entsprechende Konse-quenzen für die Sportpraxis und für die Gesellschaft. In Kapitel Sechs gibt es eine Zusammenfassung der Arbeit. Außerdem wird die Arbeit im Hinblick auf künftige Forschungsansätze bewertet. Problemstellung: Ausgehend von den oben gemachten Aussagen wird anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung eruiert, ob organisierte sportliche Aktivität bzw. selbstorganisierte sportliche Aktivität im Alter die Größe und Struktur von sozialen Netzwerken beeinflussen kann. Gibt es Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Größe und Zusammen-setzung, wenn man zwischen organisiert Sport treibenden, selbstorganisiert Sport treibenden und sportlich inaktiven Senioren trennt? Wie sehen die sozialen Beziehungen der einzelnen Gruppen aus? Es wird außerdem der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich die sportlich aktiven Menschen im hohen und höheren Lebensalter (organisiert und selbstorganisiert) im Hinblick auf das eigene Selbstbild von sportlich inaktiven Senioren abheben. Schätzen sich Sport treibende Senioren hinsichtlich des persönlichen Selbstbildes anders ein als Menschen im hohen und höheren Lebensalter, die keine sportlichen Aktivitäten be-treiben? Des Weiteren soll geklärt werden, ob es zwischen den organisiert und den selbstorganisiert Sportausübenden sowie den Nicht-Sporttreibenden Abweichungen im Freizeitverhalten (exklusive Sportaktivitäten) gibt. Es wird untersucht, ob die sportlich inaktiven älteren Menschen im Bereich der Freizeitgestaltung mehr häuslichen Freizeitaktivitäten nachgehen als Menschen in demselben Alter, die sich aktiv im Sport engagieren.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Abkürzungsverzeichnis6 1Einführung7 1.1The Silent Revolution8 1.2Begründung der Themenwahl11 1.3Vorgehensweise im Überblick11 1.4Allgemeine Formulierung der Fragestellung13 2Theoretische Grundlagen14 2.1Alter(n)14 2.2Alter als soziales Problem - Ein kurzer historischer Überblick17 2.3Theorien des Alterns18 2.3.1Disengagement-Theorie19 2.3.2Aktivitätstheorie20 2.3.3Weitere Alternstheorien20 2.4Subjektsein in der Zivilgesellschaft22 2.5Bedingungen von Vergesellschaftung im Alter23 2.6Sozialkapital25 2.7Soziale Beziehungen26 2.7.1Isolation und Einsamkeit29 2.7.2Soziale Netzwerkanalyse30 2.7.3Freundeskreis33 2.7.4Nachbarschaftskontakte36 2.7.5Mitgliedschaft in einem Verein36 2.8Generationenbeziehungen - Innere Nähe bei äußerer Distanz39 2.8.1Transfer zwischen Generationen41 2.8.2Veränderungen in der Familienstruktur41 2.9Lebensqualität43 2.10Zeit44 2.10.1Freizeit44 2.10.2Freizeitverhalten im Alter46 2.11Selbstbild und Einschätzung der Lebenssituation52 2.12Sportliche Aktivität im Alter53 2.13Wirkungen sportlicher Aktivität62 2.13.1Physische Wirkungen von sportlicher Aktivität62 2.13.2Psychische Wirkungen von sportlicher Aktivität63 2.13.3Soziale Wirkungen von sportlicher Aktivität64 2.13.4Sinngehalte von sportlicher Aktivität64 2.14Synthese und Konsequenzen für die eigene Arbeit65 2.15Explizite Formulierung der Untersuchungsziele66 3Methodologie der Untersuchung Altern in Gesellschaft68 3.1Forschungsmethode68 3.2Untersuchungsplan70 3.3Datenerhebung71 3.3.1Rekrutierung der Stichprobe75 3.3.2Rücklauf75 3.3.3Stichprobenbeschreibung76 3.4Datenauswertung80 4Untersuchungsergebnisse81 4.1Zufriedenheit und Wohlbefinden81 4.2Freizeitaktivitäten84 4.3Sportliche Aktivitäten86 4.4Selbstbild92 4.5Soziale Kontakte95 5Diskussion115 5.1Kritische Wertung der Ergebnisse unter Berücksichtigung von Störeinflüssen115 5.2Bewertung der Ergebnisse in Bezug zu den Untersuchungszielen und Hypothesen116 5.3Bewertung der Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die theoretischen Grundlagen18 5.4Konsequenzen aus den Resultaten für die Sportpraxis bzw. für die Gesellschaft123 6Zusammenfassung und Ausblick127 6.1Vorgehensweise im Überblick127 6.2Zusammenfassung127 6.3Wertung der Arbeit im Hinblick auf künftige Forschungsansätze131 7Literatur133 Abbildungsverzeichnis143 Tabellenverzeichnis145 Anhang.146Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 4.2, Freizeitaktivitäten: In diesem Abschnitt geht es darum, einen genaueren Blick auf die Freizeitaktivitäten der befragten Senioren zu werfen. Bei den Aktivitäten der Senioren wird außerdem differenziert nach organisiert und selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden sowie sportlich Inaktiven. Die Probanden hatten die Möglichkeit, aus einer umfassenden Zahl von Items zur Freizeit eine Auswahl bezüglich der Häufigkeit der Aktivität zu treffen (vgl. dazu Kapitel 3.3). Fast jeder der Befragten liest täglich Zeitung (88 Prozent) und hört Radio (83 Prozent) (vgl. Abbildung 8). Dieses Ergebnis stimmt mit denen anderer Unter-suchungen überein (vgl. AGRICOLA, 1998; BOECKH, 1997; OPASCHOWSKI, 1998; vgl. Kapitel 2.10.2). Im Durchschnitt sieht jeder der befragten Personen drei- bis viermal pro Woche Fernsehen. Dabei werden eher politische, kulturelle und wissen-schaftliche Sendungen (90 Prozent) angeschaut als Unterhaltungs- und Sport-sendungen (85,5 Prozent). Ein Drittel der befragten Personen liest täglich Bücher und ein weiteres Drittel der Probanden gab an, sich täglich bzw. mehrmals pro Woche an den Computer zu setzen (arbeiten, im Internet surfen, Fotos archivieren, spielen usw.). Letzteres steht in der medialen Nutzung der befragten Senioren auf dem letzten Rang. Unterscheidet man bei den häuslichen Freizeitaktivitäten (hauptsächlich Medien-nutzung) zwischen den organisiert Sporttreibenden, den selbstorganisiert Sport-treibenden und den sportlich Inaktiven, erkennt man, dass sich die tägliche Nach-richtenzufuhr über das Medium Zeitung relativ gleichmäßig (OS: 89,9 Prozent, SoS: 87 Prozent und SI: 88,3 Prozent) über alle drei Gruppen erstreckt (vgl. Abbildung 9). Jedoch gibt es Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Fernsehkonsums. Mehr als 40 Prozent der Inaktiven schauen täglich fern. Bei den selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden ist es jeder dritte und in der Gruppe der organisiert Sporttreibenden schaut nur noch jeder fünfte täglich Fernsehen. Bei dieser Frage spielt sicherlich auch die Tatsache der sozialen Erwünschtheit eine Rolle. Doppelt so viele sportlich Inaktive wie selbstorganisiert Sporttreibende lesen täglich Zeitschriften (31,6 Prozent gegenüber 16,6 Prozent) und Bücher (44,8 Prozent gegenüber 20,4 Prozent). Die Gruppe der organisiert Sport treibenden Senioren ist bei der täglichen Nutzung von Zeitschriften (20,2 Prozent) und Büchern (34,3 Prozent) dazwischen zu finden. Während sich nur 17 Prozent der selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden der täglichen Muße hingeben, sind es bei den organisiert Sportaus-übenden 19 Prozent und bei den sportlich Inaktiven fast 30 Prozent. Die sportlich aktiven Senioren nutzen das neue Medium Internet bzw. den PC mehr als dreimal so oft (17,3 Prozent) wie die sportlich inaktiven älteren Menschen (5,6 Prozent). Denkbar ist, dass Sport treibende ältere Menschen Modernisierungen auf-geschlossener gegenüberstehen als sportlich inaktive Senioren. Bei einer Betrachtung der befragten Gruppen (organisiert und selbstorganisiert Sporttreibende sowie sportlich Inaktive) hinsichtlich der Ausübung der Hobbys, die im Haus oder unweit des Hauses stattfinden, wird deutlich, dass die sportlich aktiven Senioren auch in ihrer Freizeitgestaltung (ausgenommen Sport) aktiver sind, als die Nicht-Sporttreibenden (vgl. Abbildung 10). Gerade bei den freizeitlichen Tätig-keiten, die im Haus bzw. in der Wohnung ausgeübt werden, sind innerhalb der Gruppe der sportlich inaktiven Senioren die meisten anzutreffen. Einen signifikanten Unterschied gibt es beim Kreuzworträtsel lösen (OS: 41 Prozent, SoS: 25 Prozent und SI: 60 Prozent) und bei den Handarbeiten (OS und SoS jeweils 11 Prozent, SI: 21 Prozent). Dennoch sind diese zwei Tätigkeiten zusammen mit der Gartenarbeit bei allen befragten Personen die beliebtesten Hobbys, die im bzw. um das Haus herum stattfinden. Trotzdem gehen mehr sportlich aktive Senioren den Freizeittätigkeiten nach, die mehr Aktivität erfordern. So arbeiten 65 Prozent der organisiert Sporttreibenden mindestens einmal wöchentlich im Garten und 13 Prozent basteln oder werken. Bei den selbstorganisiert Sportausübenden sind 53 Prozent im Garten tätig und 18 Prozent dieser Gruppe hantieren mit Rohstoffen bzw. Werkzeugmaterialien. In der Gruppe der sportlich Inaktiven wühlen immerhin drei Fünftel im Garten und jeder Zehnte liebt es Sachen selbst herzustellen. Wirft man einen Blick auf die außerhäuslichen Freizeitaktivitäten der befragten Personen wird ersichtlich, dass knapp 13 Prozent der Gesamtstichprobe ein- bis viermal pro Woche in einem Verein ehrenamtlich tätig sind (vgl. Abbildung 11). Neun Prozent sind ein- bis zweimal im Monat für den Verein ehrenamtlich aktiv. Wie zu erwarten ist der größte Teil der ehrenamtlich tätigen Senioren in der Gruppe der organisiert Sporttreibenden zu finden: 28 Prozent der institutional sportlich Aktiven sind mindestens einmal im Monat in einem Verein beschäftigt. Von den selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden haben halb so viele ein Ehrenamt übernommen und elf Prozent der Nichtsportler sind durchschnittlich zweimal pro Woche ohne Bezahlung in einem Verein tätig. Nur etwa sieben Prozent der befragten älteren Personen engagieren sich in einer Par-tei oder einer Bürgerinitiative bzw. Gewerkschaft. Jeder zehnte arbeitet entgeltlich. Knapp ein Viertel der Befragten nutzt Seniorenangebote weniger als einmal im Monat. Zehn Prozent nutzen diese regelmäßiger, wobei nicht nachgefragt wurde, welche Angebote konkret in Anspruch genommen werden. Mit Besuchen von weniger als einmal im Monat gehen die befragten Älteren lieber ins Theater, Konzert oder ins Museum als ins Kino, was sich mit den Ergebnissen verschiedener Untersuchungen im Bereich des Freizeitverhaltens älterer Menschen deckt (vgl. Kap. 2.10.2; vgl. AGRICOLA, 1998; OPASCHOWSKI, 1998). Statt Theatervorstellungen beizuwohnen, gehen die befragten Senioren lieber aus (mehrmals/Woche: 8,8 Prozent) bzw. ins Café (mehrmals/Woche: 8,0 Prozent). Ein Viertel der befragten Personen unternimmt mehrmals in der Woche einen Stadtbummel. Wie der Blick auf die außerhäuslichen Freizeitaktivitäten (Veranstaltungen besuchen und ehrenamtlich arbeiten) gezeigt hat, üben die befragten Senioren diese Tätigkeiten im Schnitt weniger als einmal im Monat aus. Zieht man aber einen Vergleich zwischen den organisiert und selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden sowie den sportlich Inaktiven, wird deutlich, dass jene Senioren, die auch sportlich aktiv sind, in ihrer Freizeit aktiver sind als jene, die gar keinen sportlichen Aktivitäten nachgehen (vgl. Abbildung 12). Signifikante Unterschiede gibt es bei den Besuchen von Theatervorstellungen, Diavorträgen und Lesungen sowie von Weiterbildungskursen, bei Kinobesuchen und bei der ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeit in Vereinen. Die signifikantesten Unterschiede gibt es im kulturellen Bereich. Während drei Viertel der sportlich aktiven Senioren wenigstens einmal im Monat im Theater anzutreffen sind, sind es bei den sportlich Inaktiven gerade einmal zehn Prozent. Diavorträge und Lesungen werden immerhin von 14 Prozent der organisiert Sporttreibenden wenigstens einmal monatlich besucht. Hier sind nur acht Prozent der selbstorganisiert Sportausübenden und nicht einmal zwei Prozent der Nicht-Sporttreibenden zu finden. Während ein Fünftel der organisiert Sporttreibenden mindestens einmal monatlich Weiterbildungskurse besucht, tun das nur 16 Prozent der selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden und ein Zehntel der sportlich Inaktiven. Ähnlich sieht das Ergebnis bei der ehrenamtlichen Arbeit in Vereinen aus (OS: 30 Prozent, SoS: 17 Prozent und SI: 10 Prozent). Einzig bei den Besuchen von Museen und Ausstellungen (22 bis 25 Prozent) sowie von kirchlichen Veranstaltungen (21 bis 26 Prozent) und bei der Mitarbeit in einer Partei (drei bis vier Prozent) oder einer Bürgerinitiative bzw. Gewerkschaft (drei bis sechs Prozent) sind alle drei Gruppen relativ dicht beieinander, wenngleich die Senioren, die sportlichen Tätigkeiten nachgehen, in diesen Bereichen ein wenig aktiver sind als die sportlich inaktiven Senioren. Spezielle Seniorenangebote werden von den selbstorganisiert Sporttreibenden so gut wie gar nicht (vier Prozent) angenommen. Hier ist anzunehmen, dass diese Gruppe es nicht nur im sportlichen Bereich, sondern auch in anderen Bereichen, vorzieht losgelöst von Institutionen zu agieren. Betrachtet man die geselligen Freizeitaktivitäten der befragten Personen, nach denen im zweiten Teil des Fragebogens im Rahmen der Freizeitaktivitäten gefragt worden ist (Items 3.9, 3.15-18, 3.47-49), sieht man, dass die in der Untersuchung befragten Senioren im Durchschnitt zweimal in der Woche mit ihren Nachbarn plaudern, ein- bis zweimal im Monat ihre Freunde und Verwandte besuchen und sich etwa einmal im Monat mit ihren Enkelkindern beschäftigen (vgl. Abbildung 13). Bei dem letzten Punkt muss natürlich berücksichtigt werden, dass nur etwas mehr als die Hälfte aller Befragten Enkelkinder hat. Fast genauso viele der befragten Senioren gaben an, mindestens einmal pro Woche mit ihren Freunden zu telefonieren (91 Prozent) und sich mit ihren Nachbarn zu unterhalten (93 Prozent). Differenziert man die Häufigkeiten der Kontakte nach organisiert und selbst-organisiert Sporttreibenden sowie sportlich Inaktiven, fällt auf, dass die organisiert Sporttreibenden am häufigsten Kontakt mit den im Teil II des Fragebogens zur Auswahl stehenden Personen (Freunde, Verwandte, Enkel und Nachbarn) haben (vgl. Abbildung 14). Mehr als drei Viertel der Gesamtstichprobe, die mindestens einmal in der Woche Freunde, Verwandte oder Enkel besuchen bzw. zu Besuch haben sowie mindestens einmal wöchentlich mit ihren Nachbarn plaudern, sind organisiert Sporttreibende. Knapp ein Drittel, die diese Angaben machten, sind selbstorganisiert sportlich aktiv und 44 Prozent kommen aus den Reihen der sportlich Inaktiven. Ein Blick auf die Freizeitaktivitäten rund um die Bewegung zeigt, dass ein Viertel aller befragten Personen täglich Spazieren geht. Betrachtet man nur die Stichprobe der Nichtsportler, stellt man fest, dass über ein Drittel dieser Gruppe die tägliche Luftzufuhr und Bewegung in dieser Form sucht (OS: 20 Prozent und SoS: 30 Prozent) (vgl. Abbildung 15). Nur ein Viertel der Nichtsportler gehen gar nicht bzw. einmal im Monat spazieren. Das restliche Viertel geht dieser Freizeitaktivität mehrmals wöchentlich nach, so dass insgesamt fast 75 Prozent der sportlich Inaktiven mindestens zweimal wöchentlich spazieren gehen. Aber das Spazieren-gehen ist keine dem Sport vergleichbare körperliche Herausforderung, die, wenn einigermaßen regelmäßig betrieben, körperliche Kompetenzen auch im Alterns-prozess aufzubauen vermag. Tanzen und Kegeln sind keine so beliebten Freizeitbeschäftigungen der befragten Senioren, wie vielfach angenommen wird. Mehr als drei Viertel der Befragten gehen keiner dieser Aktivitäten nach. Wenn sie betrieben werden, dann im Mittel etwa alle zwei oder drei Monate (Tanzen: Zehn Prozent der Befragten) bzw. einmal im Monat (Kegeln: 17 Prozent der Befragten). Insgesamt betrachtet wird den meisten der außerhäuslichen Freizeitaktivitäten im Durchschnitt weniger als einmal im Monat nachgegangen. Den Ergebnissen zufolge sind die sportlich aktiven Senioren, insbesondere die organisiert Sporttreibenden, nicht nur im sportlichen Bereich aktiver, sondern auch im anderweitigen freizeitlichen Bereich. Auch wenn sie die Medien wie die Nicht-Sporttreibenden nahezu täglich nutzen, scheinen sie das nicht so ausgedehnt zu tun, wie die sportlich inaktiven Senioren. Denn die sportlich aktive Gruppe ist auch häufiger außer Haus bei anderen Aktivitäten (z.B. Besuch von Theatervorstellungen, Ehrenamt in einem Verein oder Kinobesuche) anzutreffen. Das mag zum einen daran liegen, dass sie sich als gesünder einschätzen (vgl. Kapitel 4.1) als die sportlich inaktiven Senioren. Zum anderen sind sie aber auch aufgeschlossener, haben mehr Selbstvertrauen (vgl. Kapitel 4.4) und sind kontaktfreudiger (vgl. Kapitel 4.5). Doch ist positiv anzumerken, dass die Nicht-Sporttreibenden keine gänzliche Abneigung gegen die körperliche Aktivität haben, denn über die Hälfte arbeitet mindestens einmal wöchentlich im Garten und drei Viertel dieser Gruppe geht mindestens mehrmals in der Woche spazieren.

El concepto de redes sociales de comunicación rural, como una estructura relacional hecha por nodos que están vinculados por medio de actores tales como pequeños productores rurales, proyectos de desarrollo rural, organizaciones no-gubernamentales, instituciones públicas, universidades entre otros, es una noción que puede ser muy útil para estudiar las relaciones de comunicación y soporte social entre diferentes actores in territorios tan amplios y diversos como lo es Latinoamérica. Es conocido que muchos actores y redes sociales se están enfrentando ante situaciones como las siguientes: ¿Cómo encontrar las mejores estrategias que permitan desarrollar y generar procesos de sinergia social que no solo permitan el intercambio de información, sino de información y conocimiento estratégico que les habilite y refuerce las capacidades innovativas, creativas y productivas de muchas comunidades rurales que tratan, a su vez, de solucionar los siguientes problemas centrales. Lo primero son las estrategias para poder salir del estado de pobreza (y sobrevivencia) en que se encuentran, el segundo es como obtener la suficiente información (en calidad y en cantidad) que les permita entender la dinámica de los actuales cambios que se están sucediendo a nivel global: climáticos, socales, económicos, etc. y que no solo afectarán a los grupos humanos en los centros urbanos e industriales, sino a todo el mundo, en especial a los países más pobres y los sectores más frágiles, en términos sociales, es decir, las comunidades rurales. El estudio de las redes sociales rurales, como sistemas comunicaciones funcionales, proporciona un punto de vista nodal en esta dirección. El autor estudia dos redes sociales de comunicación para el desarrollo rural en América Latina que trabajan a nivel de las comunidades rurales, con organizaciones No-gubernamentales, pequeños campesinos y proyectos de desarrollo rural. La primera de las redes es una red a nivel México llamada Red Nacional de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (RENDRUS), la cual está recibiendo soporte financiero de diferentes niveles del gobierno. La segunda es una red que involucra varios países latinoamericanos (incluyendo México). Esta última es llamada Red de Iniciativa de Nutrición Humana y ha recibido financiamiento internacional. Aunque las dos redes sociales surgen y trabajan a diferentes escalas, las dos redes persiguen objetivos similares, usan estrategias similares, y están conformadas por actores similares: pequeños productores rurales, comunidades rurales, proyectos de desarrollo, universidades y organizaciones No-gubernamentales. El punto más importante del trabajo de estas dos redes es que las dos permitieron el intercambio de información y conocimiento entre actores que no solo son diferentes en términos culturales sino que están localizados en diferentes regiones geográficas. El tópico de las redes sociales de comunicación rural para el desarrollo no es un tópico nuevo, pero es necesario continuar su estudio a fin de poder conocer más acerca de la complejidad social en la cual este fenómeno se está desarrollando. Las comunidades rurales han sido estudiadas por mucho tiempo, pero aún no somos capaces de entender muchas de sus dinámicas sociales, especialmente aquellos hechos que se refieren a la similitud de los procesos de intercambio y mejoramiento del conocimiento, tecnología y equipos desarrollados localmente por comunidades rurales que pertenecen a diferentes países y regiones latinoamericanas. Este tipo de estudios sobre redes sociales de comunicación rural, son valiosos para proponer y conformar proyectos de desarrollo basados en procesos de intercambio reticular, entre productores rurales, para el mejoramiento de sus sistemas de producción agropecuarios con el objetivo de obtener menores ingresos, y alimentos y mejorar sus condiciones de vida, especialmente ahora que la urgencia climática agrava las condiciones de pobreza en el mundo. ; The concept of rural social networks, as a social relational structure made of nodes that are tied by actors such as small farmers, rural development projects, non-governmental organizations, public institutions, universities and other participants, can be very useful to study the communicational relationship between different actors in a wide and diverse territory like Latin America. It is known that many social networks are faced with challenges like the following one: how to find the best strategies in order to develop and generate synergies that do not only permit the exchange of general information, but also of strategic knowledge which permits the reinforcement of innovative, creative and productive capabilities of many poor rural communities that are trying to resolve two essential problems. The first one is how to get out of the stage of poverty (or, at least, manage to survive), and the second one is how to get enough information in order to understand changes (climatic, economic, social, etc) that are occurring in the world and that are not only affecting the urban and industrialized societies, but the whole world, especially the poorest countries and their most sensitive and fragile populations like the rural communities. The study of rural social networks, as a functional communicational system, provides an interesting point of view towards that direction. The author studied two social networks that were working with rural communities, non-governmental organizations, small farmers and rural development projects. The first one is a network named National Network of Sustainable Rural Development (RENDRUS), which is receiving financial support from different governmental levels in Mexico. The second one is a network which involves several Latin American countries including Mexico. It is called Initiative of Human Nutrition and it was financed by international sponsoring. Although the two social networks emerged and worked on different scales, they followed similar objectives, they used similar strategies, and they consisted of similar actors: small poor farmers, rural communities, rural development projects, universities and non-governmental organizations. The most important point is that they allowed the exchange of information and knowledge between actors that are not only different in cultural terms, but they are located in distant geographical regions as well. The topic of social rural networks is not a new one, but it is necessary to continue its study in order to know more about the social complexity in which this phenomenon is developing and occurring. The rural communities have been studied for a long time, but we are not able to understand its social dynamics yet, especially the facts of exchange and improvement of knowledge, technology, and equipment developed locally by rural communities that do not only belong to a specific country, but to several Latin American countries and regions. These types of studies are valuable for the creation of communication and development models of rural communities in order to confirm the effectiveness of rural social networks as a mechanism to exchange information between rural people, about how to improve their local agricultural systems in order to have a higher income and better food to improve their social conditions, especially in those days that the climatic changes have made social life conditions worse. ; Postprint (published version)

El concepto de redes sociales de comunicación rural, como una estructura relacional hecha por nodos que están vinculados por medio de actores tales como pequeños productores rurales, proyectos de desarrollo rural, organizaciones no-gubernamentales, instituciones públicas, universidades entre otros, es una noción que puede ser muy útil para estudiar las relaciones de comunicación y soporte social entre diferentes actores in territorios tan amplios y diversos como lo es Latinoamérica. Es conocido que muchos actores y redes sociales se están enfrentando ante situaciones como las siguientes: ¿Cómo encontrar las mejores estrategias que permitan desarrollar y generar procesos de sinergia social que no solo permitan el intercambio de información, sino de información y conocimiento estratégico que les habilite y refuerce las capacidades innovativas, creativas y productivas de muchas comunidades rurales que tratan, a su vez, de solucionar los siguientes problemas centrales. Lo primero son las estrategias para poder salir del estado de pobreza (y sobrevivencia) en que se encuentran, el segundo es como obtener la suficiente información (en calidad y en cantidad) que les permita entender la dinámica de los actuales cambios que se están sucediendo a nivel global: climáticos, socales, económicos, etc. y que no solo afectarán a los grupos humanos en los centros urbanos e industriales, sino a todo el mundo, en especial a los países más pobres y los sectores más frágiles, en términos sociales, es decir, las comunidades rurales. El estudio de las redes sociales rurales, como sistemas comunicaciones funcionales, proporciona un punto de vista nodal en esta dirección. El autor estudia dos redes sociales de comunicación para el desarrollo rural en América Latina que trabajan a nivel de las comunidades rurales, con organizaciones No-gubernamentales, pequeños campesinos y proyectos de desarrollo rural. La primera de las redes es una red a nivel México llamada Red Nacional de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (RENDRUS), la cual está recibiendo soporte financiero de diferentes niveles del gobierno. La segunda es una red que involucra varios países latinoamericanos (incluyendo México). Esta última es llamada Red de Iniciativa de Nutrición Humana y ha recibido financiamiento internacional. Aunque las dos redes sociales surgen y trabajan a diferentes escalas, las dos redes persiguen objetivos similares, usan estrategias similares, y están conformadas por actores similares: pequeños productores rurales, comunidades rurales, proyectos de desarrollo, universidades y organizaciones No-gubernamentales. El punto más importante del trabajo de estas dos redes es que las dos permitieron el intercambio de información y conocimiento entre actores que no solo son diferentes en términos culturales sino que están localizados en diferentes regiones geográficas. El tópico de las redes sociales de comunicación rural para el desarrollo no es un tópico nuevo, pero es necesario continuar su estudio a fin de poder conocer más acerca de la complejidad social en la cual este fenómeno se está desarrollando. Las comunidades rurales han sido estudiadas por mucho tiempo, pero aún no somos capaces de entender muchas de sus dinámicas sociales, especialmente aquellos hechos que se refieren a la similitud de los procesos de intercambio y mejoramiento del conocimiento, tecnología y equipos desarrollados localmente por comunidades rurales que pertenecen a diferentes países y regiones latinoamericanas. Este tipo de estudios sobre redes sociales de comunicación rural, son valiosos para proponer y conformar proyectos de desarrollo basados en procesos de intercambio reticular, entre productores rurales, para el mejoramiento de sus sistemas de producción agropecuarios con el objetivo de obtener menores ingresos, y alimentos y mejorar sus condiciones de vida, especialmente ahora que la urgencia climática agrava las condiciones de pobreza en el mundo. ; The concept of rural social networks, as a social relational structure made of nodes that are tied by actors such as small farmers, rural development projects, non-governmental organizations, public institutions, universities and other participants, can be very useful to study the communicational relationship between different actors in a wide and diverse territory like Latin America. It is known that many social networks are faced with challenges like the following one: how to find the best strategies in order to develop and generate synergies that do not only permit the exchange of general information, but also of strategic knowledge which permits the reinforcement of innovative, creative and productive capabilities of many poor rural communities that are trying to resolve two essential problems. The first one is how to get out of the stage of poverty (or, at least, manage to survive), and the second one is how to get enough information in order to understand changes (climatic, economic, social, etc) that are occurring in the world and that are not only affecting the urban and industrialized societies, but the whole world, especially the poorest countries and their most sensitive and fragile populations like the rural communities. The study of rural social networks, as a functional communicational system, provides an interesting point of view towards that direction. The author studied two social networks that were working with rural communities, non-governmental organizations, small farmers and rural development projects. The first one is a network named National Network of Sustainable Rural Development (RENDRUS), which is receiving financial support from different governmental levels in Mexico. The second one is a network which involves several Latin American countries including Mexico. It is called Initiative of Human Nutrition and it was financed by international sponsoring. Although the two social networks emerged and worked on different scales, they followed similar objectives, they used similar strategies, and they consisted of similar actors: small poor farmers, rural communities, rural development projects, universities and non-governmental organizations. The most important point is that they allowed the exchange of information and knowledge between actors that are not only different in cultural terms, but they are located in distant geographical regions as well. The topic of social rural networks is not a new one, but it is necessary to continue its study in order to know more about the social complexity in which this phenomenon is developing and occurring. The rural communities have been studied for a long time, but we are not able to understand its social dynamics yet, especially the facts of exchange and improvement of knowledge, technology, and equipment developed locally by rural communities that do not only belong to a specific country, but to several Latin American countries and regions. These types of studies are valuable for the creation of communication and development models of rural communities in order to confirm the effectiveness of rural social networks as a mechanism to exchange information between rural people, about how to improve their local agricultural systems in order to have a higher income and better food to improve their social conditions, especially in those days that the climatic changes have made social life conditions worse. ; Postprint (published version)

Umweltprobleme sind oft durch eine Vielzahl von Beteiligten gekennzeichnet, die sich in ihrem Verhalten gegenseitig beeinflussen. Beispielhaft kann hier die Situation des Straßenverkehrs in einer Großstadt benannt werden. Wenn ganz viele Akteure betrachtet werden, verringert sich aber wieder die Relevanz des strategischen Aspekts, denn dann genügt häufig die Kenntnis des durchschnittlichen Verhaltens. Am interessantesten sind also Fälle, bei denen viele, aber nicht ganz viele, betroffen sind – und (damit komplex genug) mehr als zwei Beteiligte vorhanden sind. Deshalb wird als einleitendes Beispiel eine Situation mit drei Fischzüchtern vorgestellt, die sich zu ihrem gemeinsamen Vorteil auf die Errichtung einer Kläranlage verständigen könnten. Das Konzept des strategischen Verhaltens wird dann eingeführt, um zu zeigen, dass die Finanzierung häufig scheitern wird, weil die Akteure private Information strategisch motiviert zurückhalten. Ein solches Verhalten ist individuell rational, führt aber kollektiv betrachtet zu ineffizienten Resultaten. Solche Situationen werden allgemein als "social dilemmas" bezeichnet, und viele Umweltprobleme haben eine solche Struktur. Zweck der Arbeit ist es, ein Simulationstool zu entwickeln, das zur Untersuchung von Sozialen Dilemmata geeignet ist. Zwei Grundlagenkapitel (zu Spieltheorie und Umweltökonomie) beschreiben zunächst die benötigten Begriffe und Konzepte. Das Kapitel zur Spieltheorie beschreibt kritisch die Rationalitätsanforderungen der traditionellen Spieltheorie. Außerdem werden die Grundzüge der evolutionären Spieltheorie beschrieben. Das Kapitel zur Umweltökonomie definiert verwendete Begriffe, etwa öffentliche Güter, externe Effekte, Pareto-Effizienz und Coase Theorem. Kapitel 4 beschreibt die Konzipierung des Simulationstools. Ausgehend von den Grundlagenkapiteln wird zunächst ein Anforderungskatalog abgeleitet. Dann findet die Modellierung der Problemstrukturen statt, wobei öffentliche Güter mit ihren Zustandsvariablen im Mittelpunkt stehen. Eine Modellierung der Prozessgesichtspunkte sowie das generelle Ablaufschema der Simulation schliessen dieses Kapitel ab. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit zwei Anwendungsbeispielen (Kapitel 5 und 6). Der erste Anwendungsfall (Optimale Kontrollfrequenz in einem Inspektionsspiel) ist ein einfaches Zwei-Personenspiel, das sich daher gut eignet, um die Vorgehensweise beim Einsatz des Simulationstools zu demonstrieren. Das Inspektionsspiel besitzt nur ein gemischtes Nash-Gleichgewicht, das leicht berechnet werden kann. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen aber, dass eine solche statische Betrachtung nicht ausreicht. Der dynamische Prozess weist starke Fluktuationen auf, was bedeutet, dass die Verschmutzungswerte phasenweise erheblich über dem berechneten Wert liegen. Des Weiteren wird eine mögliche Intervention des Gesetzgebers in die Spielstruktur untersucht. Dabei kommt es zu scheinbar paradoxen Effekten, weil ein dauerhaftes Absenken der Umweltverschmutzung so nicht erreicht wird. Mit Hilfe einer analytischen Nachbetrachtung werden die Simulationsergebnisse plausibel gemacht. Dabei kann auch die Analogie zur Lotka-Volterra-Gleichung aus der Populationsökologie gezeigt werden. Die eigentliche Herausforderung besteht beim zweiten Anwendungsfall (Strategisches Verhalten bei der Finanzierung einer Kläranlage). Hierzu wird das Beispiel aus der Einleitung wieder aufgegriffen und so verallgemeinert, dass eine beliebig große Anzahl von Fischzüchtern modelliert werden kann. Außerdem wird der Bezug zum Coase Theorem hergestellt. Mit der Simulation werden Größeneffekte (Anzahl der Spieler) sowie die Effekte heterogener Nutzenverteilung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den theoretischen Überlegungen von Olson in seinem Buch "The Logic of Collective Action". Das Hauptproblem besteht darin, dass private Information strategisch eingesetzt werden kann und es deshalb zu verfälschten Nutzenangaben kommt. Dieses Problem wurde seit den 1970er Jahren erkannt und führte zu einem eigenen Theoriezweig "Mechanism Design". Das Problem strategischer Falschangaben kann mit den dabei entwickelten Methoden zwar theoretisch vollständig gelöst werden, aber es bleibt unklar, wie stark die Funktionsweise der Mechanismen beeinträchtigt wird, wenn Abstriche von der Annahme vollständiger Rationalität gemacht werden. Zwei der aus der Literatur bekannten Mechanismen werden dazu mit Hilfe des Simulationsansatzes untersucht: Der Clarke-Groves-Mechanismus und der Mechanismus von Rob. In beiden Fällen kommt man zum Ergebnis, dass auch unter der Annahme begrenzter Rationalität die prinzipielle Funktionsweise erhalten bleibt. Je mehr Beteiligte aber involviert sind, umso schwieriger wird es zu lernen, dass sich Abweichungen von der wahren Nutzenangabe nicht lohnen. Auch experimentelle Untersuchungen stimmen recht gut mit den vorgestellten Simulationsergebnissen überein. Zusammenfassend kann aus den Anwendungsbeispielen gefolgert werden, dass mit Veränderungen der Spielstrukturen Eingriffe in dynamische Systeme verbunden sind und dass Situationen mit strategischer Interdependenz ihre besonderen Eigenarten haben. Spieltheorie und Kybernetik sollten zusammen zu einem Verständnis solcher Systeme beitragen. ; The thesis begins by illustrating what is meant by strategic behaviour. Three fish farmers living by a lake have to decide whether to go ahead with jointly investing in a wastewater treatment plant. If the fish farmers benefits are private knowledge it is quite likely that the participants will try to keep this information private for strategic reasons. This is just one instance where the provision of so-called public goods is uncertain. There is a vast literature on voluntary public goods provision in similar situations (often labelled social dilemma situations). The main lesson is that strategic behaviour in such situations has a high probability of causing inefficient solutions. Methods from cybernetics and game theory are used to develop an agent based simulation approach which can contribute to further investigation of such dilemma situations. Two foundational chapters introduce some concepts from game theory and environmental economics. Chapter 2 contains a critical review of the rationality assumptions, typically used in standard game theory, and discusses evolutionary game theory as an alternative. Chapter 3 summarises definitions on public goods, external effects, Pareto efficiency and relates the work to the Coase Theorem. Chapter 4 deals with the conception of an agent based simulation tool. Game theoretic models are translated into models which focus explicitly on public goods and describe these goods by state variables. Moreover several models for the adjustment of agent behaviour are provided. Predominantly this concerns imitation models but in addition an adaptation procedure based on the sampling dynamics is implemented. Main part of the thesis are two applications of the simulation tool. Chapter 5 demonstrates on a simple two-player example how the simulation tool can be deployed. The so-called inspection game has no equilibrium in pure strategies but it has a unique Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies. But this equilibrium has almost no predictive power. No convergence is observed in the simulations but significant fluctuations. Potential interventions by the legislator are also discussed, establishing that such interventions may have counterintuitive effects. Some of these findings can be explained also analytically by which is shown that Lotka-Volterra equations may be derived for specific parameter settings. This reconfirms the close connection between imitation models and the replicator dynamics of evolutionary game theory. Chapter 6 refers back to the introductory example. So far the problem has involved just three fish farmers. Since it is of specific interest to investigate size effects (increasing player numbers) a more general problem description is formalized. This formal model is related to the Coase Theorem. First investigations concern the ability of the fish farmers to solve the problem on a voluntary basis. In other words: the question is if a spontaneous organisation of agents might result in a more or less efficient solution. The simulation results accord pretty well with suggestions made by Olson (1965). With a larger number of fish farmers, it is almost inevitable that the project will fail. In which case, the potential surplus will completely dissipate. On the other hand, some relief is found with increasing heterogeneity, an issue which was also discussed by the author at a WEHIA conference in Essex in 2005. However, the overall findings for large and medium player numbers remain discouraging. As long as there is no way to curtail the tendency towards understatement, no improvement can be expected. Therefore the final part of the thesis concentrates on "mechanism design" and the simulation of suchlike mechanisms. Simulations are made for the Clarke-Groves mechanism as well as for a mechanism suggested by Rob. The latter mechanism also satisfies the individual rationality condition. One common problem of the Groves schemes, as well as the Rob mechanism and indeed most other mechanisms, is that they induce a truth-telling equilibrium only in theory. Moreover, the compensation (or tax) schemes are often quite complicated. Thus it does not surprise to find that in experiments subjects often fail to find these equilibria. Kawagoe & Mori (1999) demonstrate this "understanding problem" for the pivotal mechanism. When mechanisms or other procedures taken from game theory are found to "work", one must not forget that the idea of a fully rational individual is usually an underlying assumption. To what extent will a mechanism "work" under conditions of bounded rationality? That is the question to be answered by means of simulation. The concluding Chapter 7 refers back to the notion of strategic behaviour, and the need for correct evaluations of public goods is emphasised. Two striking thought experiments show that decision-making in the context of strategic interdependence is quite different to individual decision-making. The first experiment highlights the ambiguity of additional information, whereas the second demonstrates how additional options can be harmful. Again it turns out that these problems are ever-present in social dilemma situations.

Zrna za praćku iz rimskog perioda, otkrivena na teritoriji Srbije, potvrda su prisustva praćkaša (funditores) angažovanih u rimskoj vojsci, kako odreda plaćenika regrutovanih u oblastima poznatim po upotrebi ovog bacačkog oružja (Sirija, Judeja, Ahaja, Rodos, Baleari), tako i vojnika obučenih u toku redovne obuke regruta. Za projektile od olova, kamena i keramike u najvećem broju slučajeva ne postoje precizniji podaci o mestu i uslovima nalaza. Za nekoliko olovnih primeraka, međutim, potvrđeno je da potiču iz rimskog kastela u Stojniku na Kosmaju, gde su najverovatnije i izrađivani u sklopu intenzivne metalurške delatnosti na eksploataciji srebrne i olovne rude. Otkriće velike ostave keramičkih projektila u rimskom utvrđenju Novae kod Čezave najsigurnija je potvrda prisustva rimskih praćkaša na đerdapskom limesu u periodu I-III v. ; The slingshots from Serbia are exceptional proof of the employment of slingers in this part of the Roman empire. Unfortunately, the provenance of the lead slingshots from the National Museum in Belgrade is mostly unknown but all are of the same type: with circular cross-section and pointed ends. The provenance of a few slingshots (for instance: fig. 2/6) have, however been traced to archaeological explorations of the 2nd century Roman fortress at Stojnik on the Kosmaj mountain (fig. 1). The fortress was built for the control and protection of nearby Roman silver and lead mines. The dimensions and weight of the lead slingshots from the Stojnik fortress, as well as other specimens of the same type from the National Museum in Belgrade, are almost identical. Their weight range varies between 126-138 g which could correspond to five Roman uncia (1 quincunx = 136.44 g) or 30-32 Atic drachmas (1 drachma = 4.336 g). Besides several lead examples from the National Museum in Belgrade (fig. 2), the largest find of clay slingshots originates from Čezava, i.e. the Roman fort Novae (fig. 1). The clay slingshots from Čezava (fig. 3/1-18) were discovered during archaeological excavations of the Roman military fort Novae in the Iron Gates. The castellan was one on the first large fortifications in the gorge, situated at a strategically important site, 100 m away from the river bank, where a port was established. The site was a convenient crossing point of the Danube in the gorge. The clay slingshots from Čezava were found either individually, or in larger numbers. The greatest number of slingshots were found around the southeast rampart, in a tower dated to the 2nd-3rd century, situated between porta principalis dextra and Tower IV (fig. 4). Here a store of 90 examples were discovered. A smaller number of identical shots were uncovered during excavation of Tower V and Tower III (fig. 4). A total of 147 slingshots were found. These concentrations of slingshots are not random. Considering that the effective range of slingshots could have been between 65-200 m, slingers placed on the ramparts and towers could control the road and the river bank, including the port and the river itself. This could have been of great significance had an enemy attempted to cross the Danube. Most slingshots were found in the layers dated on the basis of other finds to the 2nd and the 3rd century. Slingshots were made of refined clay modelled in aerodynamic form, most frequently biconical (pl. I/1a; fig. 3/1-6), oval (pl. I/1b; fig. 3/7-12) or olive (pl. I/1v; fig. 3/13-19) shaped and hard baked. The dimensions and weight of the Čezava shots differ considerably. Their length varies between 5.5-10 cm while the weight fluctuates from 42-259 g. The weight range indicates that clay slingshots were produced in several calibres, that could have been used for different purposes or range. With regard to the ancient metric system the weight range of Čezava projectiles fluctuates from 1S to 9S uncia (43.36-256.6 g), or between 10-60 drachmae (43.36-260.1 g), that is, at a ratio of 1:6. It seems that the coincidence is not accidental, especially in view of the weight of the drachma, the more so if we take into consideration the fact that the most skilful slingshot units in the Roman army were recruited in Greece and in the East. Although seemingly a simple weapon, the sling and its use are described in great detail in classical written sources. Ancient authors emphasize that slingers were utilized in preparations and support of infantry attacks in order to thin the ranks of the enemy and cause disorder. Mercenaries from Syria, Rhodes and the Balearic Islands engaged in the Roman army were commended as the most efficient in the ancient world. However, drilling recruits to use slingshots was part of regular service. For Vegetius, slingshot units belonged to the fifth combat line, together with archers and artillery crews. Moreover, they played a special role in sieges and the defense of fortifications. The same author recommends the deployment of these troops in naval battles, in which they could either support or hinder the landing of troops. Mention is also made of red-hot clay slingshots being used in order to set fire in the enemy camp. The engagement of slingers in the Danube Basin is not confirmed in historical or epigraphic sources. In addition to the finds of slingshots, perhaps the best illustration of their engagement in this territory is the scene from Trajan's column in Rome depicting Roman slingers fighting against the Dacians (pl. I/2). A connection between the finds of slingshots from Stojnik and Čezava and the units settled in the existing military forts is uncertain but not impossible. The fact that there is no direct epigraphic or written proof that a specialized unit of Roman slingers (fundatores) were garrisoned in Moesia Superior, does not seem to be relevant, since such a mentions are rare and late in date. Besides the size of the forts (Stojnik - 5 ha; Čezava - 1.6 ha) and their strategic importance, the Roman units garrisoned in Stojnik and Čezava were confirmed as mixed units - cohortes equitatae. Epigraphic data confirms the presence of such units, both in Kosmaj (Cohors II Aurelia nova milliaria equitata civium Romanorum, Cohors I Aurelia milliaria nova Pasinatum civium Romanorum, Cohors V Callaecorum et Lucensium, Cohors I Ulpia Pannoniorum milliaria equitata) and at Čezava (Cohors I Montanorum civium Romanorum and probably Cohors I Antiochensium). Owing to their mixed composition and numbers, cavalry cohorts were used as universal troops trained for different kinds of combat. They were frequently utilized in war, along with infantry and cavalry in legions. In times of peace they were also used on the borders of the Empire for the defense and control of the limes. As for the interior of the provinces, they were employed for the protection of important strategic points such as mines land and river communication lines, customs stations and larger urban centres. Finally, the presence of lead and clay slingshots in the Roman forts in Stojnik and Čezava can perhaps be explained by the presence of military units whose members were trained to use not only swords and spears, but also this ancient but effective weapon.

The Marriott,Slaterville City Oral History Collection was created by the residents of the town to document their history. Each participant was provided with a list of questions asking for; stories about their childhood, schools they attended, stories about their parents and grand,parents, activities they enjoyed, fashions they remember, difficulties or traumas they may have dealt with, and memories of community and church leaders. This endeavor has left behind rich histories, stories and important information regarding the history of the Marriott,Slaterville area. ; 28p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in.; 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program 1an2Cd Fa e r2bl2 rH uM aoardyys 22o00n00 77 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Carl Hodson 12 February 2007 and 22 May 2007 Copyright © 2009 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees ( as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Marriott- Slaterville City Oral History Collection was created by the residents of the town to document their history. Each participant was provided with a list of questions asking for; stories about their childhood, schools they attended, stories about their parents and grand- parents, activities they enjoyed, fashions they remember, difficulties or traumas they may have dealt with, and memories of community and church leaders. This endeavor has left behind rich histories, stories and important information regarding the history of the Marriott- Slaterville area. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Carl Hodson, 12 February 2007 and 22 May 2007, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii 1 Abstract: This is an oral history of Carl Hodson. These memories are from two different recordings conducted on February 12, 2007 and May 22, 2007 and concern his recollections of the history of the Marriott- Slaterville area. CH: I am Carl Hodson. I was born August 4th, 1921 in Marriott at my mother's Aunt's place. They lived in Marriott. They day that I was born my father was hauling hay and they were coming with a load of hay because he knew my mother was in labor and Carl Powell was helping him and he tipped a load of hay over on the way to the barn. They had to stop and take care of the load of hay. They always said they named me after him because my name is Carl. I have lived on West Wall Street all my life. Our old home is the home that is on the Nature Center today. My grandfather built the first part of it and then he deeded the place to my father and my father moved in with his father and mother and later on he remodeled the home and it is the way it was sitting in 1941 when the government took it from us, the remodeled home. We have pictures of the home when the government took it in 1941. I was married in 1941and my father moved what we called " the old wash house" from off of the old place and moved it across the street and made two rooms out of it. My wife Louise and I moved into it in 1941 and we lived there in the two rooms until we had three children. No running water, we heated our water on a coal stove and the bathroom was out in the backyard. Once a week was what we bathed at that time, we had a wash tub that we put our heated water in. 2 When I was young, 12th Street was practically a one lane road and it was dirt and hardly a car ever went up and down it. Once in awhile I used to drive a herd of milk cows up and down 12th Street to the pasture every night and morning. Once in awhile you would have to drive the cows off to the side so a car could go by. It was a dirt road and then it winded a little bit in asphalt. It has changed from that until today there is so much traffic on it you can hardly get out onto 12th Street. I don't remember the year it was paved, but at one time they didn't even have snow plows in Ogden. Weber County hired my father to put four head of horses on a big " V" and go up 12th Street and the city asked him to go right on up to Washington and he never did get paid by the city for plowing the snow for them. But he did it with four head of horses on a " V." As things went on, they kept widening 12th Street, industry changed. When I got a little older I started to farm, we started pretty young. In fact, I started thinning beets with my sister Dorothy. Dad would space them and we would crawl along behind him and thin the doubles out and take the weeds out. It was before I started school that we started thinning beets. As time progressed, we had a beet dump over next to the railroad track at 400 West. We hauled our beets over there with the horses and wagon. When I was in school my Uncle Dolph Perry, would always help Dad with the sugar beets and take them to the dump. My mother did the weighing of the sugar beets for years and years— probably as long as they had the dump over there. They had the dump there before I was born. 3 Later on, they did away with the dump and we had to take the sugar beets over to the factory. Julian Powell hauled them for us for awhile and then dad bought a truck and he hauled them with a truck for awhile. When the truck wore out we went back to horses. The last year I farmed I hauled 350 ton of sugar beets from 12th Street up where Peterson's is, that is the property that we owned and I hauled a lot of the sugar beets from there. I would make five loads a day with a team of horses. If I had them loaded up at night we made five and if I didn't have them loaded up at night then I got four. But I'd haul five and a half ton of sugar beets plus, with a team and wagon, over to the old sugar factory. By that time, the sugar factory had closed up. They piled them over there and shipped them up to the factory in Lewiston. I went from thinning beets and working in the field until they did away with sugar beets. We no longer have sugar beets around here. That was one of our main crops. Sugar beets, potatoes, tomatoes, grains, we grew everything. We had two tomato canning factories; Del Monte and Blackington. I hauled tomatoes to both of them with a team. I was about the only one that was still using team of horses. I hauled to Del Monte and I hauled potatoes to Stratford's potato seller with a team. I used horses until the day I quit farming for a living. I had farmed all my life but I quit farming for a living in the fall of 1951 and went to work for the Amalgamated Sugar Company stacking sugar over at the big warehouse on Wilson Lane. During the depression we had a drought. That was before Pineview Dam was built. My father was one of the instigators of getting the Pineview Dam up there. They had a drought and it got so dry that when we planted sugar beets, 4 there wasn't enough water to harvest part of them. The government put in a well and pumped water into the ditch but it wasn't enough to supply all the water we needed. Part of our crops we didn't even harvest that year. That was during the depression and that didn't help the depression situation either. I have lost my train of thought. With the canning factories here and the sugar beet factory it made a lot of difference to people around here because a lot of the women would work in the canning factories. That supplied a job for a lot of the women during the depression and even after the depression. After things got better, the canning factories were still here and a lot of the young girls and even some of the wives that were not tied down with their family would go to work in these canning factories peeling tomatoes and things like that. We raised peas— the old pea viner sits right in the middle of Marriott in the Marriott home and we would haul peas to the pea viner there. During the depression, the railroad was a main force here, it was the hub of Ogden. Anyone that had a railroad job during the depression was sitting pretty, and they were in good shape. One spring we sold potatoes we pitted them in the winter and then got them out of the pit in the spring and sold them for twenty cents per hundred, and they had to buy a sack to put them in on top of that. It was hard times, but I wouldn't change my childhood for anything. I would not trade my childhood for any of the childhoods of today. We were taught to work. Everyone had some milk cows, two, three, up to— we had between fifteen and twenty all the time and the milk check was our 5 main income until the crops came in in the fall. We traded veal calves to the grocery store for groceries. Even during the depression we were never hungry. We didn't have all the money that we wanted. I have a school ring, it cost eight dollar, and I graduated in 1939. Even at that time dad didn't have eight dollars to give me to buy a school ring. My brother Grant had eight dollars and give it to me and I bought my school ring and I still have it today. I remember the price of gas. Bingham's had a store on the corner of 1200 West and 1200 South. Gas was eighteen cents a gallon. I used to go home from school at noon for lunch part of the time if I didn't take lunch to school. I would go down to the old chicken coop and get three eggs and take it down to Bingham's store and trade the three eggs for an ice cream cone. Things were close, things were cheap, but everything was in comparison. Groceries were cheap so it didn't cost a lot of money for groceries and things like that. We had our own produce and our own potatoes and stuff like that, our own meat and milk so we were in good shape as far as something to eat. We never went hungry but we didn't have all the money we wanted to buy things. I had two pair of overalls, one to do the chores in and one to wear to school. I had two good pair I would wear one pair a week, one shirt and one pair of overalls a week and then they were washed the next Monday and I wore the other pair for a week. When I went to high school even at that time I had a pair of pants, one pair of pants for the school year and a couple of shirts. The teacher took us up to Malan's Peak, on a geology trip and I wore the whole cuff bottom of the pants off. The last two or three weeks of school I had to wear my 6 church pants to school because we didn't have enough money to buy another pair of pants. When I was over in the old home, we had a coal stove in the kitchen, and we had a dining room and a front room with a pot belly stove in there and it would heat them. That is the only heat we had in the house. We had the wash house that is my front room today. It was moved off of DDO and across the street when we lived in it. That was where mother did the washing. She had a coal stove up there and she would go up and heat the water in an old copper boiler on the coal stove and every Monday was wash day. She would heat the water up and that is the reason it got the name the wash house. We got running water in the house and we still had the coal stove, but we had a hot water heater where the water was heated with the coal stove, and it went through kind of a little reservoir in the side of the stove, circulated, and heated the water into the water tank. Then mother would get up at four o'clock in the morning and do the washing. In the winter time she would put the clothes out on the line and they would freeze dry and then she would bring them in and roll them up and put them in the basket. The next day she would iron them all. At that time we got an electric pump so we could pump water out to the barn so we had water for the horses and cows. Before that we had a well, with a bucket in it. You pulled the bucket up with a pulley and dumped it into the trough for the cows and the horses to drink. At one time we had a well out at the corner of the house, just off the corner of the house by the cement and we had a pitcher pump in it. Then we 7 would use the well to hang our butter and milk and stuff down into the well to keep it cool. A house was built so that the walls were thick and even when dad built on to the original adobe house he made a three brick wall where he built on. We never had pipes for inside the house even though we didn't have any heating in the house at night. Once in awhile they used to heat up an old flat iron and put it in the bottom of the bed and get your feet warm when you first went to bed. Ordinarily we never had to have anything. Me and my brother always fought to see who was going to get out behind the old kitchen stove. Dad would come out at a quarter to five in the morning and call us and he would light the fire in the kitchen stove. He would always have it prepared at night ready to light in the morning and he would light the fire in the stove and then we would run out and get behind the stove because it sat out a couple of feet from the wall. Me and my brother would go out and get behind where the heat was going up the stove pipes while we put our clothes on. That was our heat until we got out to do the chores. We always had the chores to do with the cows and the horses. We had six head of horses and around fifteen head of cows usually. We would go out in the morning, dad would get us up in the summer time, and we were up at quarter to five and we would go out. I don't know why but after I got older I loved horses and dad always let me get the six head of horses ready, curry them, feed them, water them, and put the harness on them. They would go and do the milking while I got the horses ready. Then we would go in and have breakfast and we 8 were out in the field by eight o'clock in the morning. In the winter we had to stable the cows so there were the stables to clean and the cows to take care of in the winter. We always had to feed and bed the cows and clean the stables in the winter. In the summer, sometimes we would put a little corral in the corner of the pasture and we would have our cows trained so we could just walk up and sit down to them and milk them right in the corner of the pasture and never had to put them in the stands to milk them. We fed our fields off in the fall that way. We would put the cows out in the hay field that had some after growth, the third crop hay and they would feed that off and we would go to the field and milk them. We had a place over in Wilson, forty acres over there and we usually left the cows over there until the first of the year because we had feed over there and the barn. We'd drive over there and milk them, me and my two brothers and dad. We'd put the two cans of milk in the back of the old car and the warmth from the milk would kind of keep us warm on the way home after that. I remember when we got the first side curtains for the car and we thought we were in heaven when we got those side curtains to keep that wind from jumping into the old car. The side curtain was just a flexible piece of canvas with a place in it we could see out. They just clipped onto the side of the car to the door and they opened with the door and stayed right on the door. I started school in the Marriott school in first grade and Miss Robins was my first grade teacher. At that time, if a teacher got married they couldn't teach school anymore. They only taught until they got married and then they couldn't 9 teach anymore. After they were married they were supposed to raise a family and take care of their family. So they wouldn't let married women teach in school. Dad and some of them talked to Miss Robins, she was engaged to Floyd Burnett and he was the principal of the Marriott school, and they were going to get married but they talked them into waiting a year and teaching one more year and she was the best first grade teacher that there ever was. I called her " Flossie," forget her name right now but they got married and they moved. Floyd Burnett was principal of the Marriott school and he started basketball in Marriott. He took us over to the old church, we had baskets in the top of the old Marriott church and they had the floor up there. The M- MEN even played games up there. He would take us over and practice us after school starting in the sixth grade. That is how one year, four out of the five starters on Weber High's team would have been from Marriott if Freddy Powell hadn't had a heart murmur. They wouldn't let him play first string, they used him as a substitute. But four out of the five of Weber High's team were from Marriott. Later on, we had three— the two Morris brothers, Clyde and Floyd Morris, and Delbert Bingham— they had been eligible to play on the M- MEN team but they decided to go up to Weber College. They were first string at Weber College for two years. It was just a junior college and then they went to Utah State and the three of them were first string at Utah State for three years. Marriott has had a good basketball team. I have a trophy that I am going to bring over here. It is a cup from North Weber Stake, at one time there was only four stakes, Weber, North Weber, Ogden and Mt. Ogden were the only four 10 stakes in the area. We played the M- MEN ball in those four stakes. They brought the other stakes in for a tournament at the old Weber College gyM-Menasium, that is where they held the playoff, and after that the two winners from that tournament went to the church finals in Salt Lake. The Marriott ward went to the church finals at that time once and later on we went twice. The last year was, I think, the spring of ' 44 and ' 45 Marriott went to the church finals down in Salt Lake. Julian Powell was our coach most of the years. We didn't have many players but we played Plain City the last year. We played Plain City three different times in three years and there was one point difference in all three games. They beat us twice and we beat them once. We both went to the church finals in Salt Lake. Marriott had a nice ward, a fairly good sized ward. We had all of what we called Butler's Bench and Broom's Bench. My mother was raised there and my grandfather farmed there, there were a lot of homes there. In 1940 the government decided they wanted a supply depot here in this area and the Ogden Chamber of Commerce was given the job of finding the place to locate it. There was a place out in Farr West that had about two homes on it, and it was just salt grass pastures. It would cost hardly anything, just the price of the ground to buy it. It wasn't even top soil. There was also a place out in Cainsville, and they both had railroad to them, they had spurs taken to them from the railroad. The place out in Cainsville was about the same, salt grass and sage brush and very few homes. The Ogden Chamber of Commerce said it has got to be close to Ogden. So they took— I counted them up one day and it was fifty- two homes just out of 11 Marriott that they took for— it was called Utah General Depot when they took it. We had to be out in 1941. I was married the twelfth of June in ' 41 and two weeks later my mother passed away— had a stroke or a heart attack because she was worried so much we had to get out with no place to go and no money to buy a place with. The government just foreclosed and told you to move out. She worried so much that she was standing at the table spreading my little sister a piece of bread and just feel over backwards. She lived ' til about four o'clock the next morning and passed away in the hospital. It cut the Marriott ward in half, it really upset things. The problem was, after they took it they never actually used over a third of the property that they took and then they gave it back to Ogden City and that is where the Nature Center is and where Defense Depot of Ogden ( DDO) is today. They just turned it back over to Ogden City when they closed up. During the war they had a prisoner of war camp for the German and Italian prisoners over on the northwest corner. They would bring the prisoners and have them work in the field. It really had an effect on Marriott. It was such a small ward that if you had a home that you could move off they would sell the home back very cheap. We moved our outbuildings off, moved them across the street. Our old home is the one that is the home on the Nature Center today. That is where I was born and raised, in the home that is still on the Nature Center. One of about two homes that is left in the whole area. It was there before the government took over. 12 After mother died, my sister and her husband, Mildred and Ellis Slater, moved the house that my uncle had lived in. It was a frame and they moved it off of the area and moved it across the street and just East of the railroad tracks. It was a fair- sized house. My father and my two younger sisters moved in with one of my older sisters and her husband. Dad lived there for eight years until he remarried. My other sisters finally got married too, a little later on. My uncle Leonard moved in with them too. We used to get by with what we had. Mother's death was quite a shock to us because it came so quickly. I had an old ' 29 Desoto car and she had been up to see my sisters, in it to see how they were getting along with the house. My sister and her husband were moving. She came back and got out of the car and I got in it to take one of the fellows home that was working for us on the farm and she went in and fell, had a heart attack or stroke, whatever it was. That was the last I talked to my mother. When Weber High School was first built they didn't have a football field. Dad let them use our pasture that was up there on 12th street to come down and practice football in. That is where they practiced football the first two or three years I think after Weber High School was built. When I was put in as Bishop, I think we had two hundred and eleven or two hundred and eighty- one members. It might have been two hundred and eighty- one members in the ward is all we had. Everyone had two or three jobs. At the time, before I was put in Bishop, I was explorer leader and superintendent of the Sunday school at the same time. I was in the Mutual Improvement Association ( MIA) and Clifford Blair was President and Martin Buck was the 13 counselor with me when we put on the ward reunions. The MIA used to put the ward reunions on at that time, so I had a chance to take care of that. I was the activity counselor so I am going to tell you a little bit about the ward reunions we used to have at this time. We used to have a two day ward reunion. On Friday they would let the Marriott school out at noon and we would go up there and they would have a program, dinner and a dance with an orchestra in the afternoon for the kids. Then on Saturday, we had a program in the morning, dinner, a dance in the afternoon, and then we would come back to another program at night and then a dance after that. During the intermission of the dance they would go down and finish up any food that was left down in the kitchen at night. We had to get the programs, at that time people were very giving of their time, it wasn't anything to ask a person to come and sing or play an instrument or to put on something. I remember getting the Osmond brothers. When they first started out they were stood them on what used to be our sacrament table. They were so small that the four of them stood on there to sing. They were just starting out singing and I got them to come and sing at our ward reunion. Marriott and Slaterville just traded back and forth. Everyone from Marriott would go down to Slaterville and everyone from Slaterville would come to Marriott. We had them in the old churches. In the basement of the old Marriott church we cooked everything on a coal stove, later we finally got two coal stoves down there. We cooked everything— had to pack water in and pack water out, dump the water in a tub and back it out. The toilet was out in back. We got 14 along with that for a good many years. We put the water in when I was a counselor in the bishopric. I went in the bishopric in ' 52 and that is when we got water in the church. Before, we had a pitcher pump that they used to put water in the boiler for the old heaters to heat the church. The old heaters would clang and clang when water would start coming into them. I was in the bishopric for nine years with Bishop Marion Powell and then I was called on the High Council and was in charge of the stake farm for six years until I got off the high council. When my oldest boy was old enough to go to Priesthood meeting I said, " I am going to take him, I am not going to send him," so I got off the high council at that time. I got back into the ward and then I was Explorer Leader and Sunday School Superintendent. Then I was made Bishop in June of ' 69. We were always one of the top wards as far as attendance for our Aaronic Priesthood. Even when I was in the bishopric over in the old building our ward was always the top ward in attendance, both boys and girls the MIA. We had real good attendance. That is the only way we was able to survive when they cut the ward in half. Everyone was so willing to work and we had good attendance, a high percentage of attendance. That made things work out pretty good. Dad was President of the Farm Bureau here in the ward for years and I remember when I was real small he used to have Farm Bureau days up at the Ogden Stadium. They would have horse pulling up there. Dad would always take us up to the horse pulling up to the old Warren Farr Park. Then later on they formed the Farm Bureau Baseball League. Dad got a team organized and they played up where Leland Stanger lives today. I don't know who the ground 15 really belonged to. Jimmy Reader put his cows in there for a long time, but I don't know who actually owned the ground. Whoever it was, let them build a baseball diamond on it. Then we had a Farm Bureau League in there for a few years. I don't remember just how many. Afterwards, the younger ones that played Farm Bureau ball had diamonds where they played. The Farm Bureau was quite important at that time. We had a good baseball team, I was old enough at the time, but we had a good baseball team. I never played. I went to the Marriott school for the first seven grades and then they moved the eighth grade from Marriott and Farr West into Harrisville. I went to Harrisville in the eighth grade. I played basketball on the Harrisville team in the eighth grade and then ninth through the twelfth I was at Weber High. For some reason they took Marriott and some of the ones around here. My sister said she started up there in the seventh grade, I don't know for sure but I think she said she went to school up there from the seventh grade on. I had four years at Weber High where most of them only got three. We didn't have a ball team in the ninth grade but I played for Weber in the tenth grade and the tenth grade league. I played for Weber in the tenth and then played for high school in eleventh and then the senior year I got cut off the team and I played M- MEN ball. We had a M- MEN team that year. I've lived here for eighty- five years now and it has been a wonderful place to live. I wouldn't trade my childhood for anything. We went out at night— when I was a kid, a bunch of us— we'd get together and go play " Kick The Can" or " Run Sheepy Run." After a hard day's work we would still have fun. We would go 16 swimming in the summer down in the old Mill Creek. just off of 1200 West. I was in Clifford Blair's place at that time and there was brush all the way around it, we didn't have to worry about a swimsuit. That is where I learned to swim. When we got older we went over to the river where there was a deeper hole. We had a couple of holes in the old river where we used to go swimming. I graduated from Weber High in 1939 and at that time, it wasn't actually during the depression, but things were not good. The economy was not good until after the war started, actually in ' 41 when the economy started to pick up. But, I have loved where I have lived and it has always been good to me. One thing that my dad pounded into our head was honesty. I have been tested so many times, I have been tested, I don't know why but I have always been given a little extra money or something and through dad's example I have seen that if my kids come out of the store with extra change I have seen that they took it back. When I was in the service down in Mineral Wells, Texas, my two oldest children and my wife were down there and my daughter wanted a whistle. Her mother told her that she couldn't have one and her and the lady she was with were walking down the street and here was this whistle blowing. She turned around and took her back and made her go back and give the whistle back to the man in the store and apologize. She was only three years old. That is the lesson we have tried to teach our children is to be honest. We have been tested. I found a ten dollar bill laying on the floor in the store one day and no idea who it belonged to. I didn't know what to do with it, if I gave it to somebody they would put it in their pocket, I didn't want to put it in my pocket so me and my wife just 17 stood there for a little while and there was a couple that came up and acted like they were looking around for something and they looked around and then they headed for the door. I just went over and walked up to the side of them and said, " Did you lose something?" The lady says, " I sure did. I lost a ten dollar bill. We were going to use it for a layaway for my boy for a Christmas present." She just thanked me. But I have been tested so many times that way. Just the other day I went to a store and bought some stuff and a fellow made a mistake so he didn't charge me tax and I spent almost a hundred dollars. So I called him back and told him and he says, " Well, don't make a special trip just to drop it off," then he stopped for a minute and said, " It was my mistake, just forget it." I told him, " If the mistake was the other way I'd be calling you too. I want to be honest," and he said, " just forget it." But so many times I have been given something extra and had to go and give it back because that is the way I was taught by my dad and the way he lived his life. When I was younger, 12th street went down and went on down past where the highway is today and then down through Slaterville and then over through Farr West andcrawled over the river and then into Plain City. I have seen the change from when we used to have to go over the old river bridge. There was no overpass. You went across the railroad and over the river bridge and over into Wilson Lane or else you went on down through Slaterville. Then they put the overpass in and changed and put 1900 West in and that was really a big deal for some time. Then they put in the freeway, it was another expansion and then the Willard Bay Canal went in. There has been a lot of changes that took place in 18 the years that I have been in the community. It has been a great community to live in. I had a chance to sell my place here awhile back. The government wanted it when r a contractor wanted it to build another Internal Revenue Service ( IRS) building. We told them we would sell and then my wife and I drove around looking for a place where we thought we would maybe like to build. We both drove back in the garage and said, " Let's just stay here." So we told them we changed our mind and we weren't going to sell and I'm still there today. 19 Interviewee: Carl Hodson May 22, 2007 (" UV" stands for " Unidentified Voice") CH: I am Carl William Hodson. I was born in 1921 here in Marriott. I have lived in Marriott all of my life. I lived in this house here since we were married. This room that we are in right here now was our home for the first seven years of our marriage. I think it was seven years. It was moved from over where the Nature Center is today. It was a storage shed, we call it the wash house because mother washed clothes in it all the time over there until we had water in the house. Mother used to have a coal stove with an old copper boiler and she would heat the water in this room and wash the clothes in the summer and winter in there and hang them out on the line to dry. When the government took over, Dad moved this over here and had it remodeled into two rooms. There was a petition put down. I suppose we had a bedroom and a kitchen and a coal stove and we had a big old radio that stood in the corner. We had three children in this one room and then for awhile my brother- in- law would pull up a cot in the kitchen and he slept here with us for a short time. This room here has been very special to us as a family. This is one of the Marriott ward basketball teams before I ever started playing with them. Starting from the right side on the back row is Clyde Hipwell, Deloss Bingham, Cornelius DeFriez, Marvin Buck, Wesley DeFriez, Clyde Morris, Euki DeFriez, Wayne Stanger, Julian Powell and Alma Slater. Clifford Blair was the coach and Delbert Bingham, Boss Bingham they called him, he assisted him at this time. He wasn't coach with him very long but he was at this time. The Marriott ward had some of the best basketball team there were in the state. They 20 took a lot of the championships and we got trophies and that. We had been to the church finals in Salt Lake three years for the Marriott Ward. This is Bill Morris's grandfather. Clyde was an outstanding athlete. He never did play high school basketball. He played M- MEN basketball and then he and his brother Floyd and Delbert Bingham decided to go to college. They went to the old Weber College when it was just a two year college and they played first string there, all three of them, for two years. Then they, all three, went to Utah State for two years and they finished their education and they were first string players on Utah State's team for two years up there. My first memories of growing up in Marriott were quite special to me. I was born in the home where the Nature Center is today. There were seven of us in the family and I had a wonderful childhood. Growing up on the farm, I started driving a team of horses before I was eight years old. I loved the farm and being able to be out on the farm. My sister and I started thinning beets before we was old enough to use the hoe. We just went along and took the double beets out after dad went down the row and spaced them. That way we could help him load faster and do some of the work with him. We had a wonderful childhood. It was during hard times, but we were never hungry and we enjoyed our family life when we were little. We played games in the evening and all together as a family. Especially the children would get together and play Crokinole and games like that. We enjoyed each other. Crokinole was you played on a board and it had four pockets, one in each corner of the board. It had rings that you flipped with your finger and you had 21 what they called a " tah," which was a white ring, and you put them all in a pile and you split them with this " tah" and then you would see how many you could get in the corner pockets. You played as partners. The two partners that got the most at the end would win the game. There was a black ring that you put it in the center of the pile. The one that got the black ring in got an extra twenty- five points. That is how you played the Crokinole game. We played " Kick The Can" when we would get together. We'd get some boys and go down on Bingham's corner. There was an arc light down there. In the summertime we would go down there and place a can out in the middle of the road and you'd go hide and somebody was supposed to go watch the can. You had to be able to slip in behind the one that was watching the can and kick the can. Everybody that had been caught was turned free again and they went and hid. Everyone had to be caught before the one that was watching the can got to go and hide. Then " Run- Sheepy- Run"— I am not as familiar with that right now as I used to be, but it was another game where we went and hid and someone would have to come and find you. In the summertime sometimes we'd go over a quarter mile away and hide. We'd have to go and search out the fields and find where they were hiding. My Grandmother come from England. They went up the Mississippi to Missouri, up the Missouri to Ashton, Kansas and at Ashton, Kansas they got off. They had been so short on food on the boat when they were coming that her father had left all the food for the kids. Just a few days after they got to Ashton, Kansas he passed away, and he is buried in there. Grandma was sixteen years old and she walked as a pioneer all the way to Salt Lake City. She came with 22 David Valentine, the company clear from England on the boat and he brought them right on out to Salt Lake. They came as a wagon train, not as a handcart company, but she walked all the way. There was not room in the wagons so she walked, a lot of it was bare foot. Grand- dad came from England too. He came a little later. He was about sixteen years old when he was in Nauvoo with the Prophet. He and his father, John Hodson, bid the Prophet goodbye as they went down the martyrdom trail and went to Carthage Jail where he was killed. My great- Grandfather was a wagon maker and they stayed— after they left Nauvoo they just went across the border, I don't know which state, and he made wagons for the pioneers to use to come out here to Utah. They both settled in the Kaysville/ Layton area and that is where my Grandmother and Grandfather met. Grandfather came up here, cleared ground and homesteaded. This is the ground that he homesteaded when they were first married out here. They lost seven children before they were five years old. Grandma lost her little girl and it upset her so bad she didn't want to stay here anymore so they went across the street and bought two acres of ground off of Allen who had married Grand- dad's sister. He had homesteaded across the street and sold them two acres over there. They built a log cabin on that and the log cabin is still here in the ward that they lived in. They raised several of their family in this log cabin. Dad farmed all his life. The boys all wanted to be farmers, but things were changing. There wasn't enough ground at that time for three or four to make a living on one farm. I farmed for several years after we were married, then I had 23 to go out and get a job. My brother Grant wanted to stay on the farm so I went and got a job and he went to work off the farm. I have had some ground to run even though I had a job on the side. I farmed all my life. Farming is what I was going to do so I never thought I needed to go to college. That is one occupation you need college experience for now, learn all these new techniques and all the pesticides and insecticides and everything. You need a college education to be a farmer nowadays. I think the golden age of the community here was when I was real small. Life was so simple, we traded farm equipment and we did everything together. The farmers would get together and take care of one another. If something happened to one of the farmers the others would go in and harvest his crops and do whatever they had to do. I think that was the golden age. It was a real special time in my life when my mother died. It was the time of the pea season. The whole ward turned out and harvested the whole pea crop and took them to the pea vinery and took care of the crop for dad when my mother died. She was only fifty- five years old. We had just been moved out of our home over where it was DDO. She was worried and had a stroke/ heart attack or something. She died and the ward came in and took care of us at that time. I think the greatest disaster that I ever remember in the ward was the first few months when we were married we lived in the upstairs of my Uncle Rudolph Perry's home. It was a two story building down on the corner of 1200 West and 1200 South. One Sunday morning it caught on fire and the fire department responded. They got down there but they didn't know how to get the water out of 24 the ditch. We had it all backed up so they could pump it out of the ditch, which they had to do at that time. The fireman wasn't experienced enough so the pump sucked air and they couldn't get it primed again and it burnt the house to the ground. All of our wedding presents that we had— all of the nice things that we didn't have room for in the two rooms here we had left down there in storage and it burned all of our best wedding presents that we had. That was the biggest disaster that we ever had in our life. I think some of the most influential people that I have known in the community is Bishop Richie and his counselor Lawrence Slater and some of the old timers that were leaders in the church. Bishop Richie was bishop for twenty-two years. Lawrence Slater was in there most of the time with him. They were a great influence on a lot of people. The Powell's have been a great influence. Bishop Marion Powell was bishop for eleven years. I was a counselor to him for nine out of the eleven years. He had a great knowledge of things and he really got the ward going financially after we were divided. They took away so many members when they took the DDO. He was a great influence. Julian Powell lived here and was quite an influence in the ward. There have been a lot of people that have been outstanding members of the ward. The DeFriez's— they were Dutch and they had a large family. They were a great influence to the ward. This is a Marriott Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints seal that has been in the Marriott ward for ever since it was organized I 25 guess, and even before it was organized. I am not sure when it was made but it is the first seal of the Marriott Ward Corporation. I feel that the stamp, the corporation stamp, was the leadership of the church and the leaders of the community. They had these stamped to seal their official business as a corporation at the time that the ward was formed and when it was incorporated. The Bamburger railroad was an electric line that ran from Ogden to Salt Lake. I guess it must have took care of Salt Lake. My parents used to go out to Salt Air on the Bamburger. When I went into the service in 1945, the Bamburger was still running and I caught the Bamburger and went to Salt Lake. I was inducted into the army at Fort Douglas down there. At one time the railroad went clear to Manti. Whether that was the Bamburger I do not know, but my mother and dad were married in the Manti temple in 1911 and I was wondering why they went clear down to Manti? They went on the railroad, so the Bamburger must have been clear to Manti and my Grandmother's family, many of them were working in the Manti temple. That is where they wanted to be married, so they went on the railroad down there. When we were young there was a new family that moved into the ward and it was a young girl and a family. I kind of had my eye on her but she had her eye on somebody else. She moved in when she was twelve but I didn't get to know her for awhile. After she got older we were in a roadshow where the wards took roadshows around to all the different wards in the stake. We were in the roadshow together and on our first date we went to Farr West. It was our last 26 place to show the roadshow and I asked her if she would come home with me and mother and dad were kind of in charge of the roadshow at mutual, so there was the van and some of the others in the family and all the room left was for her to sit on my lap in the back seat. That was our first date, the first time I took her home. Then we got together and we were married in the Salt Lake temple on the 12th of June 1941. We moved in to these two rooms here and then we had Donna and Brant. I went into the service and then my wife Louise and Donna and Brant, they decided they were going to come down to Camp Wolters, Texas and be with me while I was in basic. Them and another girl whose husband went at the same time, they went down and stayed at the Crazy Water Hotel in Mineral Wells, Texas. Then they came home and I came home and went over to Korea as occupational forces in Korea at the end of World War II. I was gone a year to the day. Nancy came along, she was born in 1947. So there were the three children and Louise and I here in the home together. We have raised seven children. We lost a daughter when she was twenty- five or twenty- six years old. We have still got seven out of the eight with us and we sure have appreciated our family. Our courtship went for about four years, but we didn't have an expensive courtship, we had a lot of fun. There were four couples of us that got together and we were the only one of them that wasn't married actually. We went to all the dances in the ward and the stake and different activities. We went camping together especially after we were married. We had a wonderful time together. Some of us was playing basketball so we went to the basketball games. That 27 was the reason we were with the others mostly, were because we was playing basketball together. One fellow didn't play basketball. I remember one incident— we went to a formal dance. The oldest fellow that wasn't playing basketball— he had a Jeep Willey. They were just a little car and we went to a formal dance and eight of us got out of that little Willey. People stood there with their mouth open wondering how we all got into that Willey with the women having formals on. Julian Venice Powell was real close to us too. We did a lot of farming together and we used to get together and take potatoes out of the pit. We would go down and sit in the old barn at night with the lights on and cut the potato seed. Juke and Venice would come down and help us cut the potato seed. Then we went and planted them. When we were in the sugar beets we would harvest our sugar beets and then go down to Julian Powell's and harvest his sugar beets. We worked together on a lot of farm projects. They were very close, here in the second house east of us for many years. They came in to our home one night and our daughter had— it was our son that night— had croop and they had come down and were going to take him to the hospital for us and take us with him. When they got here the croop kind of loosened up so we didn't have to. They were always real close to us, and we went on trips with them. Our first trip up through Idaho and Oregon— the six out of the eight of us that are together in this group went as far as Vale, Oregon on a trip. We were real close and shared a lot of experiences together. Julian has had a lot of influence on our lives. 28 One other thing that I didn't find out until I was going through the records was that Hyrum Willard Marriott was the one that confirmed me a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints I am not positive, but Moroni Marriott was the second bishop of the Marriott ward. My Uncle Dolph Perry bought his home from Moroni Marriott and there was a grainery on the property, and I am not positive but I would say, that Moroni Marriott probably built the grainery. After my Uncle died, my cousin Sarah Perry gave me the grainery and I moved it up here and it is still sitting behind my house here today. The house that Uncle Dolph lived in, it burnt down in the fire. It was on the northwest corner just off of 1200 West and 1200 South in Marriott.

Untersuchungen zur Rohstoffeffizienz der Forst-Holz-Kette vor dem Hintergrund der Forstreform in Ghana Im Jahr 1994 wurde in Ghana eine Forstreform durchgeführt, mit dem Ziel, das Artenspektrum der kommerziell nutzbaren Bäume zu vergrößern, den Holzverlust in der Forst-Holz-Kette zu reduzieren sowie die Verarbeitungsprozesse in der Holzindustrie zu optimieren. Um den Erfolg dieser politisch motivierten Ziele sicherzustellen, wurden ein Exportverbot für Rundholz und Mindestpreise für den Verkauf von Holz auf dem Stock erlassen, die an die internationalen Marktpreise angepasst waren. In dieser Arbeit soll die Effizienz dieser Maßnahmen genauer beleuchtet werden. In einem ersten Abschnitt werden die Auswirkungen des Exportverbots von Rundholz (LEB=log export ban) ab 1995 auf die weiter verarbeitende Industrie, die Preisentwicklung auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene sowie die Nutzung des vorhandenen Artenspektrums mit statistischen Methoden untersucht. Dafür standen zwei Zeitreihen der Timber Industry Development Division (TIDD), einer Abteilung der Forstkommission von Ghana, zur Verfügung. Der erste Datensatz umfasst den Zeitraum von 1984 bis 2005, während der zweite, detailliertere Datensatz die Periode von 1995 bis 2005 abdeckt. Im zweiten Abschnitt der Arbeit wurde die bei Holzerntemaßnahmen erzielte Rundholzausbeute analysiert. Dazu wurden im Rahmen von Fallstudien Holzerntemaßnahmen mit detaillierten Untersuchungen begleitet. Verglichen wurden die aufgrund der Dimension und der Qualität der eingeschlagenen Bäume verwertungstechnisch objektiv nutzbaren Holzmengen mit denjenigen Rundholzmengen, die tatsächlich zur Verarbeitung gelangten. In die Untersuchung wurde die Kontrolle und Ausführung der Arbeit miteinbezogen. Aus den Ausbeutedaten wurden Modelle zur Berechnung eines angemessenen Stockpreises sowohl für einzelne Baumarten als auch als Durchschnittswerte entwickelt. Ein weiterer Arbeitsschritt befasste sich mit der Schnittholzausbeute im Sägewerk. Ebenfalls im Rahmen von Fallstudien wurden das eingesetzte Rundholz und das daraus erzeugte Schnittholz hinsichtlich Volumen und Qualität verglichen und die Gründe für Ausbeuteunterschiede analysiert. Die Analyse des Produktionsprozesses deckte dabei auf, welche Faktoren bei welchen Arbeitsschritten zu den beobachteten Verlusten bei der Schnittholzausbeute beitragen. Dabei wurden sowohl technische Faktoren als auch Motivation und Ausbildungsstand der Arbeiter berücksichtigt. Auswirkungen des Exportverbots – Entwicklung der Exportmengen In dem Zeitraum vor Inkrafttreten des Rundholzexportverbots in den Jahren 1984 bis 1985 betrug das Gesamtexportvolumen von Holz und Holzprodukten ca. 5,7 Mio. m³. Daran hatten Rundholz- und Sägeholzexporte einen Anteil von 55% bzw. 39%, während die Anteile von veredelten Produkten deutlich niedriger waren: Furnier 4,1%, Sperrholz 0,4% und Fertigwaren aus Holz 1,4%. In den Jahren zwischen 1996 und 2005, in denen sich das Rundholzexportverbot auswirkte, betrug das exportierte Gesamtvolumen von Holz und Holzprodukten 4,5 Mio. m³. Daran hatte das Sägeholz einen Anteil von 54%, während der Anteil weiterverarbeiteter Produkte deutlich zunahm: Furnier 21,3%, Sperrholz 10,5% und Hobelware bzw. Holzprodukte 14,2%. Die Analyse der Wirkung des Exportverbots für Rundholz aus Ghana zeigt, dass durch diese Maßnahme ein deutlich höherer Anteil der Wertschöpfung im Land verbleibt. Vor allem die Herstellung von Furnieren, Sperrholz und veredelten Holzprodukten stieg deutlich an. In dieser Hinsicht wird die Hypothese gestützt, dass ein Exportverbot von Rundholz die Produktion von höherwertigen Waren im Inland fördert. Weitere Faktoren für die beobachtete quantitative Zunahme und den Wertzuwachs bei den verarbeiteten Produkten dürften auch die Verknappung des Rundholzangebots, die hohen Exportzölle auf Halbfertigwaren (Sägeholz) und finanzielle Investitionsanreize seitens des Staates sein. Preisentwicklung für Exportprodukte Die Untersuchung zeigte, dass der aggregierte Preisindex für alle Holzprodukte, die vor Inkrafttreten des Rundholzexportverbots exportiert wurden, in der Zeit von 1984 bis 1995 inflationsbereinigt um 129% anstieg, während der aggregierte Preisindex nach Inkrafttreten des Rundholzexportverbots im Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2005 um 3% fiel. Dabei stiegen die Exportpreise für die verschiedenen Produkte in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß: Sägeholz um 109%, Furnier um 238%, Sperrholz um 142% und verarbeitete Holzprodukte um 102%. Im Zeitraum nach Eintreten des Rundholzexportverbots ergaben sich demgegenüber folgende Veränderungen in den Preisen: Sägeholz +14,8%, Furnier -21,9%, Sperrholz -47% und verarbeitete Holzprodukte -31,7%. Während die Exportpreise für Furnier an stärksten anzogen, fielen die Preise von Sperrholzprodukten aus tropischen Hölzern, da billige Sperrhölzer auf Nadelholzbasis den Markt eroberten. Auch der stetig ansteigende Einsatz von Holzwerkstoffen wie MDF und OSB im Möbelbau und im konstruktiven Bereich verdrängen tropische Sperrhölzer aus dem Markt. Ein weiterer Grund ist schließlich der starke Konkurrenzdruck auf diese Produkte durch Sperrholz aus chinesischer Produktion. China war bis vor kurzem noch ein wichtiger Importeur von tropischem Sperrholz, ist heute aber bereits einer der größten Exporteure. Die Ursachen für die Preisrrückgänge sind vermutlich auch in globalen Ereignissen zu sehen, wie beispielsweise dem Zusammenbruch der asiatischen Märkte in den Jahren 1997 und 1998, sowie der schwachen Nachfrage nach Waren auf internationalen Märkten zwischen 2000 und 2001, die u. a. aus der wirtschaftlichen Rezession der drei stärksten Volkswirtschaften (USA, Japan, Deutschland) resultierte. Anteil weniger genutzter Baumarten (LUS) Der Anteil der weniger genutzten Baumarten (LUS – lesser used species in Ghana, auch als "Pink" und "Green"-Baumarten bezeichnet) an der Exportmenge blieb auch während des Exportverbots für Rundholz relativ gering. An der Gesamtexportmenge (ca. 4,1 Mio. m³) der sechs Hauptprodukte, die zwischen 1995 und 2005 aus Gahana ausgeführt wurden, betrug der Volumenanteil der "Pink" und "Green" Baumarten nur 12,5% bzw. 1,3%. Die marktgängigen "Scarlet" und "Red"-Baumarten nahmen dagegen einen Mengenanteil von 49% bzw. 29,4% ein, während sonstige Baumarten zu 7,7% beitrugen. Detaillierte Analysen der Statistiken zeigen, dass veredelte Produkte wie Fußböden und Paneele nahezu vollständig aus "Scarlet" und "Red"-Baumarten hergestellt wurden. Der Anteil dieser Baumarten macht bei diesen Produktgruppen 87% bzw. 90% aus. Beide Produktgruppen gehören zu den höchstbezahlten Exportprodukten. In der Regel fordern Kunden und Verbraucher die spezifischen Holzeigenschaften dieser Holzartengruppen, woraus die hohen Anteile bei den hochwertigen Produkten zu erklären sind. Es steht zu erwarten, dass diese Holzarten auch in Zukunft in Produktgruppen dominieren. Wie erwartet, hat der Mengenanteil von luftgetrockneten Sägeholz aus "Scarlet" Baumarten von 83 % im Jahr 1995 auf etwa 6 % im Jahr 2005 abgenommen, während luftgetrocknetes Schnittholz aus den weniger genutzten "Pink"-Baumarten gegenläufig von 6 % im Jahr 1995 auf 22 % in 2005 anstieg. Die Substituierung von "Scarlet" durch "Pink" Baumarten spiegelt die zunehmende Knappheit dieser verwertungstechnisch geschätzten Baumarten wieder. In den letzten Jahren wurden durch die Forstverwaltung erhöhte Abgaben auf einfaches, luftgetrocknetes Schnittholz erhoben, welches aus den zunehmend knapper werdenden Hauptbaumarten hergestellt wird. Auch darin könnte die wachsende Bevorzugung der weniger genutzten Baumarten in diesem Produktbereich erklärt werden. Entgegen der Erwartungen blieb jedoch der hohe Anteil der Hauptbaumarten im Bereich des kammergetrockneten Sägeholzes stabil. Die Bevorzugung der "Scarlet" Baumarten für diese Produkte ist nicht zuletzt auf deren deutlich besseres Verhalten bei der künstlichen Trocknung zurückzuführen. Forschungsvorhaben und verbesserte praktische Erfahrungen über die technische Trocknung der bisher weniger genutzten Baumarten könnten dazu beitragen, dass auch in diesem höherwertigen Bereich zunehmend eine Substitution stattfindet. Ausbeuteverluste und mögliche Ursachen in der Forst- Holz-Kette Die Frage der Ausbeuteverluste und ihrer möglichen Ursachen entlang der Forst-Holz-Kette wurde methodisch im Rahmen eines Fallstudien-Ansatzes untersucht. Dazu wurden die Nutzungsgebiete von drei unterschiedlichen Konzessionären (A, B, D) ausgewählt, die von ihrer geographischen Lage und ihrer Struktur her für die primäre Holzverarbeitung durch die Industrie in Ghana typisch sind. Insgesamt 135 Bäume aus neun Baumarten wurden für diese Studie ausgewählt. Dabei handelt es sich um die für die Vermarktung bedeutendsten Baumarten. Das theoretisch holzindustriell verwendbare Volumen aller Bäume in dieser Studie belief sich auf 2.177 m3, d. h. im Durchschnitt 16 m3 je Baum. Tatsächlich aufgearbeitet und zum Sägewerk transportiert wurden jedoch nur 1.638 m3 oder 12 m3 je Baum. Damit betrug die durchschnittliche Ausbeutequote 75+/-11,82%, während gut 25% (539 m3) des an sich industriell verwendbaren Holzes als Hiebsreste im Wald verblieben. Sowohl der Zopfdurchmesser als auch die Länge dieser Reststücke, wie auch ihre Qualität wären durchaus für eine weitere Bearbeitung im Sägewerk geeignet gewesen. Während der Feldaufnahmen konnten ungenügende Arbeitstechniken und mangelhafte Überwachung als die wichtigsten Gründe für diese geringe Rundholzausbeute identifiziert werden. Dabei spielt auch die herrschende Praxis, nach der der Stockpreis ermittelt wird, den die Firmen an den Staat entrichten müssen, eine Rolle: Da nur für das tatsächlich aus dem Wald exportierte Holz gezahlt werden muss, ergibt sich für die Konzessionäre kein finanzieller Anreiz dafür, die gefällten Bäume möglichst vollständig industriell zu nutzen. Aus diesem offensichtlichen Missstand wurde die Notwendigkeit abgeleitet, Modelle zu entwickeln, die zur Bestimmung der gesamten potentiell vermarktbaren Holzmenge eines stehenden Baumes herangezogen werden können, um so den Stockpreis (stumpage fee) rechnerisch zu bestimmen. Auf der Basis der Versuchsergebnisse wurden drei allometrische Funktionen berechnet, die für eine Schätzung des nutzbaren Volumens herangezogen werden können. Für die Bildung von baumartenspezifischen Modellen wurden drei in Ghana vom Mengenaufkommen her wichtige und markgängige Baumarten herangezogen: Akasaa (Chrysophyllum albidum), Wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) und Ofram (Terminalia superba). Darüber hinaus wurden auch generelle Modelle ohne spezifischen Bezug auf einzelne Baumarten entwickelt. Als Datengrundlage dafür wurden neben den drei genannten Hauptbaumarten die Arten von neun weiteren Baumarten herangezogen. Im Allgemeinen hatten artenspezifische Modelle eine bessere Vorhersagbarkeit als gemischte Modelle. Der Grund könnte in der höheren Homogenität der beobachteten und der vorhergesagten Variablen bei den artenspezifischen Modellen liegen. Die Modelle, die auf der Basis der Variablen Brusthöhendurchmesser (DBH) und kommerziell nutzbarer Schaftlänge (L) die nutzbare Holzmenge schätzen, waren jenen Modellen überlegen, die als Variable lediglich den DBH heranziehen. Allerdings ist eine zutreffende Ermittlung der kommerziell nutzbaren Schaftlänge stehender Bäume in der Praxis schwierig. Auch die nur auf dem DBH basierenden Modelle konnten die sägefähigen Stammholzanteile einschließlich stärkerer Kronenanteile mit hinreichender Genauigkeit schätzen. Ein so genanntes Log-Tracking-System, das in Ghana eingeführt werden soll, könnte die Anwendung dieser Modelle in der Praxis begünstigen. Wenn mit ihrer Hilfe die tatsächlich genutzten Stammvolumina zuverlässiger als bisher ermittelt werden, kann mittels der entwickelten Modelle auf das reale, nutzbare Volumen der Bäume auf dem Stock zurückgeschlossen werden, und eine realistische Bestimmung des Stockgeldes (stumpage fee) wäre so möglich. Die Nutzung der entwickelten Modelle in der Praxis zur Festsetzung eines realistischen Stockpreises haben jedoch ihre Grenzen: Wenn sich im Zeitablauf die Ausbeuterelationen fundamental ändern, müssen durch aktuelle Untersuchungen die hier aufgestellten Modelle neu parametrisiert werden. Ausbeuteverluste und mögliche Ursachen im Sägewerk Um die Ausbeute von Schnittholz in der weiteren Bearbeitungsstufe zu bestimmen, wurden im Rahmen der Fallstudie in 4 Sägewerken (A, B, C, D) insgesamt 189 Stämme eingeschnitten. Dazu wurden folgende, für Ausbeute und Qualität ausschlaggebende Faktoren aufgenommen: • Dimension und Volumen des eingesetzten Rundholzes • Zeitraum zwischen Fällung und Verarbeitung der Stämme • Risse, Fäule, Pilzbefall und sonstige Fehler am Rundholz • Schnittbild • Einschnitttechnologien • Qualität des Einschnitts (Maßhaltigkeit) • Volumen und Qualität des erzeugten Schnittholzes Die durchschnittliche Schnittholzausbeute lag bei 28,3% und war damit deutlich niedriger als die in vergleichbaren Studien angegebenen Werte. Die Ausbeute schwankte zwischen nur 1,9% für die Baumart Otie (Pycnanthus angolensis), die im Sägewerk A eingeschnitten wurde, bis hin zu 52.6% für Mahagonie (Khaya ivorensis), eingeschnitten in Werk B. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die geringe Qualität und die hohen Materialverluste überwiegend auf die lange Lagerzeit zwischen Fällung und Einschnitt zurückzuführen waren. Alle Otie-Stämme (Pycnanthus angolensis) und die meisten der Wawa –Sägestämme (Triplochiton scleroxylon) zeigten tiefe Risse an der Stirnseite sowie starken Pilzbefall, was zu hohen Ausbeuteverlusten führte. Für die Baumart Otie (Pycnanthus angolensis) wurden durchschnittliche Zeiträume von 6 Monaten vom Einschlag bis zum Einschnitt ermittelt, für Wawa immerhin noch 4 Monate. Eine entscheidende Schwachstelle ist also die mangelhafte logistische Planung. Die unflexible Ausrichtung in der Schnittholzproduktion auf nur wenige exportgängige Liefermaße verursachte einen hohen Volumenanteil an Sägeresthölzern, die bei einer entsprechenden Einschnittgeometrie und Sortierung durchaus zu Fußböden, Paneelen oder anderen Produkten hätten weiterverarbeitet werden können. Um die Maßhaltigkeit der verwendeten Einschnitttechnologien zu bestimmen, wurden zusätzlich an 267 Brettern in sägefrischem Zustand Breite und Stärke ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zur Maßhaltigkeit des Schnittholzes weisen darauf hin, dass veraltete und schlecht gewartete Sägentechnik für große Volumenverluste beim Einschnitt verantwortlich sind. Schwankungen der Maßhaltigkeit von 2 bis 17% innerhalb eines Brettes konnten bei der untersuchten Schnittware festgestellt werden. Die Streuung der Maßhaltigkeit zwischen den Brettern war signifikant höher, was wiederum eine schlechte Wartung bzw. Justierung der Einschnittaggregate bestätigt. Abschließend muss kritisch angemerkt werden, dass mit 4 Fallstudien der Stichprobenumfang bei der Bestimmung der Einschlagvolumina sowie der Ausbeuteuntersuchungen bei Schnittholz im Sägewerk keine statistisch repräsentativen und auf ganz Ghana verallgemeinerbare Aussagen zulassen. Dennoch sind die Ergebnisse insofern richtungweisend, als dass Ursachen und Faktoren für die hohen Material- und Wertverluste entlang der Forst-Holz-Kette in Ghana aufgezeigt werden. Damit können Lösungsansätze für die logistischen und technischen Probleme erarbeitet, ein effizientes Controlling konzipiert und innovative Ansätze für eine erweiterte Produktpalette entwickelt werden. Diese Maßnahmen sind dringend notwendig, um eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung der Naturwälder Ghanas sicherzustellen und den knappen Rohstoff Holz effizienter zu nutzen. ; SUMMARY: Assessment of raw material utilisation efficiency of the forest-wood chain as influence by the forest sector reform in Ghana. The 1994 forest sector reform in Ghana placed priority on downstream processing, utilisation of lesser-used species (LUS) and improvement of processing efficiency in the timber industry of Ghana. To ensure the success of these policy goals, a ban on exportation of logs was introduced and stumpage fees were adjusted to reflect the realistic timber prices on the international market. This thesis was designed to assess the raw material utilisation efficiency under the influence of the forest sector reform and forest-wood processing chain. The thesis set out to investigate the effects of the log export ban (LEB) policy on the downstream processing, the growth of volume and the prices of the export wood products, and the utilisation of the various timber species. Two sets of time series data as compiled by the Timber Industry Development Division (TIDD) of the Forestry Commission of Ghana were analysed with statistical regressions. The first set of data spanned from 1984 to 2005 whilst the second more detailed data set was compiled from 1995 to 2005. This thesis further assessed, on a case study basis, logging recovery and examined the effect of lax supervision on the logging recovery, and thus justifying the need to develop models to predict the total merchantable volume and logically, the realistic stumpage volume and fees. It continued to assess the sawnwood processing recovery and quantified the volume loss due to sawnwood thickness over-sizing and sawing variation and investigated other factors that contribute to the low sawnwood recovery so as to provide managers and operators with insight into their operation performance and identify ways to improve production. Export market- Volumes Before the LEB policy in the years from 1984 to 1995, the total export volume of wood and wood products was about 5.7 million cubic metres. Out of this volume, log and sawnwood exports accounted for about 55 % and 39 % respectively whilst the contributions from veneer, plywood, and processed wood exports were 4.1 %, 0.4 % and 1.4 % respectively. In the years between 1996 and 2005, the total volume of wood and wood products exported during the LEB policy was about 4.5 million cubic metres. Veneer, plywood, and processed moulding showed increasing shares in the export market, contributing respectively 21.3 %, 10.5 % and 14.2 % during this period, whilst sawnwood accounted for 53.9%. The results of the study showed that the implementation of the log export ban policy in Ghana caused increases in the volume shares of the value-added products such as veneer, plywood and processed wood, which is in agreement with the theory that an LEB policy stimulates the production of value-added products. However, important factors such as shortage of timber supply, high export taxes on the primary products (sawnwood), and investment incentives may have played significant roles in increasing the volume of these products. Export market- Prices The study found that the aggregate price index of all the wood products exported before the LEB policy increased by 129 % compared to the decline of the aggregate price index by -3.9 % during the LEB policy. The growth in the export prices of sawnwood, veneer, plywood and processed wood before the LEB policy were respectively 109 %, 238 %, 142 % and 102 % compared to the corresponding growths or declines of 14.8 %, -21.9 %, -47 % and -31.7 % during the LEB policy. Whilst the export prices of veneer appear to have been bolstered by the increasing market share of re-constituted panels such as MDF and OSB, those of plywood from the tropical forests were eclipsed by the increasing substitution of tropical plywood by softwood plywood and other panels such as MDF and OSB in furniture, millwork, and mouldings production. Another important contributing factor to the decline in the prices of plywood is the intense competition from China, which until recently was a major importer of tropical plywood, and is now a major exporter of plywood. The need to find new markets for tropical plywood could help revive its export trade. These decline in prices also appears also to have been caused by such global factors as the collapse of the Asian economy in 1997 and 1998, and the weak demand for international commodity in 2000 and 2001, resulting from the economic recession of the world's three largest economies (U.S.A., Japan and Germany). Export volume of the traditional (scarlet and red) and the Lesser-Used Species (LUS) (pink and green) species During the LEB policy, the export volume shares of the LUS (pink and green species) stayed relatively low. Out of the total export volume of 4,074,570 m³ of the six main products exported from 1995 to 2005, pink and green species (LUS) contributed only 12.5 % and 1.3 % respectively. Furthermore, scarlet and red species had a respective volume share of 49 % and 29.4 % whilst "other species" contributed 7.7 %. The results indicated that flooring and moulding products were almost exclusively produced from the traditional timber species. About 87 % of the flooring and 90 % of the moulding products were produced from both the scarlet and red species. These two products are among the highly-priced export products. The flooring and moulding products are generally used for decoration purposes and the traditional and highly-valued timber species such as the scarlet and red species are expected to dominate the choice of species for these products. This fact probably explains the high volume contribution of the traditional timber species to the production of flooring and moulding products. In the face of a limited supply of the primary timber species, scarlet and red species obviously should be reserved for the highly-priced products such as flooring and moulding. As expected, the trend in the volume share of air-dried (AD) sawnwood produced from the scarlet species showed a substantial decrease from 83 % in 1995 to about 6 % in 2005, whilst air-dried sawnwood from the pink species increased from about 6 % in 1995 to about 22 % in 2005. The substitution of the scarlet species by the pink species reflects the increasing shortage of supply of the former. Another reason could be the result of systematic efforts by the stakeholders in forest management in Ghana to substitute the LUS species for the scarlet in the production of sawnwood (AD) by imposing levies on sawnwood (AD) produced from the primary timber species. Contrary to expectation, kiln-dried (KD) sawnwood had the most stable volume share from the scarlet species, decreasing only marginally from about 86 % in 1995 to about 84 % in 2005. Technical difficulties in developing kiln-drying schedules for the LUS species may explain a higher percentage volume share of the scarlet species used to produce sawnwood (KD). The logging efficiency and the development of allometric models to predict the realistic stumpage volume In a case study approach, a total of 135 trees from nine timber species were sampled from three logging sites of mills A, B and D to allow for the assessment of logging recovery and the development of models to predict the total merchantable volume. The mills were selected according to the prevailing sawmill industry structure in Ghana. The main species were selected on the basis of their forest availability and economic importance. Wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon), for example, constitutes about 21 % of Forest Inventory Project (FIP) class 1 volume greater than 70 cm in diameter (see Ghana Forestry Department 1989) and hence justifies its higher selection percentage. The merchantable volume of all the trees sampled from the three studied mills totalled 2,177 m³, averaging 16.0 m³ per tree. The logs that were extracted from this total merchantable volume by the mills amounted to 1,638 m³, averaging 12 m³ per tree. The average logging recovery rate of the three studied logging sites was 75±11.82 % whilst 25 % (539 m³) of the merchantable volume was left at the logging site as residues. On the basis of the small-end diameter and length values, the merchantable wood residues were of sufficient quality to warrant their utilisation. For example, the small-end diameter of the residues ranged from 41 cm for ofram (Terminalia superba) to 60 cm for wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) whilst the average length of the residues also varied between 4.2 m for sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) and 8.5 m for wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon). The study identified insufficient working techniques and lax supervision as one of the major causes of low logging recovery and the existing practice of fixing stumpage fees gives only weak economical incentives to improve volume recovery. Therefore the need to develop models to predict the total merchantable volume as a basis for adjusted stumpage fee calculation, was justified. To fix realistic stumpage fees, which take into account the true potential of the harvested trees, three allometric equations were developed to allow for comparison in terms of predictive accuracy. Three main species, namely akasaa (Chrysophyllum albidum), wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon), and ofram (Terminalia superba) were sampled for the construction of the species-specific based models. The mixed-species based models were developed from the three main species and six additional tree species. In general, the species-specific models had a better predictive power than the mixed-species based models and this could be attributed to the relatively higher homogeneity of both the observed and predictor variables of the species-specific based models. Among the mixed-species based models, those that predicted the total merchantable volume indirectly from the log volume had the highest predictive power. The log tracking system which is being introduced in Ghana could benefit from these models. When logging data are available (through the log tracking system) the models could be used to predict the realistic stumpage volume. These models however, were found to perform relatively better for small-sized trees than for large-sized trees over (20 m³). The models that predicted the total merchantable volume from DBH and the total merchantable length had better fits than those that used only DBH as a predictor variable. Nevertheless they have little practical importance because of difficulty in measuring the total merchantable length in the forest. These models have however theoretically showed that, by including the merchantable branches, the general form of allometric equation did not substantially change. DBH as a predictor of the total merchantable volume has several advantages. It is easier and simpler to use since forest inventories include DBH measurements. For the mixed-species based models that predicted the total merchantable volume from DBH only, the site-specific models had a higher predictive power than a single model developed for all-sites, indicating that for a higher accuracy, DBH may be a good predictor of the total merchantable volume of tree species at a specific site. The use of these models, however, presents a limitation. If logging efficiency of individual mills changes substantially over time, the model may have to be validated periodically before it could be applied. Sawmill efficiency In order to determine sawnwood recovery in a case study approach, a total of 189 saw logs were sampled from four mills (Mills A, B, C and D). In order to assess the factors that affect sawnwood recovery, the following inquiries and observations were made and recorded: • Log dimensions (length, diameter at both ends) • Time between felling and processing of logs, • Prior to processing, each sampled saw logs was inspected for defects such as end-splits, rots and fungal blue stain. • Log breakdown technique, • Edging and trimming techniques and • Quality of trimming off-cuts The average sawnwood recovery (28.3 %) found in this study was substantially lower than the reported average recovery rate in the previous studies. The sawnwood recovery ranged from 1.9 % for the otie (Pycnanthus angolensis) processed at mill A to 52.6 % for the mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) processed at mill B. The study found that the poor log quality, resulting mainly from long storage periods between felling and processing, had a substantial effect on the sawnwood volume recovery. All of the otie (Pycnanthus angolensis) saw logs and most of the wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon) saw logs sampled had end-splits and were severely infested with fungal blue stain and thus their low recovery was expected. The low sawnwood recovery reported in this study could be mainly attributed to a lack of proper management of logs and a lack of adequate logistic planning. For example, the period between felling and processing of the otie (Pycnanthus angolensis) logs was about six months whilst due to logistical problems and poor planning the period between felling and processing of the wawa logs sawn at mill D was about three months. In addition, 267 green sawn boards were sampled from the mills to quantify the sawnwood volume loss due to thickness over-sizing and sawing variation. The results of this study indicated that the volume that could have been gained by reducing the sawnwood thickness over-sizing and sawing variation ranged from about 2 % to 17 % in volume of the sampled sawnwood. The study also found that between-board sawing variation was substantially higher than within-board sawing variation indicating that lack of setworks repeatability could be the major cause of the loss in volume. It was observed that the studied mills concentrated their production on sawnwood in export dimensions and grades. Therefore, off-cuts and trim ends that could have been processed further into mouldings, battens, floorings, and other products were discarded or sold at cheaper prices. The limited supply of timber resources give every reason for sawmills in Ghana to optimise fibre recovery from every tree that is felled. Even though this thesis studied only a limited number of cases, which represent a small fraction of the forest and sawmill industry in Ghana, there is a reason to believe that conditions prevailing in other operations are not very different from those observed in these case study mills. Ghanaian sawmills stand to benefit economically if they could improve their logistical planning and integrate production lines devoted to recovering fibre from off-cuts and trimmings.

Elecciones municipales en Venezuela El pasado Domingo 23 de noviembre se llevaron a cabo las elecciones municipales en Venezuela. Se eligieron los gobernadores, alcaldes y legisladores regionales en una jornada con una participación histórica. Hugo Chávez, obtuvo una victoria agridulce: aunque el oficialismo se impuso en 17 de las 22 gobernaciones, perdió en cinco distritos, dos de ellos considerados claves, como el estado Miranda y la alcaldía mayor de Caracas. Varios medios informan al respecto:"El País" de Madrid:"Venezuela vota para elegir a gobernadores, alcaldes y legisladores regionales: Hay una asistencia masiva a los centros electorales.- Para Hugo Chávez, está en juego el futuro de la "revolución bolivariana"": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Venezuela/vota/elegir/gobernadores/alcaldes/legisladores/regionales/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_10/Tes"La oposición intenta arrebatar a Chávez el monopolio de la lucha por los pobres: Las elecciones de hoy en Venezuela despejarán el control de algunos Estados y municipios clave": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/oposicion/intenta/arrebatar/Chavez/monopolio/lucha/pobres/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_2/Tes"New York Times":"Venezuelan Opposition Gains in Vote": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/world/americas/25venezuela.html?_r=1&ref=world "Le Monde":"Elections au Venezuela : les pro-Chavez en tête, mais l'opposition se renforce": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/11/24/elections-au-venezuela-les-pro-chavez-en-tete-mais-l-opposition-se-renforce_1122170_3222.html#ens_id=1120093"CNN":"Chavez passes Venezuela election test":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/24/venezuela.elections/index.html "BBC": "Victoria agridulce para Chávez": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7745000/7745164.stm "Venezuela: todos ganan": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7745000/7745263.stm "Todos celebran en Venezuela": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/multimedia/video/newsid_7745000/7745721.stm "MSNBC":"Chavez allies win majority in Venezuelan vote: Opposition makes gains, winning two of most populous states": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27873573/"La Nación":"Fuerte tensión y demoras en Venezuela: extendieron el horario de votación por la masiva afluencia; la oposición acusó al gobierno de obstaculizar el recuento de votos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073631"Afirman que las elecciones dejan a Chávez en un rol de negociación: Analistas políticos señalaron a lanacion.com que la oposición está logrando imponer la idea de que hay que frenar al presidente venezolano": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073725"A pesar del triunfo chavista, avanza la oposición en Venezuela":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073662 "Los Ángeles Times":"Chavez foes claim symbolic victories in Venezuela": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-venez25-2008nov25,0,7748341.story"El Tiempo" de Colombia:""Avance de la oposición complica idea de reelección indefinida de Chávez":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/avance-de-la-oposicion-complica-idea-de-reeleccion-indefinida-de-chavez_4684645-1"Miami Herald":"Chávez allies score big wins in Venezuela elections": http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/785055.html"El Universal" de México:"Mitad de venezolanos votó por la oposición: El gobierno de Chávez insiste en que la revolución salió fortalecida": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/59724.html "EL Mercurio" de Chile: "Elecciones en Venezuela" http://www.elmercurio.com/editorial/2008/11/25/elecciones-en-venezuela.asp AMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Siete muertos en un motín en una prisión de Guatemala: Cinco de las víctimas fueron decapitadas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/motin/prision/Guatemala/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_6/Tes"MSNBC" anuncia: "Gunmen open fire in Tijuana bar, 6 killed: The bar, popular with students, is located near three university campuses": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27862527"New York Times" publica: "Sandinista Fervor Turns Sour for Former Comrades of Nicaragua's President": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/24/world/americas/24nicaragua.html?ref=world"MSNBC" plantea: "Leftist Sandinistas win Nicaragua vote: Ruling party triumphs in most municipal races amid claims of fraud":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27833050/"El País" de Madrid informa: "Más avalanchas y las lluvias dificultan el rescate de los atrapados tras la erupción del Nevado del Huila: La Cruz Roja ha advertido de otro alud, de mayores proporciones.- Toneladas de lodo con troncos arrasan con viviendas en Belalcázar, en el suroeste colombiano": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/avalanchas/lluvias/dificultan/rescate/atrapados/erupcion/Nevado/Huila/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_13/Tes"El Universal" de México analiza: "Llegan a 34 los muertos por las lluvias en Colombia: La fuerte época de lluvias, la segunda del año, y que empezó a mediados de septiembre, ha afectado a 255 municipios de 26 de los 32 departamentos colombianos": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/558188.html"El País" de Madrid publica: "Bolivia levanta el estado de sitio en el departamento de Pando: El ex prefecto de ese distrito seguirá detenido a la espera de un juicio por una masacre de campesinos afines al Gobierno de Evo Morales": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bolivia/levanta/estado/sitio/departamento/Pando/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_12/Tes"BBC" plantea: "Brasil: 20 muertos por inundaciones": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7745000/7745139.stm"CNN" informa: "Deadly flooding leaves thousands homeless in Brazil":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/24/brazil.deaths/index.html"MSNBC" plantea: "Floods, mudslides kill 45 in southern Brazil :Heavy rains also forced 22,000 to flee, cut off access to four towns": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27889608/-"Los Angles Times" publica: "59 dead in floods, landslides in Brazil: Some are missing and at least 43,000 people have left their homes as heavy rains wreak havoc in the south.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-floods25-2008nov25,0,1385608.story"The Economist" analiza: "The Amazon's indigenous people: The other Brazil.The mixed blessings of the simple life led by indigenous people deep in the forest": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12641796"CNN" : "Chile strike ends with 10 percent raise": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/11/21/chile.strike/index.html"La Nación" anuncia: "Dentro de unas horas llegarán los barcos rusos: Chávez prepara las maniobras con Rusia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073633"El Tiempo" de Colombia plantea: "Flota rusa de cuatro buques llegó a Venezuela para realizar maniobras militares conjuntas":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/flota-rusa-de-cuatro-buques-llego-a-venezuela-para-realizar-maniobras-militares-conjuntas_4685947-1 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"New York Times" anuncia: " Report Calls for Fresh Approach to Latin America": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/24/washington/24latin.html?ref=world"La Nación" informa: "Brasil y México, las prioridades de Obama en América latina: Lo afirman sus asesores para la región; el presidente electo todavía no habló con Chávez": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073495"CNN" analiza: "Obama's economic team takes shape": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/24/transition.wrap/index.html"China Daily": "Obama focuses on job creation": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-11/24/content_7231583.htm"La Nación" informa: "Obama presenta hoy a todo su equipo económico: Timothy Geithner será secretario del Tesoro; Lawrence Summers, consejero económico": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073580"Times" plantea: "Bin Laden's driver to leave GuantanamoBay": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5227621.ece EUROPA"CNN" publica: "Magnitude 7.0 quake rocks Russia's far east": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/24/russia.earthquake/index.html"New York Times" anuncia: "French Socialists Face Division and Derision After Vote for Leader": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/24/world/europe/24france.html?ref=world"CNN" informa: "German business confidence hits 15-year low": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/11/24/germany.business.confidence.ap/index.html"La Nación" plantea: "Ofensiva del gobierno británico por la crisis: Lanzan hoy un paquete de medidas":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1073585"CNN" informa: "Britain to raise tax on high earners": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/11/24/britain.income.tax.ap/index.html"BBC" analiza: "R. Unido: estímulos. e impuestos": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7745000/7745913.stm"Le Monde" analiza: "Silvio Berlusconi évoque de nouveau le bronzage d'Obama": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/11/23/silvio-berlusconi-evoque-de-nouveau-le-bronzage-d-obama_1122080_3222.html#ens_id=1108513"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Una protesta contra la crisis en Islandia acaba en enfrentamientos entre la policía y los manifestantes: Miles de islandeses realizan desde hace seis sábados concentraciones para protestar contra la actuación del Gobierno en la crisis que ha situado al país al borde del colapso financiero": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/protesta/crisis/Islandia/acaba/enfrentamientos/policia/manifestantes/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_9/Tes Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente"El País" de Madrid informa: "El Dalai Lama asegura que luchará "hasta la muerte" por un Tíbet libre: El líder espiritual ha salido fortalecido en la reunión de los tibetanos exiliados en India": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Dalai/Lama/asegura/luchara/muerte/Tibet/libre/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_5/Tes"CNN" publica: "Protests cancel Thai parliament session": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/24/thailand.unrest/index.html"China Daily" anuncia: "Thai protesters vow to topple government by Wednesday": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-11/25/content_7237152.htm"El Tiempo" de Colombia plantea: "Manifestantes sitian sede temporal del Gobierno de Tailandia":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/otrasregiones/home/manifestantes-sitian-sede-temporal-del-gobierno-de-tailandia_4685920-1"New York Times" informa: "N. Korea Stiffens Reconciliation Stance": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/world/asia/25korea.html?ref=world"Times" publica: "Latest pictures of Kim Jong Il released": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5227959.ece"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "Fosas comunes fueron descubiertas en prisión militar de Estados Unidos en Vietnam": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/otrasregiones/home/fosas-comunes-fueron-descubiertas-en-prision-militar-de-estados-unidos-en-vietnam_4685928-1"CNN" plantea: "Bombings kill at least 19 in Baghdad":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/11/24/iraq.blast/index.html"Times" anuncia: "Iraqi parliament prepares to vote on status of US troops": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article5233145.ece"The Economist" analiza situación política en Iran: "The party's over: Iran's President Ahmadinejad has had a good run. For how much longer?": http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12650281 AFRICA"El País" de Madrid informa: "Ataque al palacio presidencial de Guinea Bissau: El presidente del país africano pide ayuda a Senegal y considera el ataque como parte de un pronunciamiento militar": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ataque/palacio/presidencial/Guinea/Bissau/elpepuint/20081123elpepuint_8/Tes"China Daily" publica: "Shippers urge naval blockade of Somali coast": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-11/25/content_7237887.htm"Los Angeles Times" plantea: "Jimmy Carter says Zimbabwe crisis is 'much worse' than imagined": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mugabe25-2008nov25,0,7756381.story"Le Monde" anuncia: "Le choléra a tué 300 personnes au Zimbabwe": http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2008/11/24/le-cholera-a-tue-300-personnes-au-zimbabwe_1122334_3244.html#ens_id=1105701"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "500 opositores habrían sido asesinados en el Congo desde hace dos años, según Human Rights Watch": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/otrasregiones/home/500-opositores-habrian-sido-asesinados-en-el-congo-desde-hace-dos-anos-segun-human-rights-watch_4685926-1 ECONOMÍA"CNN" informa: "Citigroup secures $20 billion U.S. government lifeline": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/11/24/citi.rescue/index.html "BBC" anuncia: "Plan de emergencia para Citigroup: El Departamento del Tesoro de Estados Unidos anunció a última hora del domingo un plan de rescate de US$20.000 millones para Citigroup uno de los principales bancos del mundo.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7745000/7745166.stm"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: " Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12652488"BBC" plantea: "La economía británica decreció": http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/business/newsid_7688000/7688795.stm

Continua la crisis financiera global"New York Times":"Mixed Markets Reflect Hope for Bailout": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/business/01bailout.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin"With Wachovia Sale, the Banking Crisis Trickles Up": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/30citi.html?ref=business"El País" de Madrid:"La UE culpa a EE UU de la crisis y pide que asuma su responsabilidad": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/culpa/EE/UU/crisis/pide/asuma/responsabilidad/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_13/Tes"El pánico recorre Wall Street y la Bolsa se desploma más que en el 11/S :Los analistas auguran una ola de despidos y quiebras si no prospera el plan":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/panico/recorre/Wall/Street/Bolsa/desploma/11-S/elpepuint/20080930elpepiint_2/Tes"Le Monde":"George Bush : "les conséquences seront pires chaque jour si nous n'agissons pas"": http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2008/09/30/les-bourses-europeennes-ouvrent-sur-de-fortes-baisses_1101088_3234.html#ens_id=1089411"Rebond de Wall Street à l'ouverture": http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2008/09/30/panique-sur-les-marches-asiatiques-apres-le-rejet-du-plan-paulson_1101069_3234.html#ens_id=1089411"CNN":"U.S. stocks rebound after bailout failure": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/30/us.bailout.deal.markets/index.html"Wall Street waits on bailout vote": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/10/01/us.bailout.deal.markets/index.html"La Nación":"Estamos en emergencia", dijo Bush en un dramático llamado para destrabar el plan de salvatajeEl mandatario norteamericano, que no dio por muerto su plan de rescate, alertó que "la opción es la acción o la penuria de los estadounideses"; Obama reclamó que los legisladores vuelvan a la mesa de negociaciones":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1054864"Intentan hoy volver a votar el rescate: Tras el devastador rechazo de la Cámara de Representantes, el Senado tratará de aprobar esta noche una versión modificada del plan de salvataje; Bush advirtió sobre el peligro de un derrumbe económico "doloroso y duradero"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055191"Time":"A Second Chance (and Thoughts) on the House Bailout Vote":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1846033,00.html"Surviving the Wall Street Storm":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1846017,00.html"China Daily":"Wall Street surge; credit worries persist":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-10/01/content_7071724.htm"BBC":"House votes down bail-out package":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7641733.stm"Citigroup to buy US bank Wachovia": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7642126.stm"El Tiempo" de Colombia:"Bolsas del mundo se recuperan en espera del salvavidas; Wall Street subió 4,68%": http://www.portafolio.com.co//economia/finanzas/2008-10-01/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR_PORTA-4576407.html"Los Ángeles Times":"Why the $700-billion rescue plan failed": http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-bailpr1-2008oct01,0,1703821.story"El Mercurio" de Chile:"Tasas de interés internacionales llegan a niveles máximos": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/10/01/economia_y_negocios/economia_y_negocios/noticias/BABC3E47-5587-45A6-8048-6B599A9A03D8.htm?id={BABC3E47-5587-45A6-8048-6B599A9A03D8} "El Universal" de México: "Pega crisis de EU a países emergentes: Los mercados de toda Latinoamérica también cayeron en picada, con grandes pérdidas en México, Argentina, Colombia y Chile": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/542988.html "Advierten Obama y McCain catástrofe si no se aprueba rescate financiero: Advierten los candidatos a la Casa Blanca que de no hacerlo la actual crisis financiera en Estados Unidos se convertiría en un 'desastre'": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/543085.html "Times":"Senate sweeteners aim to push Wall Street bailout Bill through House":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4861524.ece "The Economist": "And then there were none: What the death of the investment bank means for Wall Street": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12305537"The doctors' bill : The chairman of the Federal Reserve and the treasury secretary give Congress a gloomy prognosis for the economy, and propose a drastic remedy": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12305746 AMERICA LATINA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Ecuador se enfrenta a un histórico referéndum para aprobar la nueva Constitución": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ecuador/enfrenta/historico/referendum/aprobar/nueva/Constitucion/elpepuint/20080928elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" publica: "Ecuadoran president cheers 'crushing' victory": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/29/ecuador.referendum.ap/index.html"El País": "El 'no' de Guayaquil empaña el éxito de Correa en las urnas: El 64% de los ecuatorianos apoya la nueva Constitución": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Guayaquil/empana/exito/Correa/urnas/elpepuint/20080930elpepiint_11/Tes"El País" de Madrid anuncia:"Rusia y Venezuela sellan una alianza para forjar un "contrapeso a EE UU": Moscú concede a Caracas un crédito de 680 millones para comprar armas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/Venezuela/sellan/alianza/forjar/contrapeso/EE/UU/elpepiint/20080927elpepiint_7/Tes"Venezuela se rearma: Las compras de material militar y de defensa efectuadas por Caracas han superado los 6.700 millones de dólares en los tres últimos años":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Venezuela/rearma/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_3/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Lula, Chávez y Morales criticaron a Washington: El presidente venezolano llamó a activar el Banco del Sur para proteger a la región de la crisis global": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055206"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Lula, Chávez y Morales critican a E.U. en cumbre de líderes suramericanos de izquierda en Brasil": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/home/index.html"BBC" anuncia: "Mexican head steps up drugs fight": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7645524.stm"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Mexico's President Calderon has few choices in drug war": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexwar1-2008oct01,0,6480187.story"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "El narcotráfico causa 17 nuevas muertes en Tijuana: El asesinato se suma a la escalada de violencia que sufre México.- Se sospecha que el motivo del ataque es una venganza entre bandas de narcotraficantes": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/narcotrafico/causa/nuevas/muertes/Tijuana/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" publica: "Argentina grapples with fierce drought": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/26/argentina.drought/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "En nuevo pulso con el Gobierno, agricultores argentinos vuelven a la huelga": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/en-nuevo-pulso-con-el-gobierno-agricultores-argentinos-vuelven-a-la-huelga_4577147-1 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "La Nación" analiza: "El desempleo y la desesperación golpean en el interior de EE.UU.: En las áreas industriales los trabajadores temen no poder mantener a sus familias":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055173"BBC" anuncia: "US rivals clash on bail-out vote":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7641504.stm"El País" de Madrid informa: "Obama da su apoyo al principio de acuerdo del plan de rescate de Bush: McCain aún no se ha pronunciado sobre si votará a favor del plan en el Senado": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Obama/da/apoyo/principio/acuerdo/plan/rescate/Bush/elpepuint/20080928elpepueco_1/TesTanto "Time" como "BBC" presentan sitios con artículos relacionados con las elecciones estadounidenses:http://thepage.time.com/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/americas/2008/vote_usa_2008/"The Economist" analiza: "How Europe responds":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12331667&source=features_box_main EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "La extrema derecha se dispara en las legislativas de Austria: Los ultranacionalistas de Strache y los extremistas de Haider son los vencedores en la sombra pese a la victoria de los socialdemócratas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/extrema/derecha/dispara/legislativas/Austria/elpepuint/20080928elpepuint_6/Tes"BBC" anuncia: "EU monitors begin Georgia patrols":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643612.stm"CNN" publica: "Russia suspends markets as shares slide": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/30/russia.markets.close/index.html"CNN" informa: "$9.2 billion bailout for Dexia bank": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/30/belgium.bank.dexia.rescue.ap/index.html"Time": "Europe's Conservatives Sour On the Free Market": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1844919,00.html"La Nación" publica: "Duro reclamo de Europa a EE.UU.":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1055203"New York Times" anuncia: "Shaky French-Belgian Bank Gets $9 Billion Injection": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/business/30assess.html?ref=business Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente "New York Times" informa: "Karzai Seeks Saudi Help With Taliban": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/01/world/asia/01afghan.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica: "Afghanistan : le chef de guerre Hekmatyar revendique l'embuscade du 18 août": http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/09/29/afghanistan-le-chef-de-guerre-hekmatyar-revendique-l-embuscade-du-18-aout_1100650_3216.html#ens_id=1049814"Times" anuncia: "Arsonist 'fed up with life' sets fire to Japanese video 'hotel', killing 15":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4860696.ece"New York Times" analiza: "China Detains 22 in Tainted-Milk Case":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/asia/30milk.html?ref=world"China Daily" publica: "China celebrates 59th founding anniversary": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/01/content_7072546.htm"BBC" publica: "China lauds latest space 'heroes'":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7641683.stm"El País" de Madrid informa: "Al menos 147 muertos en una estampida en la India: La avalancha se ha producido en un templo cerca de la ciudad de Jodhpur, donde miles de personas se habían congregado para marcar el comienzo de un festival hindú": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/147/muertos/estampida/India/elpepuint/20080930elpepuint_7/Tes"CNN" informa: "India temple stampede kills 147": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/29/india.stampede/index.html"El Universal" de México anuncia: "Deja cadena de explosiones cientos de heridos en India": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/543058.html"Times": "India to mark Gandhi anniversary with world's biggest smoking ban": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4861298.ece"El País" de Madrid informa: "17 muertos en Damasco en el atentado más grave en 25 años":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/Damasco/atentado/grave/25/anos/elpepiint/20080928elpepiint_10/Tes AFRICA"CNN" informa:"Freed hostages return from Egypt": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/30/egypt.tourists.kidnapped/index.html"Hundreds arrested after Nigeria oil attacks": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/30/nigeria.oil.unrest.ap/index.html"Zimbabweans fill streets to withdraw cash from banks": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/29/Zimbabwe.banks.ap/index.html"Time" anuncia: "3 Somali Pirates May be Dead in Shoot-Out": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1845817,00.html"BBC" publica: "Deadly suicide attack in Algeria":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7641687.stm ECONOMIA "El País" de Madrid publica: "Las cinco claves de la Operación Rescate: Pugna en Washington por la cuantía y el destino del plan de salvamento financiero": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/claves/Operacion/Rescate/elpepueco/20080928elpepieco_2/Tes"CNN" anuncia: "Alitalia flight attendants sign rescue plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/29/alitalia.flight.attendants/index.html"The Economist": publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12306023 OTRAS NOTICIAS "CNN": informa: "U.N. Security Council reaffirms sanctions on Iran": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/27/un.iran/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "En el mundo hay cerca de 25 millones de niños refugiados y desplazados, denuncia la ONU": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/en-el-mundo-hay-cerca-de-25-millones-de-ninos-refugiados-y-desplazados-denuncia-la-onu-_4577146-1

From the abstract: Destination image is considered as the key in attracting tourists. This thesis purported to scrutinise whether Berlin's tourist authorities have to consider cultural segmentation when developing marketing strategies relating to the place's image. As an exploratory study, it examined Berlin's image among youths from Arab-Islamic and Protestant European countries and confronted them. In an era that is subjected to globalisation and refers to the global tourist, it is vindicated to pose this question. Various scholars are convinced that the world tourism market may be treated as a homogenous one due to globalisation. However, the literature also provides some opposing bearings and discusses them. It further gives some background information on Berlin as a tourist destination, addresses destination image concerning influential cultural factors and the implications of globalisation on consumer behaviour. Finally, it studies the Arab-Islamic and Protestant European youth cultures in the light of globalisation and possible modifying effects. In response to the objectives of this study, primary research was conducted. It involved both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Field and online surveys enabled the researcher to collect 239 completed questionnaires (103 Arab-Islamic and 136 Protestant European youths). Besides semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were carried out at EF Language School, Bournemouth. Following the completion of the survey, obtained data was entered into SPSS. Frequencies and means were calculated for each variable and several ANOVA tests and cross-tabulations conducted in order to stress destination image's specificity in terms of cultural background. Research findings revealed significant differences between the groups regarding their perception of Berlin. Arab-Islamic youths had a more negative stance towards Berlin than their counterparts. Not only did divergences occur between the groups, but also within the groups. Thus, destination image is culture-specific and may also vary across countries sharing similar cultural backgrounds. Overall, despite the effects of globalisation, cultural market segmentation still remains a vital element for a tourist place such as Berlin where the image management is concerned. The thesis provides recommendations for Berlin congruent with the outcomes and concludes with the provision of recommendations for further research.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: Abstractiii Acknowledgementsiv Table of Contentsv List of Tablesviii List of Figuresix List of Appendicesx List of Abbreviationsxi Chapter One: Introduction1 1.1Introduction2 1.2Rationale4 1.3Aims and Objectives5 1.4Definition of terms7 1.4.1Who is meant by ''Protestant European''?7 1.4.2Who is meant by ''Arab-Islamic''?9 1.4.3The youth market10 1.4.4Culture10 1.5Chapter overview11 1.5.1Chapter One: Introduction11 1.5.2Chapter Two: Berlin as a tourist destination11 1.5.3Chapter Three: Literature Review I Destination image11 1.5.4Chapter Four: Literature Review II Globalisation: Its effects on consumer behaviour. Comparing Arab-Islamic and Protestant European Culture.11 1.5.5Chapter Five: Methodology11 1.5.6Chapter Six: Data analysis and findings12 1.5.7Chapter Seven: Conclusion and recommendations12 1.6Summary12 Chapter Two: Berlin as a tourist destination13 2.1Introduction14 2.2Berlin's tourism industry – facts and figures14 2.3Contemporary Berlin as a tourist destination16 2.4Examination of previous image studies on Germany16 2.5Examination of previous image studies on Berlin18 2.6Summary20 Chapter Three: Literature Review I Destination Image21 3.1Introduction22 3.2Defining destination image22 3.2.1Destination image's complexity24 3.3Destination image formation in the pre-visitation stage26 3.4Factors influencing the formation of pre-visitation destination image29 3.5Cultural factors influencing destination image formation32 3.6Summary35 Chapter Four: Literature Review II Globalisation: Its effects on consumer behaviour. Comparing Arab-Islamic and Protestant European Culture.37 4.1Introduction38 4.2The influence of globalisation on consumer behaviour38 4.3Analysis: Arab-Islamic and Protestant European cultures41 4.4Arab-Islamic and Protestant European youth cultures45 4.5Summary47 4.6Literature review: conclusions and research gap48 Chapter Five: Methodology51 5.1Introduction52 5.2Research philosophy52 5.2.1Applied research52 5.2.2Deductive research53 5.2.3Positivism, interpretivism and realism54 5.3Primary research55 5.4Quantitative and qualitative data analysis57 5.5Survey sample58 5.6Questionnaire design59 5.7Pilot questionnaire60 5.8Data analysis61 5.9Research limitations61 5.10Summary62 Chapter Six: Data analysis and findings63 6.1Introduction64 6.2Respondents' profile64 6.2.1Demographic characteristics: Protestant European survey participants64 6.2.2Demographic characteristics: Arab-Islamic survey participants65 6.2.3Demographic characteristics of focus group interviewees and other qualitative data collection methods67 6.3What comes first to your mind, when you think about Berlin?68 6.4Question 4: Functional attributes of Berlin the level of agreement69 6.5Question 5: Psychological attributes of Berlin the level of agreement73 6.6Question 6: Functional holistic picture of Berlin76 6.7Question 7: Psychological holistic picture of Berlin80 6.8How do you rate your overall image of Berlin as a tourist destination?83 6.9Summary87 Chapter Seven: Conclusion and recommendations90 7.1Introduction91 7.2Discussions and conclusions91 7.3Recommendations for further research95 7.4Summary96 Bibliography97 Appendices120Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 2.4, Examination of previous image studies on Germany: The events of the Second World War affect Germany's image even 60 years later. In some countries, Germany is still associated with features of the war and, in the US and Russia, Hitler is the best-known German, for instance. This casts a poor light on present day Germany and, arguably, on its tourism industry and may impinge on foreign people's image of the nation. However, the FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany induced positive implications on Germany as a tourist destination. Prior to the World Cup, a study of BPB, the Federal Centre for Political Education, revealed that Germany's image was rather moderate in countries, such as the UK and Poland, for example, whereas Germany was already positively regarded in the Netherlands and Denmark. Yet, the World Cup further inspired Germany's image across other countries around the world. In the Anholt Nations Brand Index 2007, which measures the image of countries by considering 6 factors namely tourism, people, culture and heritage, exports, governance and investment and immigration, Germany ranks first, which means a massive improvement over the previous couple of years (GNTB 2008, Hedorfer 2008). Germany could above all score high on tourism and exports as well as on culture and heritage; while, in terms of people, the score was rather low. However, it has overtaken countries, such as the UK, Italy, Canada and France which are well-established tourist destinations. A further image study conducted by the BBC across 22 countries also revealed that Germany's political image was positive within the Western world; however, in Islamic-coined countries, such as Egypt and Turkey, the image was negative. This might be the result of the political situation in the Middle East, because Arabs and other Islam members increasingly consider the Western world as an enemy. Galal et al. allege that, since 9/11, there have been many terrible waves between Arabs and Western people, mainly due to the political situation, which plays a major role in the Arab peoples' image of the West. Although Americans are considered as the main enemy, other Western countries are seen as allies, which might also affect Germany's image in Arabic nations. Al-Hamarneh opposes this notion and claims that Germany has a good image in the Arab world for several reasons. Germany's anti-war policy during the Iraq crisis impressed Arabs and boosted Germany's bilateral relations with Arab nations. Furthermore, 'Made in Germany' is highly appreciated, as it guarantees high quality. Germany is synonymous with high quality, which explains the nation's popularity for medical tourists from the Arab world. However, Germans are also seen as hard-working, innovative, cultivated and helpful people and thus enjoy a good image too. Consequently, Germany seems to enjoy a positive position in the Arab world beyond the political situation. Chapter 2.5,Examination of previous image studies of Berlin: 10 to 15 years ago, Berlin used to be a city in search of an identity, which projected a battered image, also as a result of huge economic problems. Berlin has favourably managed its problems though and, nowadays, is one of Europe's most popular cities for tourists thanks to an image change, not only of Berlin but of Germany as a whole. Although Berlin is still not mentioned in the same breath as Paris, New York or London, it is increasingly perceived as international. For instance, the CW/HB's European Cities Monitor, which ranks European cities by their business importance, repositioned Berlin on rank 8 in 2005, meaning an improvement of 7 places in comparison to 1990. In addition, the Anholt City Brands Index 2005 (cited Clark 2008) ranks Berlin's brand-value within the top ten cities world-wide, which manifests Berlin's enhanced image. Nevertheless, as already mentioned above, Berlin is still not a big player among international cities, which is further visualised by the GAWC. GAWC clusters big cities in three different orders, Alpha, Beta and Gamma. Alpha-cities are defined as the most important world cities, Beta-cities are less significant and Gamma-cities are the least important. New York and London, for example, are Alpha-cities; whilst Berlin is a Gamma-city, which shows that, despite Berlin's recent success in tourism, the city might still not have a world reputation. While places such as London might induce clear images in people's minds around the world, Berlin's image might be more distorted the farther away people live from Berlin and this may affect primary research findings of this thesis. Some scholars assume that images of distant destinations are rather blurred, especially when the destination is not so known. In this regard, Protestant Europeans and Arabs might display varying images of Berlin, simply because the Arabs' image of the city could be blurred, especially where pre-visitation image is measured. As will be examined in 3.2, information sources are major influential factors in the image formation process. Since Berlin's marketing efforts are much higher in Europe than in the Arab world, the likelihood that people's picture of Berlin is clearer among Europeans than it is among Arabs is increased. This is also likely regarding BTM's global marketing strategies. The further away the market is the more focus is put on strategic co-operations, which means Berlin is only represented by third parties in distant places. BTM splits potential source markets into four different groups. Berlin allocates the highest marketing budget to primary markets, while the budget decreases gradually with the lowest budget for basic markets. Consequently, Berlin is much more involved in the UK market, than it is in the Middle East, for example, which might impinge on people's image of the city. Previous image studies identified that Berlin's overall image is positive. Within its source markets (Germany, France, UK, Holland, Poland, and USA), Berlin is especially interesting due to its history, its sound accessibility, its cultural offer, its rich gastronomy and its vivid cityscape. The majority of the respondents also mention Berlin's sound shopping facilities, its multi-cultural ambiance and the great variety of activities as positive attributes, which create an overall pleasant atmosphere for tourists. Altogether, most respondents, including young tourists, perceive Berlin as a young, creative, multi-cultural, hospitable and dynamic city, while a small minority also mention interesting architecture as appealing. Only when considering the attributes of cleanliness and low price levels do a greater number of people disagree. What is more, many tourists are also disappointed to see little of the Berlin Wall remaining, having originally expected more. Habermann et al's image study is appealing for this thesis, as it was based on about 2,000 respondents, of whom about 20 Prozent were under the age of 25. Furthermore, most of them were Germans, Dutch, Americans and British who are representative of Protestant Europe, except for the Americans who are also Protestants. This group exposed slight differences from elder groups in the perception of Berlin, albeit the image was also 'country of origin-specific'. For example, young people evaluated Berlin's friendliness of people and security issues lower than elderly people did, whereas older age groups gave smaller scores to cleanliness, but much higher ones in appreciating Berlin's numerous parks and other green areas. Young people appreciated Berlin's lively nightlife in particular, whereas foreigners were more reserved than Germans. Differences also became apparent in terms of assessing friendliness since Italians evaluated this attribute lower than their counterparts. British and Italians assessed Berlin's price level as favourable, while Americans agreed to a lesser extent.

Author's introductionThe media landscape has changed dramatically in recent decades, from one predominated by traditional mass communication formats to today's more personalized communications environment. Mobile telephony plays a central role in this transition, with adoption rates that surpass even those of the Internet. This article attempts to situate the role of mobile communication technology in the changing media environment by examining key areas of social change associated with its widespread diffusion and use. These areas include symbolic meaning of technology, new forms of coordination and social networking, personalization of public spaces, and the mobile youth culture. Drawing from these areas of change, we advance the argument that mobile telephony is iconic of a larger socio‐technological shift toward a new 'personal communication society.'Author recommendsRheingold, Howard 2002. Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books.From Tokyo to Helsinki, Manhattan to Manila, Howard Rheingold takes us on a journey around the world for a preview of the next techno‐cultural shift – a shift he predicts will be as dramatic as the widespread adoption of the PC in the 1980s and the Internet in the 1990s. The coming wave, says Rheingold, is the result of super‐efficient mobile communications – cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and wireless‐paging and Internet‐access devices that will allow us to connect with anyone, anywhere, anytime. From the amusing ('Lovegetty' devices in Japan that light up when a person with the right date‐potential characteristics appears in the vicinity) to the extraordinary (the overthrow of a repressive regime in the Philippines by political activists who mobilized by forwarding text messages via cell phones), Rheingold gives examples of the fundamentally new ways in which people are already engaging in group or collective action. He also considers the dark side of this phenomenon, such as the coordination of terrorist cells, threats to privacy, and the ability to incite violent behavior. Applying insights from sociology, artificial intelligence, engineering, and anthropology, Rheingold offers a penetrating perspective on the brave new convergence of pop culture, cutting‐edge technology, and social activism. At the same time, he reminds us that, as with other technological revolutions, the real impact of mobile communications will come not from the technology itself but from how people use it, resist it, adapt to it, and ultimately use it to transform themselves, their communities, and their institutions.Katz, James E. and Mark A. Aakhus (eds.) 2002. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.This edited volume contains a landmark collection of chapters from researchers all over the world. The book offers a multi‐national perspective on some of the key themes that were identified at the outset of the emergent new field of mobile communication studies, ranging from the private sphere of interpersonal relations to the public performance of social groups and structures. In their conclusion, the editors advance the theoretical orientation of Apparatgeist (translation: 'spirit of the machine') to explain cross‐cultural consistencies in how people conceptualize and use personal communication technologies such as the mobile phone.Ling, Rich 2004. The Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone's Impact on Society. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.This book, based on worldwide research involving tens of thousands of interviews and contextual observations, looks into the impact of the mobile communication on our daily lives. Areas of impact include accessibility, safety and security, coordination of social and business activities, use of public places, and the social emancipation of youth.Ito, Mizuko, Daisuke Okabe, and Misa Matsuda (eds.) 2005. Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.This edited volume explores how Japan's enthusiastic engagement with mobile technology has become part of its trendsetting popular culture. The chapters document the emergence, incorporation, and domestication of mobile communications in a wide range of social practices and institutions. The book first considers the social, cultural, and historical context of keitai (i.e., mobile phone) development in Japan, including its beginnings in youth pager use in the early 1990s. It then discusses the virtually seamless integration of keitai use into everyday life, contrasting it to the more escapist character of Internet use on the PC. Other essays suggest that the use of mobile communication reinforces ties between close friends and family, producing 'tele‐cocooning' by tight‐knit social groups. The book also discusses mobile phone manners and examines keitai use by copier technicians, multitasking housewives, and school children.Castells, Manuel, Mireia Fernandez‐Ardevol, Jack Linchuan Qiu and Araba Sey 2007. Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.This book looks at how the possibility of multimodal communication from anywhere to anywhere at any time affects everyday life at home, at work, and at school, and raises broader concerns about politics and culture both global and local. Drawing on data gathered from around the world, the authors explore who has access to wireless technology, and why, and analyze the patterns of social differentiation seen in unequal access. They explore the social effects of wireless communication – what it means for family life, for example, when everyone is constantly in touch, or for the idea of an office when workers can work anywhere. The authors consider the rise of a mobile youth culture based on peer‐to‐peer networks, with its own language of texting, and its own values. They examine the phenomenon of flash mobs, and the possible political implications. And they look at the relationship between communication and development and the possibility that developing countries could 'leapfrog' directly to wireless and satellite technology. Drawing from a global body of research, the book helps answer the key questions about our transformation into a 'mobile network society'.Ling, Rich 2008. New Tech, New Ties: How Mobile Communication Reshapes Social Cohesion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.In New Tech, New Ties, Rich Ling examines how the mobile telephone affects both mobile‐mediated and face to face interactions. Ling finds that through the use of various social rituals the mobile telephone strengthens social ties within the circle of friends and family – sometimes at the expense of interaction with those who are physically present – and creates what he calls 'bounded solidarity'. Ling argues that mobile communication helps to engender and develop social cohesion within the family and the peer group. Drawing on the work of Emile Durkheim, Erving Goffman, and Randall Collins, Ling shows that ritual interaction is a catalyst for the development of social bonding. From this perspective, he examines how mobile communication affects face‐to‐face ritual situations and how ritual is used in interaction mediated by mobile communication. He looks at the evidence, including interviews and observations from around the world, which documents the effect of mobile communication on social bonding and also examines some of the other possibly problematic issues raised by tighter social cohesion in small groups.Katz, James E. (ed.) 2008. Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.This edited volume offers a comprehensive view of the cultural, family, and interpersonal consequences of mobile communication across the globe. Leading scholars analyze the effect of mobile communication on all parts of life, from the relationship between literacy and the textual features of mobile phones to the use of ringtones as a form of social exchange, from the 'aspirational consumption' of middle class families in India to the belief in parts of Africa and Asia that mobile phones can communicate with the dead. The contributors explore the ways mobile communication profoundly affects the tempo, structure, and process of daily life around the world. They discuss the impact of mobile communication on social networks, other communication strategies, traditional forms of social organization, and political activities. They consider how quickly miraculous technologies come to seem ordinary and even necessary – and how ordinary technology comes to seem mysterious and even miraculous. The chapters cut across social issues and geographical regions; they highlight use by the elite and the masses, utilitarian and expressive functions, and political and operational consequences. Taken together, the chapters demonstrate how mobile communication has affected the quality of life in both exotic and humdrum settings, and how it increasingly occupies center stage in people's lives around the world.Ling, Rich and Scott W. Campbell (eds.) Forthcoming in Fall/Winter 2008. The Reconstruction of Space and Time: Mobile Communication Practices. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Mobile communication enables us to call specific individuals, not general places. This advancement had changed, and continues to change, human interaction. It also alters the ways people experience both space and time. This edited volume explores these changes through a collection of studies from some of the top mobile communication researchers from around the world. Collectively, the contributions highlight nuanced changes in coordination and cohesion across space and time, the ways people manage mobile communication and mobility in new spatio‐temporal realms, and how individuals relate to their co‐present surroundings while using mobile communication technology.Online materials Resource Center for Mobile Communication Studies http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/ci/cmcs/ The Center for Mobile Communication Studies is the world's first academic unit to focus solely on social aspects of mobile communication. Established in June 2004 at Rutgers University's School of Communication, Information and Library Studies, the Center has become an international focal point for research, teaching, and service on the social, psychological, and organizational consequences of the burgeoning mobile communication revolution. International Journal of Mobile Communication Studies https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=40 The International Journal of Mobile Communication (IJMC), a fully refereed journal, publishes articles that present current practice and theory of mobile communications, mobile technology, and mobile commerce applications. The objectives of the IJMC are to develop, promote, and coordinate the development and practice of mobile communications. The IJMC aims to help professionals working in the field, academic educators, and policy makers to contribute, to disseminate knowledge, and to learn from each other's work. The international dimension is emphasised in order to overcome cultural and national barriers and to meet the needs of accelerating technological change and changes in the global economy. IJMC is an outstanding outlet that can shape a significant body of research in the field of mobile communications and in which results can be shared across institutions, governments, researchers, and students, and also industry. Wi: The Journal of Mobile Media http://wi‐not.ca/ Wi publishes the latest in Canadian mobilities research, encompassing disciplines such as design, engineering, computer science, communications, and media studies. MobileActive.org http://mobileactive.org/ MobileActive.org is an all‐volunteer community of people and organizations using mobile phones for social impact. They are committed to increasing the effectiveness of NGOs around the world who recognize that the 3.5 billion mobile phones provide unprecedented opportunities for organizing, communications, and service and information delivery. They work together to create the resources NGOs need to effectively use mobile phones in their work: locally relevant content and services, support and learning opportunities, and networks that help MobileActives connect to each other. With these things on hand, tens of thousands of NGOs will be in a better position to enrich and serve their communities. The MobileActive.org community includes grassroots activists, NGO staff, intermediary organizations, content and service providers, and organizations who fund mobile technology projects. Mobile Society http://www.mobilesociety.net/ Mobile Society is an academic research website focusing on social aspects of the mobile phone. The site includes links and information about news, events, publications, and other related sites pertaining to the social consequences of mobile communication. SmartMobs: The Next Social Revolution http://www.smartmobs.com/ A Website and Weblog about topics and issues discussed in the book 'Smart Mobs' by Howard Rheingold.Select sample syllabus topics and readings for course on 'the social consequences of mobile communication' History and adoption of the mobile phone

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 1: Introduction.
Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 1: The Diffusion of Wireless Communication in the World.

Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between technology and society: Part 1, social and technological determinism

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 2: Making Sense of Mobile Telephone Adoption.
Campbell, Scott W. and Tracy C. Russo 2003. The Social Construction of Mobile Telephony. Communication Monographs 70: 317–34.

Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between technology and society: Part 2, the 'network' perspective

Castells, Manuel. 2000. 'The Rise of Network Society' Opening Chapter: The Network is the Message.
Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 5: The Space of Flows, Timeless Time, and Mobile Networks.

Mobile communication in everyday life: Part 1, safety and security

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 3: Safety and Security.

Mobile communication in everyday life: Part 2: new forms of coordination

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 4: The Coordination of Everyday Life.

Mobile communication in everyday life: Part 3: new social networking practices

Ling, Rich and Birgitte Yttri. 2002. 'Hyper‐coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway' in Katz & Aakhus (eds.) Perpetual Contact.
Licoppe, Christian. 2003. 'Two Modes of Maintaining Interpersonal Relations through Telephone: From the Domestic to the Mobile Phone' in J. Katz (ed.) Machines that Become Us.
Campbell, Scott. W. and Michael Kelley. 2006. Mobile phone use in AA networks: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Communication Research 34: 191–208.

Apparatgeist: 'Spirit of the machine' and the fashion and function of the mobile phone

Katz, James E. and Mark Aakhus. 2002. 'Conclusion: Making meaning of mobiles – a theory of Apparatgeist' in Katz & Aakhus (eds.) Perpetual Contact.
Campbell, Scott W. 2008. 'Mobile Technology and the Body: Apparatgeist, Fashion and Function' in J. Katz (eds.) Handbook of Mobile Communication.

SMS and the language of wireless communication

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 7: Texting and the Growth of Asynchronous Discourse.
Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society, Chapter 6: The Language of Wireless Communication.

Use of mobile technology in public settings

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 6: The Intrusive Nature of Mobile Technology.
Okabe, Daisuke and Ito, Mizuko. 2005. 'Keitai in public transportation' in Ito, Okabe, & Matsuda (eds.) Personal, Portable, Pedestrian.
Ito, Mizuko, Daisuke Okabe and Ken Anderson 2008. 'Portable Objects in Three Global Cities: The Personalization of Urban Places' in Ling & Campbell (eds.) Reconstruction of Space and Time: Mobile Communication Practices.
Campbell, Scott W. 2006. Perceptions of mobile phones in college classrooms: Ringing, cheating, and classroom policies. Communication Education 55: 280–294.

M 10/22 Use of the technology around co‐present others and the challenge of 'absent presence'

Cumiskey, Kathleen. 2007. 'Hidden meanings: Understanding the social‐psychological impact of mobile phone use through storytelling' in Goggin & Hjorth (eds.) Mobile Media Proceedings.
Gergen, Kenneth. 2002. 'The challenge of absent presence' in Katz & Aakhus (eds.) Perpetual Contact.

The mobile youth culture

Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 5: The Mobile Telephone and Teens.
Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 4: The Mobile Youth Culture.

Mobile communication in the socio‐political sphere

Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society Chapter 7: The Mobile Civil Society: Social Movements, Political Power, and Communication Networks.
Rheingold, Howard. 2002. 'Smart Mobs' Chapter 7: Smart Mobs – The Power of the Mobile Many.
Campbell, Scott W. and Nojin Kwak. 2008, May. Mobile communication and the public sphere: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Paper presented at the ICA pre‐conference, The Global and Globalizing Dimensions of Mobile Communication: Developing or Developed?, Montreal.

W 11/7 Mobile communication in the developing world

Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 8: Wireless Communication and Global Development: New Issues, New Strategies.
Donner, Jonathan. 2008. Research approaches to mobile use in the developing world: A review of the literature. The Information Society 24: 140–159.
Donner, Jonathan. 2008. The rules of beeping: Exchanging messages via intentional 'missed calls' on mobile phones. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/donner.html.

M 11/12 Mobile communication and work

Andriessen, Erick and Mattai Vartianen. 2006. Emerging Mobile Virtual Work in Andriessen & Vartianen (eds.) Mobile Virtual Work: A New Paradigm?
Perry, Mark and Jackie Brodie. 2006. Virtually Connected, Practically Mobile in Andriessen & Vartianen (eds.) Mobile Virtual Work: A New Paradigm?
Chesley, Noelle. 2005. Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family 67: 1237–1248.

OptionalFocus questions

To what extent does mobile communication lead to changes in family dynamics? On the one hand, mobile communication empowers youth to carry out their social relations 'under the radar' of parental supervision. In the 'old days', kids had to share a domestic landline phone and had less privacy, or had to shut themselves up in their room when on the phone to get privacy. The mobile phone is anytime/anywhere and it a personal object (not shared), so users have much more control over their private relations. Text messaging is an especially effective way of having private communication. Because of all this, young people have more autonomy to live out their social lives as they see fit. On the other hand, the mobile phone also gives parents more control by being able to better keep tabs on their kids and their kids' whereabouts. In some respects, it can actually be considered as an 'umbilical cord' keeping kids accountable to their parents. This is an interesting dichotomy for discussion.
To what extent and how does the mobile phone support 'perpetual contact' among social ties? There seems to be a continual flow of communication now, which some refer to as 'perpetual contact'. Follow‐up questions could be: how is this a good thing? Are there negative aspects of perpetual contact?
How is the mobile phone used for boundary management (i.e., demarcating in‐group members from out‐group members)? This can be seen in names kept in contact lists, who people text with, whose calls they screen, and even the style or brand of a phone ... some groups of friends get the same types of phones.
What are the effects of taking/placing a phone call when interacting with physically co‐present others? What are norms for doing this? How can people mitigate the intrusion?
On a related note to the questions above ... to what extent does the mobile phone lead to 'absent presence?' The notion of absent presence refers to being physically present, but socially absent. To what extent is this problematic?
To what extent might mobile communication lead to 'tele‐cocooning?' Some are concerned that people are getting so wrapped up in their tight little social networks now, that they are less engaged with others who are weak social ties. If this is true, then it begs the question about whether there are benefits to having weak social ties. Most feel there are benefits, like being exposed to a diversity of perspectives and ideas.
With regard to the changing media landscape, where else do we see increased 'personalization' in our uses of traditional mass media? In this sense, 'personalization' can refer to personalized content, interactivity, control, etc.

Research project idea (note this approach can be taken with any of the topics recommended above)Description of the paperMobile communication technology has become a common artifact in public settings, offering a means for social connection for its users and unsolicited melodies, chirps, and half conversations for co‐present others. Because social norms for behavior around others often conflict with those for phone conversations, mobile communication can present as many challenges as it does opportunities for maintaining social order. In class, we will discuss numerous perspectives on this topic, such as absent presence, symbolic fences, front stage‐back‐stage dynamics, and cocooning through mobile media. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an original investigation of the use of mobile communication technology around others. Each student will select a particular aspect of this phenomenon to explore in depth by collecting data first‐hand, analyzing those data, and drawing conclusions to shed new light on this topic. Students may choose to examine mobile communication in a particular setting, compare mobile communication in different social contexts or across different users, examine or compare the use of certain types of mobile technologies, observe reactions of and effects on non‐users of the technology, or select some other such 'angle' for the project that sheds light on this topic.Paper guidelinesYour paper should contain the following sections: (1) An introduction that justifies the importance of your topic and provides a clear explanation of the purpose of the paper, (2) a review of relevant literature/theory/key concepts to frame your particular project followed by specific research questions, (3) a method section explaining how you collected data (observation, interviews, questionnaires, and/or otherwise) and how you analyzed your data, and (4) a discussion section that develops conclusions based on the findings. Each paper should have at least 10 scholarly citations, of which at least half should come from readings other than those assigned for class. Use American Psychological Association (5th edition) to format citations and reference list. Papers should be about 10 pages in length, double‐spaced. In addition to meeting these guidelines, the writing should be clearly organized within each section and (of course) well‐written. Students will present their papers in class at the end of the semester.

Transport activity, a key component of economic development and human welfare, is increasing around the world as economies grow. For most policymakers, the most pressing problems associated with this increasing transport activity are traffic fatalities and injuries, congestion, air pollution and petroleum dependence. These problems are especially acute in the most rapidly growing economies of the developing world. Mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can take its place among these other transport priorities by emphasizing synergies and co-benefits (high agreement, much evidence). Transport predominantly relies on a single fossil resource, petroleum that supplies 95% of the total energy used by world transport. In 2004, transport was responsible for 23% of world energy-related GHG emissions with about three quarters coming from road vehicles. Over the past decade, transport's GHG emissions have increased at a faster rate than any other energy using sector (high agreement, much evidence). Transport activity will continue to increase in the future as economic growth fuels transport demand and the availability of transport drives development, by facilitating specialization and trade. The majority of the world's population still does not have access to personal vehicles and many do not have access to any form of motorized transport. However, this situation is rapidly changing. Freight transport has been growing even more rapidly than passenger transport and is expected to continue to do so in the future. Urban freight movements are predominantly by truck, while international freight is dominated by ocean shipping. The modal distribution of intercity freight varies greatly across regions. For example, in the United States, all modes participate substantially, while in Europe, trucking has a higher market share (in tkm1), compared to rail (high agreement, much evidence). Transport activity is expected to grow robustly over the next several decades. Unless there is a major shift away from current patterns of energy use, world transport energy use is projected to increase at the rate of about 2% per year, with the highest rates of growth in the emerging economies, and total transport energy use and carbon emissions is projected to be about 80% higher than current levels by 2030 (medium agreement, medium evidence). There is an ongoing debate about whether the world is nearing a peak in conventional oil production that will require a significant and rapid transition to alternative energy resources. There is no shortage of alternative energy sources, including oil sands, shale oil, coal-to-liquids, biofuels, electricity and hydrogen. Among these alternatives, unconventional fossil carbon resources would produce less expensive fuels mostcompatible with the existing transport infrastructure, but lead to increased carbon emissions (medium agreement, medium evidence). In 2004, the transport sector produced 6.3 GtCO2 emissions (23% of world energy-related CO2 emissions) and its growth rate is highest among the end-user sectors. Road transport currently accounts for 74% of total transport CO2 emissions. The share of non-OECD countries is 36% now and will increase rapidly to 46% by 2030 if current trends continue (high agreement, much evidence). The transport sector also contributes small amounts of CH4 and N2O emissions from fuel combustion and F-gases (fluorinated gases) from vehicle air conditioning. CH4 emissions are between 0.1–0.3% of total transport GHG emissions, N2O between 2.0 and 2.8% (based on US, Japan and EU data only). Worldwide emissions of F-gases (CFC-12+HFC- 134a+HCFC-22) in 2003 were 0.3–0.6 GtCO2-eq, about 5–10% of total transport CO2 emissions (medium agreement, limited evidence). When assessing mitigation options it is important to consider their lifecycle GHG impacts. This is especially true for choices among alternative fuels but also applies to a lesser degree to the manufacturing processes and materials composition of advanced technologies. Electricity and hydrogen can offer the opportunity to 'de-carbonise' the transport energy system although the actual full cycle carbon reduction depends upon the way electricity and hydrogen are produced. Assessment of mitigation potential in the transport sector through the year 2030 is uncertain because the potential depends on: • World oil supply and its impact on fuel prices and the economic viability of alternative transport fuels; • R&D outcomes in several areas, especially biomass fuel production technology and its sustainability in massive scale, as well as battery longevity, cost and specific energy. Another problem for a credible assessment is the limited number and scope of available studies of mitigation potential and cost. Improving energy efficiency offers an excellent opportunity for transport GHG mitigation through 2030. Carbon emissions from 'new' light-duty road vehicles could be reduced by up to 50% by 2030 compared to currently produced models, assuming continued technological advances and strong policies to ensure that technologies are applied to increasing fuel economy rather than spent on increased horsepower and vehicle mass. Material substitution and advanced design could reduce the weight of light-duty vehicles by 20–30%. Since the TAR (Third Assessment Report), energy efficiency of road vehicles has improved by the market success of cleaner directinjection turbocharged (TDI) diesels and the continued market penetration of numerous incremental efficiency technologies. Hybrid vehicles have also played a role, though their market penetration is currently small. Reductions in drag coefficients of 20–50% seem achievable for heavy intercity trucks, with consequent reductions in fuel use of 10–20%. Hybrid technology is applicable to trucks and buses that operate in urban environments, and the diesel engine's efficiency may be improved by 10% or more. Prospects for mitigation are strongly dependent on the advancement of transport technologies. There are also important opportunities to increase the operating efficiencies of transport vehicles. Road vehicle efficiency might be improved by 5–20% through strategies such as eco-driving styles, increased load factors, improved maintenance, in-vehicle technological aids, more efficient replacement tyres, reduced idling and better traffic management and route choice (medium agreement, medium evidence). The total mitigation potential in 2030 of the energy efficiency options applied to light duty vehicles would be around 0.7–0.8 GtCO2-eq in 2030 at costs <100 US$/tCO2. Data is not sufficient to provide a similar estimate for heavy-duty vehicles. The use of current and advanced biofuels would give an additional reduction potential of another 600–1500 MtCO2-eq in 2030 at costs <25 US$/tCO2 (low agreement, limited evidence). Although rail transport is one of the most energy efficient modes today, substantial opportunities for further efficiency improvements remain. Reduced aerodynamic drag, lower train weight, regenerative breaking and higher efficiency propulsion systems can make significant reductions in rail energy use. Shipping, also one of the least energy intensive modes, still has some potential for increased energy efficiency. Studies assessing both technical and operational approaches have concluded that energy efficiency opportunities of a few percent to up to 40% are possible (medium agreement, medium evidence). Passenger jet aircraft produced today are 70% more fuel efficient than the equivalent aircraft produced 40 years ago and continued improvement is expected. A 20% improvement over 1997 aircraft efficiency is likely by 2015 and possibly 40 to 50% improvement is anticipated by 2050. Still greater efficiency gains will depend on the potential of novel designs such as the blended wing body, or propulsion systems such as the unducted turbofan. For 2030 the estimated mitigation potential is 150 MtCO2 at carbon prices less than 50 US$/tCO2 and 280 MtCO2 at carbon prices less than 100 US$/tCO2 (medium agreement, medium evidence). However, without policy intervention, projected annual improvements in aircraft fuel efficiency of the order of 1–2%, will be surpassed by annual traffic growth of around 5% each year, leading to an annual increase of CO2 emissions of 3–4% per year (high agreement, much evidence). Biofuels have the potential to replace a substantial part but not all petroleum use by transport. A recent IEA analysis estimates that biofuels' share of transport fuel could increase to about 10% in 2030. The economic potential in 2030 from biofuel application is estimated at 600–1500 MtCO2-eq/yr at a cost of <25 US$/tCO2-eq. The introduction of flexfuel vehicles able to use any mixture of gasoline2 and ethanol rejuvenated the market for ethanol as a motor fuel in Brazil by protecting motorists from wide swings in the price of either fuel. The global potential for biofuels will depend on the success of technologies to utilise cellulose biomass (medium agreement, medium evidence). Providing public transports systems and their related infrastructure and promoting non-motorised transport can contribute to GHG mitigation. However, local conditions determine how much transport can be shifted to less energy intensive modes. Occupancy rates and primary energy sources of the transport mode further determine the mitigation impact. The energy requirements for urban transport are strongly influenced by the density and spatial structure of the built environment, as well as by location, extent and nature of transport infrastructure. If the share of buses in passenger transport in typical Latin American cities would increase by 5–10%, then CO2 emissions could go down by 4–9% at costs of the order of 60–70 US$/tCO2 (low agreement, limited evidence). The few worldwide assessments of transport's GHG mitigation potential completed since the TAR indicate that significant reductions in the expected 80% increase in transport GHG emission by 2030 will require both major advances in technology and implementation via strong, comprehensive policies (medium agreement, limited evidence). The mitigation potential by 2030 for the transport sector is estimated to be about 1600–2550 MtCO2 for a carbon price less than 100 US$/tCO2. This is only a partial assessment, based on biofuel use throughout the transport sector and efficiency improvements in light-duty vehicles and aircraft and does not cover the potential for heavy-duty vehicles, rail transport, shipping, and modal split change and public transport promotion and is therefore an underestimation. Much of this potential appears to be located in OECD North America and Europe. This potential is measured as the further reduction in CO2 emissions from a Reference scenario, which already assumes a substantial use of biofuels and significant improvements in fuel efficiency based on a continuation of current trends. This estimate of mitigation costs and potentials is highly uncertain. There remains a critical need for comprehensive and consistent assessments of the worldwide potential to mitigate transport's GHG emissions (low agreement, limited evidence). While transport demand certainly responds to price signals,the demand for vehicles, vehicle travel and fuel use are significantly price inelastic. As a result, large increases in prices or taxes are required to make major changes in GHG emissions. Many countries do heavily tax motor fuels and have lower rates of fuel consumption and vehicle use than countries with low fuel taxes (high agreement, much evidence). Fuel economy regulations have been effective in slowing the growth of GHG emissions, but so far growth of transport activity has overwhelmed their impact. They have been adopted by most developed economies as well as key developing economies, though in widely varying form, from uniform, mandatory corporate average standards, to graduated standards by vehicle weight class or size, to voluntary industry-wide standards. The overall effectiveness of standards can be significantly enhancedif combined with fiscal incentives and consumer information (medium agreement, medium evidence). A wide array of transport demand management (TDM) strategies have been employed in different circumstances around the world, primarily to manage traffic congestion and reduce air pollution. TDMs can be effective in reducing private vehicle travel if rigorously implemented and supported (high agreement, low evidence). In order to reduce emissions from air and marine transport resulting from the combustion of bunker fuels, new policy frameworks need to be developed. However ICAO endorsed the concept of an open, international emission trading system for the air transport sector, implemented through a voluntary scheme, or incorporation of international aviation into existing emission trading systems. Environmentally differentiated port dues are being used in a few places. Other policies to affect shipping emissions would be the inclusion of international shipping in international emissions trading schemes, fuel taxes and regulatory instruments (high agreement, much evidence). Since currently available mitigation options will probably not be enough to prevent growth in transport's emissions, technology research and development is essential in order to create the potential for future, significant reductions in transport GHG emissions. This holds, amongst others, for hydrogen fuel cell, advanced biofuel conversion and improved batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles (high agreement, medium evidence). The best choice of policy options will vary across regions. Not only levels of economic development, but the nature of economic activity, geography, population density and culture all influence the effectiveness and desirability of policies affecting modal choices, infrastructure investments and transport demand management measures (high agreement, much evidence).

CRISIS EN BOLIVIA Los enfrentamientos de civiles de la región autonomista de Pando y los partidarios del proyecto estatista e indigenista de Evo Morales suponen un nuevo peldaño en la escalada de violencia por la que asciende el país andino desde hace varios años. Desde el pasado jueves, estos enfrentamientos han dejado un saldo de más de treinta muertos, cientos de heridos y desaparecidos.Frente a esta situación de crisis, la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas: UNASUR (creada el 23 de mayo de 2008), se reunió el pasado el lunes en Santiago de Chile con miras de alcanzar una posición común para poner fin al conflicto. La UNASUR salió airosa de su primera prueba de fuego al acordar en la cumbre extraordinaria de jefes de Estado de la región una contundente respuesta de apoyo al Gobierno democrático del presidente de Bolivia, Evo Morales, y al rechazar todo intento de golpe de Estado en el país andino. Varios medios informan al respecto:"El País" de Madrid:"Evo Morales anuncia que detendrá al gobernador opositor de Pando por desacato: Los opositores advierten con romper el diálogo si hay un solo muerto más - Los fallecidos en los enfrentamientos de Pando son ya una treintena - Miles de personas marchan en Santa Cruz para pedir unidad": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Evo/Morales/anuncia/detendra/gobernador/opositor/Pando/desacato/elpepuint/20080914elpepuint_4/Tes"Evo Morales acude hoy a la cumbre regional que analizará la crisis en Bolivia: Los gobernadores rebeldes intentan sin éxito tener asiento en la cita de la UNASUR en Santiago de Chile": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Evo/Morales/acude/hoy/cumbre/regional/analizara/crisis/Bolivia/elpepuint/20080915elpepuint_3/Tes"Suramérica da un histórico apoyo a la democracia boliviana: Nueve países de la región, con Brasil al frente, respaldan Morales pero le exigen que pacte con los gobernadores rivales": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Suramerica/da/historico/apoyo/democracia/boliviana/elpepuint/20080916elpepuint_8/Tes"New York Times":"A Crisis Highlights Divisions in Bolivia": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/world/americas/15bolivia.html?ref=world"Bolivian Leader and Rival Talk in Wake of Violence": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/14/world/americas/14bolivia.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"Le Monde":"Bolivie : état de siège dans le nord du pays":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/13/bolivie-etat-de-siege-dans-le-nord-du-pays_1094846_3222.html#ens_id=1080276"Huit morts lors d'affrontements entre partisans et adversaires d'Evo Morales": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/12/bolivie-huit-morts-lors-d-affrontements-entre-partisans-et-adversaires-d-evo-morales_1094461_3222.html#ens_id=1080276 "CNN":"Bolivian 'state of siege' declared": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/12/bolivia.stateofseige/index.html"Bolivian president calls for ouster of U.S. ambassador": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/10/bolivia.us/index.html"Bolivia's opposition agrees to talks": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/17/bolivia.agreement/index.html"La Nación":"Se moviliza toda la región por la crisis en Bolivia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1050074"Fuerte advertencia de Chávez a los jefes militares de Bolivia: Reiteró que no se quedará "de brazos cruzados" si Evo Morales es derrocado": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1050017"Fuerte apoyo regional a Evo Morales: Los nueve presidentes reunidos en Chile aprobaron por unanimidad un documento de respaldo; no hubo críticas a EE.UU.": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1050381"El Tiempo" de Colombia:"Evo Morales recibe fuerte apoyo de países suramericanos, mientras diálogo avanza lento en Bolivia": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/evo-morales-recibe-fuerte-apoyo-de-paises-suramericanos-mientras-dialogo-avanza-lento-en-bolivia_4532999-1"Time":"Morales Struggles to Maintain Control in Bolivia": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1841122,00.html"BBC":"Talks aim to end Bolivian crisis":http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7615485.stm"Move to tackle Bolivian turmoil: Chile has called an emergency meeting of the Union of South American Nations to help resolve the crisis in Bolivia.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7614784.stm"MSNBC":"Bolivia's president: Unrest an attempted coup. Region's leaders meet in Chile to discuss resolution to political unrest": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26724256/"El Mercurio" de Chile:"Bachelet busca acercar posturas de Chávez y Lula con propuesta de consenso ante crisis en Bolivia´": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/15/_portada/index.htm"Bolivia despliega militares en Pando para hacer cumplir el estado de sitio": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/15/_portada/index.htm"Los Angeles Times":"South American leaders hold emergency session on Bolivia":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bolivia16-2008sep16,0,1445392.story"Bolivia death toll rises":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-bolivia15-2008sep15,0,658958.storyAMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "La primera ayuda humanitaria empieza a llegar a Cuba: La Habana pide a EEUU que suspenda el embargo por seis meses para facilitar las compras de productos para enfrentar la catástrofe":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/primera/ayuda/humanitaria/empieza/llegar/Cuba/elpepuint/20080915elpepuint_15/Tes"El Tiempo" de Colombia: "Los dos bombarderos rusos que están en Venezuela entrenan en cielo caribeño":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/los-dos-bombarderos-rusos-que-estan-en-venezuela-entrenan-en-cielo-caribeno_4531913-1"Time" anuncia: "Behind Chavez's Anti-US Rant": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1840732,00.html"New York Times" publica: "Trial Over Cash-Stuffed Suitcase Offers Insight Into Chávez Government": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/world/americas/15venez.html?ref=world"MSNBC" informa: "Venezuelan leader orders U.S. ambassador out: Chavez gives envoy 72 hours to leave, says move is in support of Bolivia": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26665875/"Time" anuncia: "US Ambassador to Venezuela Out": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1840711,00.htmlTras crisis en Bolivia "El País" de Madrid analiza: "Brasil y Argentina temen perder su gas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brasil/Argentina/temen/perder/gas/elpepuint/20080915elpepiint_1/Tes"MSNBC" informa: "Police find bodies of 24 men in central México: Rural area has been hit by increasingly bloody violence between gangs": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26682413/"Los Angeles Times" publica: "Mexican officials blame organized crime for deadly blasts": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexattack17-2008sep17,0,2057095.story"CNN" informa: "Violence mars Mexico's independence day celebration": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/16/mexico.explosions/index.htmlESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"New York Times" informa: "Rescues Continue in Texas; Millions Without Power": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/us/16Ike.html?ref=us"La Nación" publica: "Dramáticas tareas de rescate tras el huracán: Lanzaron una masiva operación para hallar sobrevivientes": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1049987"MSNBC" anuncia: "Ike victims search streets for food, water, gas: 60 survivors found on isolated peninsula; death toll at 34 in 9 states": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26695458/"Miami Herald" informa: "9/11 justice: War crimes tribunals don't engage public:": http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/681520.html"BBC" publica: "US marks seventh 9/11 anniversary": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7609636.stm"La Nación" informa: "Un golpe a la economía global: Wall Street cerró en alza tras el anuncio de la Reserva Federal": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1050394"The Economist" analiza: "A lifeline for AIG: America's government comes to the rescue of a giant insurance company": http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12244993&source=features_box_main"China Daily" anuncia: "McCain, Obama joust over how to fix Wall Street": http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/17/content_7032347.htm"Time" presenta sitio con links a artículos relacionados con las elecciones estadounidenses:http://thepage.time.com/EUROPA"New York Times" anuncia: "Engine Failure Studied in Russian Air Crash": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/world/europe/15russia.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid publica: "Un fallo en la turbina ocasiona el accidente del avión ruso en los Urales: El motor derecho se incendió en pleno vuelo debido a un "desperfecto", revela un informe preliminar": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/fallo/turbina/ocasiona/accidente/avion/ruso/Urales/elpepuint/20080915elpepuint_5/Tes"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "200 observadores civiles serán enviados a Georgia para garantizar retirada de tropas rusas": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/200-observadores-civiles-seran-enviados-a-georgia-para-garantizar-retirada-de-tropas-rusas_4530170-1"Time" analiza: "Georgia President Eager to Join NATO": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1841162,00.html"New York Times" anuncia: "NATO Envoys Will Offer Their Support in Georgia": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/world/europe/15nato.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid informa: "La OTAN tiende la mano al ingreso de Georgia: El secretario general de la Alianza Atlántica anuncia una comisión para estudiar su incorporación": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/OTAN/tiende/mano/ingreso/Georgia/elpepuint/20080915elpepuint_11/Tes"La Nación" publica: "Naufragio en Turquía: buscan a 30 personas: Viajaban unos 150 pasajeros":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1049988"El País": "Barroso califica de "dramática" la situación de los gitanos en Europa: Responsables europeos, miembros de la sociedad civil y representantes de la comunidad gitana discuten en Bruselas la situación de discriminación de los gitano": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Barroso/califica/dramatica/situacion/gitanos/Europa/elpepuint/20080916elpepuint_22/TesAsia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente"El País" de Madrid publica: "La investigación sobre el programa nuclear iraní queda en punto muerto: El OIEA culpa a Irán de "atascar" sus informes y cree que ha construido 3.820 centrifugadoras.- Teherán pide un cambio de enfoque": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/investigacion/programa/nuclear/irani/queda/punto/muerto/elpepuint/20080915elpepuint_10/Tes"Time" analiza: "UN: Iran Blocking Nuke Probe": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1841186,00.html"MSNBC": "IAEA: Iran stalls probe into nuclear research: U.N. inquiry into allegations of secret atom bomb efforts 'at a gridlock'": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26717979/"BBC" publica: "Suicide bombing kills 22 in Iraq": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7617606.stm"New York Times" anuncia: "Afghanistan Is in Its Worst Shape Since 2001, European Diplomat Says": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/world/asia/15kabul.html?ref=world "Miami Herald" publica: "Pakistanis reportedly fired at U.S. forces: Sources say U.S. forces staging a helicopter raid into tribal lands on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border were fired on by Pakistani troops.":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/687977.html"CNN" informa sobre atentado en Yemen: "Al Qaeda blamed for U.S. Embassy attack": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/17/yemen.blast/index.html"BBC" publica: "Blasts rock US embassy in Yemen": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7620362.stm "MSNBC" informa: "Thai protesters sit tight as government bickers: Prime minister's compound remains occupied; no agreement on new leader": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26724553/ "New York Times": anuncia: "As Economy Slows, China Eases Monetary Policy": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/business/worldbusiness/16yuan.html?ref=world "Time" publica: "N. Korean Leader Remains Palpably Absent": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1841239,00.html"The Economist" analiza: "Kim JongIll or Kim Jong Well?: Fresh speculation about the Dear Leader's health": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12209348AFRICA"New York Times" informa: "Zimbabwe Rivals Sign Power-Sharing Agreement":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/world/africa/16zimbabwe.html?ref=world"Time" analiza: "Can Zimbabwe's Shotgun Marriage Work?": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1841286,00.html "BBC" publica: "Zimbabwe rivals in historic pact": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7615906.stm"MSNBC" informa: "2 aid workers kidnapped in Somalia: 20 humanitarian workers have been kidnapped so far this year": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26707537/"BBC" anuncia: "Troops die in Mauritania ambush": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7617223.stm"MSNBC" publica: "Militants battle Nigerian forces in oil region: Foreign workers warned to leave southern delta as violence escalates":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26688414/ECONOMIA Esta semana se sucedieron acontecimientos que marcaron fuertemente la economía mundial:"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12209954"New York Times" informa: "Stocks Fall Sharply Despite Aid to A.I.G.":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/business/worldbusiness/16markets.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid publica:"El Bank of America compra Merrill Lynch por 31.000 millones: La entidad se consolida como el gigante más grande del mundo tras la operación": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Bank/of/America/compra/Merrill/Lynch/31000/millones/elpepueco/20080915elpepueco_3/Tes"Lehman Brothers se declara en bancarrota: La quiebra del cuarto banco de inversión de EE UU confirma los temores sobre la estabilidad del mercado financiero del país": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Lehman/Brothers/declara/bancarrota/elpepueco/20080915elpepueco_1/Tes"Wall Street no recibe bien el rescate de AIG": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Wall/Street/recibe/bien/rescate/AIG/elpepueco/20080917elpepueco_2/Tes"La Nación" anuncia: "Lehman Brothers se declara en bancarrota y tiemblan los mercados: El cuarto banco de inversión de EE.UU. se acogió a la ley de quiebras tras fracasar en las gestiones para conseguir un comprador; la Fed y el BCE inyectan liquidez; Bank of America adquiere el Merrill Lynch; se derrumban las bolsas de Europa; se mantienen las fuertes caídas en Wall Street":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1050112"Time" analiza: "Financial Meltdowns: How Big a Blow to the Economy?": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1841214,00.html"CNN" publica:"Stocks get crushed: Wall Street socked by biggest crisis in years, with the Dow down over 400 points, as the Lehman bankruptcy, Merrill buyout, AIG cash scramble rattle investors.": http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/markets/markets_newyork2/index.htm"Stocks slump on AIG, housing: Wall Street retreats as Fed's rescue of insurer adds to the sense that financial market distress is far from over.": http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/17/markets/stockswatch/index.htm?cnn=yes"BBC" informa: "Lehman Bros files for bankruptcy": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7615931.stm"The Economist" analiza: "Nightmare on Wall Street: A weekend of high drama reshapes American finance":http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?source=most_commented&story_id=12231236&fsrc=nwlOTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid publica: "El agujero de la capa de ozono ya es más grande que en 2007: La ONU señala en el Día Mundial para la Preservación de la Capa de Ozono que los científicos relacionan cada vez más su reducción con el cambio climático": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/agujero/capa/ozono/grande/2007/elpepusoc/20080916elpepusoc_3/Tes "The Economist" analiza: "Climate change and the poor: Adapt or die. Environmentalists have long said the world should concentrate on preventing climate change, not adapting to it. That is changing":http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12208005