Статья посвящена Прокламации о нейтралитете от 22 апреля 1793 г., которая, несмотря на ее важность, обделена вниманием историков как в США, так и в России. В исследовании освещаются обстоятельства принятия документа, приводится анализ его текста. Автор рассматривает Прокламацию как важный этап в становлении внешнеполитической доктрины Соединенных Штатов, которая на всем протяжении последней четверти XVIII в. демонстрировала удивительную стабильность и преемственность. В статье сделана попытка показать общественную дискуссию, которую спровоцировала Прокламация и которая способствовала формированию первых политических партий в США федералистов и республиканцев. ; The article deals with the Proclamation of Neutrality issued 22 April, 1793. There is a considerable disregard of its significance in both the United States and Russia. The study throws light on the сircumstances of its adoption and provides analysis of the text. The author believes that the Proclamation marked a significant step in the formation of the U.S. foreign policy doctrine, which showed a remarkable stability and continuity in the last quarter of the 18th century. The article is aimed at demonstrating the public debate, which was exacerbated by the Proclamation and played an important part in the formation of the first U.S. political parties the Federalists and Republicans.
This history provides valuable insight into the early management of the NRO and its subsequent development and operation of the film-return family of imaging reconnaissance satellites- insight that offers both lessons and inspiration for those of us who continue to work in the field of space reconnaissance. -- Excerpted from foreward ; Shipping list no.: 2013-0058-P ; "August 2012." ; Includes bibliographical references ; Section 1. Management of the National Reconnaissance Program, 1960-1965 (Perry's Volume 5) -- Section 2. Samos (Perry's Volume 2A and 2B) -- Section 3. Corona (Perry's Volume 1) -- Section 4. Gambit and Hexagon (Perry's Volume 3A and 3B) -- Section 5. Quill (Perry's Quill history) -- Section 6. Reconnaissance satellites research and development: capabilities in readout, crisis resolution, and very high resolution (Perry's Volume 4) -- Appendices ; This history provides valuable insight into the early management of the NRO and its subsequent development and operation of the film-return family of imaging reconnaissance satellites- insight that offers both lessons and inspiration for those of us who continue to work in the field of space reconnaissance. -- Excerpted from foreward ; Mode of access: Internet.
Abstract Background Much of the unskilled and semi-skilled workforce in Thailand comprises migrant workers from neighbouring countries. While, in principle, healthcare facilities in the host country are open to those migrants registered with the Ministry of Labour, their actual healthcare-seeking preferences and practices, as well as those of unregistered migrants, are not well documented. This study aimed to describe the patterns of healthcare-seeking behaviours of immigrant workers in Thailand, emphasizing healthcare practices for TB-suspicious symptoms, and to identify the role of occupation and other factors influencing these behaviours. Methods A survey was conducted among 614 immigrant factory workers (FW), rubber tappers (RT) and construction workers (CW), in which information was sought on socio-demography, history of illness and related healthcare-seeking behaviour. Mixed effects logistic regression modeling was employed in data analysis. Results Among all three occupations, self-medication was the most common way of dealing with illnesses, including the development of TB-suspicious symptoms, for which inappropriate drugs were used. Only for GI symptoms and obstetric problems did migrant workers commonly seek healthcare at modern healthcare facilities. For GI illness, FW preferred to attend the in-factory clinic and RT a private facility over government facilities owing to the quicker service and greater convenience. For RT, who were generally wealthier, the higher cost of private treatment was not a deterrent. CW preferentially chose a government healthcare facility for their GI problems. For obstetric problems, including delivery, government facilities were utilized by RT and CW, but most FW returned to their home country. After adjusting for confounding, having legal status in the country was associated with overall greater use of government facilities and being female and being married with use of both types of modern healthcare facility. One-year estimated period prevalence of TB-suspicious symptoms was around 6% among FW but around 27% and 30% in RT and CW respectively. However, CW were the least likely to visit a modern healthcare facility for these symptoms. Conclusions Self medication is the predominant mode of healthcare seeking among these migrant workers. When accessing a modern healthcare facility the choice is influenced by occupation and its attendant lifestyle and socioeconomic conditions. Utilization of modern facilities could be improved by reducing the current barriers by more complete registration coverage and better provision of healthcare information, in which local vendors of the same ethnicity could play a useful role. Active surveillance for TB among migrant workers, especially CW, may lead to better TB control.
Même si sont présentes en Bourgogne des zones importantes de grandes cultures, les protéagineux y sont néanmoins peu développés. Concernant l'élevage de monogastriques, la région se caractérise par une activité volaillère de taille moyenne comparée au niveau national, orientée vers des productions sous signes d'identification de la qualité et de l'origine (SIQO) et une activité porcine peu conséquente. Malgré i) une tendance à la colocalisation des productions de protéagineux et de viandes blanches à l'échelle du territoire et des exploitations et ii) une utilisation prépondérante des protéagineux par les élevages monogastriques bourguignons, il n'y a toutefois pas de lien fonctionnel fort entre ces deux activités, et la région est même exportatrice de protéagineux alors qu'elle importe beaucoup de tourteaux de soja. Dans ce travail, nous nous interrogeons sur les conditions d'un renforcement du lien entre activités sur protéagineux et monogastriques. En matière de production de protéagineux, les innovations variétales (notamment en types hiver) et en nouveaux systèmes de culture, permettent d'identifier des possibilités d'extension de surfaces et volumes produits. Les préoccupations environnementales et l'augmentation des productions animales sous SIQO peuvent participer à l'accentuation de ce lien fonctionnel, mais à condition de bien identifier, maîtriser et valoriser ces contributions aux impacts environnementaux et aux qualités. En outre, un tel contexte renforcera une logique de circuits courts amplifiant le lien entre acteurs d'amont et d'aval, et cela d'autant plus que les cahiers des charges appelant à la traçabilité et à des qualités certifiées seront contraignants. Dans cetteconcurrence entre une demande sociétale et une logique mondiale de prix de matières premières, de simplification et massification des systèmes, les politiques publiques et la réglementation joueront un rôle majeur. C'est ainsi que dans le domaine des productions biologiques en fort développement en Bourgogne, on voit actuellement s'amplifier une logique de territoire et des interactions entre acteurs qui se structurent autour de la définition de zones de production, d'objectifs quantitatifs et de cahiers des charges sur la qualité des productions. ; Although cereals and oil seed crops are very developed in Burgundy, the area of grain legumes cultivation is small. Concerning monogastric livestock, the region is characterised by a medium size poultry production focussed on markets under quality and origin signs (SIQO) and a relatively small pig production. Although a tendency of co-location of these productions can be observed (at territory and farm scales) and some animals consume locally-produced proteins, there is no strong functional link between these crops and animal activities. This situation is confirmed by the fact that a significant proportion of produced grain legumes are exported by Burgundy, while large quantities of soybean mealare imported. The aims of our study were to analyze i) the link between the cultivation of protein crops and the monogastric livestock and ii) the possibilities of strengthening this link thanks to innovations. On this last point, the innovations in terms of varieties (particularly in winter types) and the new cropping systems make it possible to identify new production areas and additional volumes. Moreover, environmental requirements and increase of SIQO productions may amplify the functional links on the condition of identifying, monitoring and highlighting the benefits of protein crops from environmental and quality viewpoints. This context can also help to develop mechanisms of local circuits and to strengthenthe link between upstream and downstream stakeholders - all the more so as traceability criteria and quality certification will be constraining. However, these trends which answer to the new societal requirements will compete with world prices of raw agricultural products and the world tendency toward simplified and massive systems and homogenized practices. Thus, public policy and regulation have a crucial role. The development of organic production activity in Burgundy, in which we observe some interactions between stakeholders structured around the definition of production zones, quantitative targets and quality criteria can illustrate these trends.
A number of factors led to the need for a workshop to discuss surface water – groundwater interactions in the oil sands. These included: • Current government policies and the development of new policies and frameworks • Continued uncertainty regarding the potential for interactions and the resulting impacts, particularly for fisheries habitat and resources • Initiation of the Cumulative Environmental Management Association's Groundwater Working Group and their initial research results • Work being undertaken by industry, particularly in the Southern Athabasca Oil Sands The Workshop: • Considered mineable and in-situ oil sands operations in general (i.e., did not focus on specific geographic regions, except when discussing specific examples) • Focused mainly on groundwater (quality and quantity) – with discussion of surface water being limited to "groundwater – surface water interaction" • Acknowledged, but did not address, that the different regulators have different responsibilities and authorities regarding groundwater, surface water and fisheries impacts related to interactions The objectives of the Workshop were to: • Develop a common understanding of the current knowledge regarding groundwater resources, groundwater-surface water interactions in the oil sands area, ongoing applied research, monitoring and potential impacts • Develop recommendations regarding research, monitoring, modelling, etc. to address knowledge gaps and/or regulatory and environmental protection issues The Workshop was structured with initial presentations by several speakers to set the context, and summarize current policy and recent research. The participants were then asked to respond to a series of general and topic-specific questions. The report recommendations have not been directed to any specific individual or organization. Rather, the Steering Committee members will bring the recommendations back to their respective management teams for further consideration.
Agency policy briefs are aimed at policy-makers. They provide concrete recommendations which may contribute to European Union and international policy initiatives. The first in this new series of policy briefs builds on the outcomes of the Agency's Vocational Education and Training (VET) project (2010–2012). The project identified four main groups of stakeholders whose roles are crucial in improving the performance of VET systems: the VET institution's management, the VET staff, learners, and labour market representatives. Download the policy brief below in PDF format in 22 official Agency languages: Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Slovakian, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish. ; This publication has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Background subtraction is considered the first processing stage in video surveillance systems, and consists of determining objects in movement in a scene captured by a static camera. It is an intensive task with a high computational cost. This work proposes an embedded novel architecture on FPGA which is able to extract the background on resource-limited environments and offers low degradation (produced because of the hardware-friendly model modification). In addition, the original model is extended in order to detect shadows and improve the quality of the segmentation of the moving objects. We have analyzed the resource consumption and performance in Spartan3 Xilinx FPGAs and compared to others works available on the literature, showing that the current architecture is a good trade-off in terms of accuracy, performance and resources utilization. With less than a 65% of the resources utilization of a XC3SD3400 Spartan-3A low-cost family FPGA, the system achieves a frequency of 66.5 MHz reaching 32.8 fps with resolution 1,024 x 1,024 pixels, and an estimated power consumption of 5.76 W. ; This research was supported by the projects of excellence from the Andalusian Regional Government, Junta de Andalucía (TIC-3873, TIC-5060), the national project ARC-VISION (TEC2010-15396) and the EU grant TOMSY (FP7-270436).
Статья рассматривает роль, отведенную Ольстеру ортодоксальным республиканизмом в годы Ирландской революции (1916-22 гг.). По мнению автора, политика Дойла по отношению к Ольстеру отличалась утопизмом. В результате республиканское военное и политическое руководство Юга рассматривало Ольстер как орудие достижения собственных целей, начав с марта 1921 года политику «экспорта революции», комплекс мер по дестабилизации юнионистского режима Ольстера. Эта политика способствовала росту насилия и хаоса, от которого больше всего страдало католическое меньшинство. ; The author considers the role assigned by orthodox republicanism to Ulster during the Irish Revolution (1916-1922), and shows that Doyle's policy in relation to Ulster was notable for utopianism. As a result the Republican political and military leadership of the South considered Ulster as the tool for their own goals achievement starting the policy of revolution export in March 1921, the set of measures for Ulster unionist regime destabilizing. This policy contributed to the increase in violence and chaos, which caused sufferings mostly to Catholic minority.
Open Access. ; Understanding the responses of maize to abscisic acid (ABA) dependent drought tolerance is an important topic for the biotechnological application of functional mechanisms of stress adaptation. Key components that control and modulate stress adaptive pathways include SnRK2 (sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases 2) proteins. Recent studies indicate that SnRK2 are plant specific kinases that together with ABA ligand PYR/PYL/RCAR proteins and type 2C group A protein phosphatases constitute the central core of abscisic acid perception and signal transduction. Here, we study drought responses in maize by analyzing the mechanism of ZmSnRK2.8 in ABA signaling to establish relevant analogies with other plant species. ZmSnRK2.8 is a very closely related protein to Arabidopsis OST1 (open stomata 1) kinase with nuclear and cytosolic subcellular localization able to auto-phosphorylate S182 or T183 amino acids on its activation loop suggesting that phosphorylation at these sites may be a general mechanism for SnRK2 activation. In addition, ZmSnRK2.8 is activated by ABA and interacts with PP2C phosphatases in a constitutive, ABA independent manner. Together, our data suggest a conserved mechanism of plant responses to ABA and drought stress in maize and point to the potential use of this kinase in improving programs of drought tolerance in crops. ; VL was financed by the Spanish MCYT (Program Ramon y Cajal) and BV by European Union Marie-Curie Early Stage Training Fellowships MEST-CT-2005–020232–2 ADONIS and the FCT SFRH/BD/62070/2009 grant. This work was supported by grants BIO2009–13044 from MCYT (Spain) and CIRIT-2005SGR00276 from Comissionat per Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya to MP. ; Peer reviewed
В статье показана деятельность Сибирского комитета, установленного 22 июля 1822 г. Усилия Сибирского комитета были направлены на утверждение в Сибири нового нормативного законодательства в сфере местного государственного управления. ; Th e article focuses on the activities of the Siberian committee, which had been established in July, 22, 1822. Th is state body`s main concern was to form new legislative base for Siberia region.
В данной статье представлены вопросы, связанные с вступлением в силу регулирования Европейского Парламента и Совета (ЕС) № 305/2011 от 9 марта 2011 года, устанавливающего гармонизированные условия внедрения в использование строительной продукции и отмене Директивы Совета 89/106/EWG. Эта статья представляет важную информацию для участников рынка строительных изделий, таких как, производители, поставщики, а также единицы, участвующие в оценке соответствия продукции. Постановление № 305/2011 было введено после 22 лет действия строительной директивы для того, чтобы более четко определить область и устранить неясности в результате применения строительной Директивы, которые возникли в первую очередь от различных подходов членов-государств к внедрению постановлений Директивы. Впоследствии они привели к неравному обращению европейских производителей строительных изделий и вызвали многочисленные проблемы, связанные с введением строительной продукции на рынок и свободного перемещения этих товаров в рамках Европейского Союза. Поскольку постановление вводит ряд изменений во многих аспектах, связанных с маркетингом строительных материалов на территории Европейского Союза, автор обсуждает причины, идеи и цель внедрения этого постановления. Затем автор рассматривает обще выбранные изменения в области основных требований для строительных конструкций, гармонизированных технических спецификаций, системы оценки соответствия, декларации о производительности продукции, методах получения способности маркировки изделий маркой CE и правил этикетирования. Некоторые из этих аспектов автор обсуждает более подробно, обращая внимание на такие важные элементы, как: система согласованных стандартов и Европейских технических оценок; изменения основных требований гигиены, здоровья и окружающей среды; безопасность использования и доступность объектов; рационального использования природных ресурсов; использование специальной технической документации и упрощенных процедур для микро-предприятий; содержание декларации о производительности и порядок ее распределения; информации, сопровождающие маркировку СЕ. Таким образом, автор обращает внимание на поддержку прав, приобретенных производителями, проводимыми оценку соответствия согласно Строительной Директивы.His article describes questions related with coming into force o f Regulation (Eu) No 305/2011 of The European Parliament and of The Council of 9 March 2011 laying down harmoni z ed conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC. The article introduces very signif icant inf ormation for construction products' market participants eg. manufacturers, suppliers and bodies taki ng part in conformity assessment of products. Regulation No 305/2011 has been introduced after 22 years of exis ting of construction products directive to de fine better this area and eliminate inaccurate aspects of CPD directive application, which were the result of differences in approach of EU member states to implementation of this directive. Consequences of such an approach led to unequal treatment of Euro pean manufacturers o f construction products and also implicated number of problems connected in marketing of construction products and free movement of products across European community. Because the regulation introduces plenty of changes in many aspects connected with marketing of construction products author describes causes, idea and aim of the regulation. Following that author describes selected changes in general, these cover basic requireme nts for construction works, harmonized technical specificatio ns, conformity assessment systems, declaration of performance, ways to achieve right to mark of products with CE marking and general principles and use of CE marking. Selected of named aspects author describes in more detailed way to focus readers attenti on to such important matters as harmonized standards and European technical assessment system ; changed basic requirements in the scope of hygiene, health and the environment; safety and accessibility in use; s ustainable use of natural resources. Next the u se of specific technical documentation and simplified procedures for micro enterprises, c ontent s of the declaration of performance and its distribution, information following the CE marking. In the summary author focuses readers attention to acquired right s of manufacturers, who performed conformity assessment of their products according to the CPD directive.
Tanzania is the third largest gold exporter in Africa, thanks in part to the liberalization of the mining sector which started in the early 1990s. Neoliberal mining reforms promised a win-win situation in which government, investors and local host communities would benefit through export earnings, profits, local employment, and corporate social responsibility initiatives (e.g., the building of schools and clinics). While the rising price of gold and foreign investments in mining activities have delivered on some of these promises, many residents in mining regions have not benefited socioeconomically. Worse still, their communities have unjustly borne the brunt of the environmental, social, and public-health costs associated with large-scale mining operations. This paper examines these injustices through research in Geita and Kahama, two of the most active gold mining areas of Tanzania. Drawing on Kuehn's [1] taxonomy of environmental injustice, we detail the negative impacts of mining activities in these communities and describe how residents have developed strategies of resistance as means to obtain reparations. We then explore the political, financial, organizational, and social limitations on these resistance strategies and argue that the social movements associated with mining lack the political space necessary to affect significant changes to structure, quality, and impact of the industry in western Tanzania.
