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"The risk management revolution, which began with the spectacular failure of corporate governance and regulatory guidelines, has led us to an entirely new culture of risk management. Each and every firm and institution throughout the finance industry must now identify and understand risk, and regulators must inspire this endeavour." "The Handbook of Risk Management is an introduction to the next generation of risk management. Proposing a practical 5 step methodology for creating and implementing tomorrow's risk management frameworks, it is strongly rooted within the corporate culture of each financial institution. This new approach relies on transparency, exchange of information and risk intelligence gathered from inside and outside the institution. It involves all moving parts, all thinking entities across the enterprise in order to foster capabilities to adapt, anticipate and prevent risks from becoming losses. It is a true build-up of 'corporate DNA', an absolute requirement moving forward for firms to develop a deep culture of risk management and enable them to face unknown challenges." "This book:" "--Provides a detailed methodology to analyse risk, translate risk policies into risk targets and distribute responsibilities and capabilities accordingly" "-proposes multiple channel information workflows for critical risk data to be conveyed from operational units to decision makers and allow for timely action to be taken" "-suggests innovative ways for combining quantitative measurements of market, credit and operational risks as well as methods to gather risk intelligence from inside and outside firms" "-makes a departure from traditional risk management frameworks favouring widespread exchanges of information and direct, unbiased communications" "-fosters the foundations of a brand new culture of transparency within the financial industry" "-suggests new ways for regulators and the financial market community to gather and redistribute risk intelligence and benchmarks" "The book is based on research in existing and new methodologies, supported with interviews of executives from banks, asset management companies, private wealth managers, hedge funds, administrators, regulators and corporates globally on where they intend to focus their risk management efforts moving forward. Through worked examples and real life case studies, the author gathers the very latest trends observed globally across the finance industry into simple sets of guidelines designed to inspire the layout of post crisis risk management frameworks. He also suggests new steps for the regulators and market participants to elevate their communication, creating a new spirit of constructive cooperation in order to better fulfil the social responsibility of managing financial risks." "In this book, Philippe Carrel creates a new standard to understand and communicate risk intelligence, providing a source of inspiration and a set of guidelines where risk managers, executives, consultants and regulators can find the essential drivers and key components of their own risk management culture."--Jacket

Due to a rapid development in biotechnology more and more macromolecular drugs such as therapeutic peptides, oligosaccharides and nucleic acids are entering the pharmaceutical arena representing unprecedented challenges from the drug delivery point of view. One of the likely greatest challenges is their oral administration presenting a series of attractive advantages. Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs addresses the most critical issues for a successful oral delivery of macromolecular drugs by a detailed characterisation of the 'enemy's strength' which is mainly based on the enzymatic barrier, the mucus gel barrier and the absorption barrier. Each of these barriers is described in detail in separate chapters by leading scientists in the field. The higher the knowledge about these barriers, the more potent oral macromolecular delivery systems can be generated. In the second part of this volume an overview on the likely most promising strategies to overcome these barriers is provided. Each of these strategies is described in detail in chapters being authored by worldwide academic and industrial experts. These strategies include the use of auxiliary agents such as polymeric and low molecular mass permeation enhancers, efflux pump inhibitors and enzyme inhibitors. Furthermore, these strategies are based on delivery systems such as liposomal formulations and micro- and nanoparticles. Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs provides also an overview on special topics in oral macromolecular drug delivery such as oral immunization and gene delivery. Each of these chapters benefits from the results of various in vivo studies demonstrating the potential of discussed delivery systems. On the one hand macromolecular drugs can be produced more and more effectively making also low oral bioavailabilities in the range of 0.5 - 5% commercially interesting. On the other hand, oral macromolecular drug formulations are becoming more and more efficient. Taking these developments into consideration, the number of oral macromolecular delivery systems entering the market will increase considerably over the years. 'Invasive-to-oral-conversions' promise great rewards for those investing in this market. Oral Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs should encourage and motivate scientists in academia and industry to move in or intensively their activities in this challenging research field of great future. About the Editor Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch is the Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Professor of Pharmaceutical Technology at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. His main interests focus on non-invasive drug delivery systems, multifunctional polymers such as thiomers, mucoadhesion and permeation enhancement. He is author of more than 200 original research and review articles and received the Research-Award of the City of Vienna (Vienna), EURAND-Award (Boston), Best of Biotech Award (Vienna), MBPW-Award (Munich), PHÖNIX Award (Mannheim), Houska-Award (Vienna) and Austrian-Nanoaward (Vienna). In addition, Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch is founder and owner of the following companies: ThioMatrix GmbH, Dr. K. Schnürch KG and Green River Polymers GmbH.

Because religion is so central to the lives and experience of the vast majority of people throughout the world, it figures very prominently in a variety of ways in interhuman relations. Unfortunately, 'religion' often appears to be one of the potent sources of mistrust, discord and strife between and among individuals, groups and cultures. What frequently lies at the root of such suspicion and dissension is general ignorance concerning the religious other, a lack of knowledge about his or her beliefs, aspirations and views of the good and morally honorable life. And even if people have some factual knowledge about other religions, they regularly display little understanding of them and their adherents. Learning both to know and understand people of other faiths and their religions is absolutely requisite to the realization of paradigms of coherent and intelligent 'convivance,' that is, living together in sensible, peaceable and cooperative harmony. An effective agency for fostering such knowledge and understanding is the discipline of theology of religions, which examines how religions have and ought to view other religions. And it is particularly the practice of comparative theology of religions which bears the most promise in this regard. The present symposium consists of precisely this kind of comparative exercise and may be viewed as an important contribution to the development of a new project which endeavors to enlarge the horizon and broaden the focus and reflection of theology of religions as that has been gradually developed during the last few decades, a new enterprise, in other words, which seeks to universalize and mutualize theology-of-religions discourse. One of the important things this volume shows is that the views religions have of other religions differ from one another in very substantial ways, which is explained by the fact that they derive from diverging paradigms of faith, belief and ritual and specific cultural and social contexts. This textbook demonstrates how strongly different Hindu, Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian views are from those of Islam, Judaism and Christianity, which latter in turn also exhibit considerable differences among themselves. These differences are greater than people immersed in their own cultures often realize or expect. It is becoming ever more clear that ignorance of or disinclination to acknowledge or refusal to accept these real differences constitute major root causes of serious conflicts in the world. The essays in this book, written by representatives of the major world religions, offer descriptive and/or prescriptive appraisals of other religions in general or one other religion in particular from the perspective of the religion of the author concerned. It is hoped that this unique exercise in intercultural theology of religions will generate insights and new forms of understanding which can be used by religious leaders and other educators to help correct the disposition toward religious haughtiness, insularity and communalism and the dangerous leanings toward interreligious suspicion, antipathy and animosity which are all too often evident in our contemporary societies

Want access to the best-kept secrets and tips for sounding and looking professional while presenting on-camera for television? This is your toolkit. Reardon's On Camera: How to Report Anchor and Interview teaches you how to become professional and effective on camera. Learn how to appear, and feel, at ease-whether doing an interview or reporting in the field, or whether reading copy from a prompter or giving a video presentation. Read about what tricks the pros use to get the best interview answers from their subjects. . Nancy Reardon reveals a career's worth of inside stories from the world of reporting-insights toward helping you develop your professional skills . Get the scoop on job techniques and essentials: how to anchor, report interview with the hallmarks of a pro . The CD-ROM is a course in itself, with video examples of how to interview on-camera, prompter copy for you to practice your reading and breathing techniques These are the nuts and bolts of how to do the job at the network level or as a backpack journalist so that when you're standing in front of the camera, in the studio, or out on location-you know what you're doing. Nancy gives you techniques behind professional on camera presentation, with exercises drawn from her years of teaching. The book, co-written by Tom Flynn with decades of experience at the networks, provides tricks of the trade and some surprising-but-true stories from inside the business. Presenting on camera is not limited to television. Today, most businesses require you to be media savvy. You have to learn how to comfortably present yourself in video conferences, as well as videotaped messages to large and small groups. Whether you are new to television or have experience in front of the camera, you can improve on your current skills by reflecting on the career-focused tips and tried-and-true principles inside this book's cover-all oriented to skills development. The book's CD-ROM contains instructional videos, an interactive feature story that allows you to write, edit and read your script, as well as vocal technique demonstration videos led by the author. Included is prompter copy that you will get nowhere else. It gives you the experience of reading a script from the prompter just as the pros do in the studio. We hope you enjoy the witty drawings by New Yorker cartoonist W. Miller, which illustrate on camera positioning! *Foreword by Bob Schieffer *Nancy Reardon reveals a career's worth of inside stories from the world of reporting-insights toward helping you develop your professional skills *Get the scoop on job techniques and essentials: how to anchor, report interview with the hallmarks of a pro *The CD-ROM is a course in itself, with video examples of how to interview on-camera, prompter copy for you to practice your reading and breathing techniques

In the year 1999 the project of the inventarisation of the historic gardens in Austria, financed by the Austrian Science Fund FWF was finished with the manuscript "Historic Gardens in Austria. Gardens and Parks from the Renaissance to 1930". Since 1984 this project was in charge of the author with some other co-workers at the Technical University of Vienna, Department of Landscape Planning and Garden History. This first Austrian inventory tended to consider public and private gardens, parks and artistically formed landscapes of all nine Austrian states from the Renaissance to about 1930 in a systematic manner. In the years of the inventarisation over 1750 historic gardens and parks were discovered, photographed and described.
For the publication this numerous and mostly unknown quantity of gardens and parks was arranged in typological groups: gardens and parks of ecclesiastic dwelling-houses as monasteries, convents and cloisters, episcopal and provost buildings, parsonages, gardens and parks of profane buildings as castles, chateaus, palaces, manor-houses, country-houses, villas, dwelling-buildings, development houses, farmhouses, mills, factories, public buildings (monumental buildings) of culture (museum, theatre), education (school, university, botanic garden, arboretum), healing and welfare work (hospital, sanatorium, old people´s home, residential home, youth welfare home), administration (office, embassy), catering and hotel industry and tourism ( hotel, inn, restaurant), sport, recreation and leisure ( swimming-bath, shooting-stand, amusement park, leisure centre), public gardens and parks (without any main-building) as green places, village parks, town parks, village woods, town woods, parks of a spa, memorial parks, promenades, green outside staircases.
With the elaboration of the results of the inventarisation, with the consideration of the trade literature, historic maps, plans, views, pictures and other source materials it was possible to present the first documentation of the existing historic gardens and parks in Austria in three volumes, published 2002-2004 (Böhlau Verlag, Wien-Köln-Weimar). This first survey makes known the rich existence of historic garden substance, is available to further scientific research on Austrian garden art and garden culture and affords first informations to protect and preserve this important cultural heritage.

The second volume of the inventarisation of the historic gardens and parks in Austria presents the public and private gardens of the Austrian states Upper Austria, Salzburg, Vorarlberg, Carinthia, Styria and Tyrol. This first survey makes known the rich existence of historic gardens substance, is available to further scientific research on Austrian garden art and garden culture and affords first informations to protect and preserve this important cultural heritage. - Im zweiten Band der Bestandsaufnahme der historischen Gärten und Parks Österreichs werden die Gartenanlagen in Oberösterreich, Salzburg, Vorarlberg, Kärnten, Steiermark und Tirol vorgestellt. Die flächendeckende Übersicht macht den reichen Bestand an historischer Gartensubstanz bekannt, stellt erste Grundlagen für die weitere wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit der österreichischen Gartenkunst und Gartenkultur zur Verfügung und bietet erste Informationen für Maßnahmen zur Sicherung und Erhaltung dieses wichtigen kulturellen Erbes.

1 Introduction -- 1.1 The ethological approach to the study of behaviour -- 1.2 A brief outline of classical ethological theory -- 1.3 The modern study of animal behaviour -- 1.4 An outline of the book -- 2 The description and measurement of behaviour -- 2.1 Describing behaviour by its function -- 2.2 Describing behaviour by its form -- 2.3 Describing and measuring the relationship between an animal and its environment -- 2.4 What is the point of all this sophisticated analysis? -- 3 The study of the causes of behavioural change -- 3.1 What constitutes a causal explanation of behaviour? -- 3.2 The different kinds of causal explanation -- 3.3 Motivational models -- 3.4 Studying external influences on behaviour -- 3.5 Studying internal influences on behaviour -- 3.6 What is the nature of the mechanisms which cause behavioural change? -- 3.7 Studying the physiological bases of behavioural change -- 4 The development of behaviour -- 4.1 Problems with the instinct-learning dichotomy -- 4.2 Why is the term innate still used? -- 4.3 Describing the ontogeny of behaviour -- 4.4 Characterizing the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.5 Classifying the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.6 Some general features of behavioural development -- 5 The adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.1 Sources of evidence about the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.2 Difficulties in studying the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.3 The state of the art -- 5.4 The adaptive significance of the way animals pattern their behavior in time -- 5.5 The adaptive significance of the way animals use space -- 5.6 The adaptive significance of an animal's aggressive responses -- 5.7 The adaptive significance of an animal's breeding habits; mating systems -- 5.8 Adaptive significance of behaviour accompanying mating -- 5.9 The adaptive significance of parental care -- 5.10 The adaptive significance of living in groups -- 5.11 Behaviour which cannot be explained by classic natural selection theory -- 5.12 Overview; sociobiology and behavioural ecology -- 6 The phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.1 Sources of evidence about the phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.2 Some representative behavioural phylogenies -- 6.3 Deriving general principles of behavioural evolution -- 7 The role of behaviour in the evolutionary process -- 7.1 The behaviour of other animals as a major selective force -- 7.2 Behaviour dictates the selection pressures to which an animal is exposed -- 7.3 The impact of behaviour on population structure -- 8 Behavioural genetics -- 8.1 The objectives of research into the inheritance of behaviour -- 8.2 Potential contributions of genetics to the study of animal behaviour -- 8.3 Quantitative genetics -- 8.5 Screening known genetic variants for behavioural differences -- 8.6 Characterizing the precise behavioural effects of genetic differences -- 8.7 The mechanisms whereby genes influence behaviour -- 8.8 Genetic mosaics -- 8.9 Animal behaviour and behavioural genetics -- 9 Applied ethology -- 9.1 Clarification of terms; what is applied ethology? -- 9.2 Ways in which etiological research can be applied to practical problems -- 9.3 Pest control -- 9.4 Increasing the productivity of commercially important species -- 9.5 Animal welfare -- 9.6 Conservation -- 9.7 Human behaviour -- References -- Author index -- Species index.

1 Background Discussion -- Scope of Metamorphism -- Temperatures and Pressures of Metamorphism -- Movement of Material in Metamorphism -- Mineral Assemblages ('Pangeneses') -- Microstructures of Metamorphic Rocks -- Preferred Orientation in Metamorphic Rocks -- Metamorphic Grade -- Metamorphic Facies -- Tectonic Setting of Metamorphism -- References -- 2 Equilibrium Aspects of Metamorphic Reactions -- Driving Force for Metamorphic Reactions -- Types of Metamorphic Reactions -- Variance of Metamorphic Reactions -- Metamorphic Reactions and Resulting Assemblages -- Sliding Reactions at Isograds -- Effect of One Phase on the Stability of Another -- Criteria of Stable Coexistence of Metamorphic Minerals -- Domains of Local (Mosaic) Equilibrium -- Calculation of the Topology of Metamorphic Phase Diagrams (Schreinemakers' Analysis) -- Calculation of Slopes of Reaction Curves -- Experimental Location of Reaction Curves -- Reversal of Experimental Reactions -- Discrepancies Between Calculated and Experimentally Determined Reaction Curves -- Open Systems in Metamorphism -- Fluid Phase in Metamorphism -- Pressure of Fluid Phase -- Effect of Fluid Pressure on Reaction Curves -- Effects of Composition of Fluid Phase (Fugacities of Mixed Volatile Components) on Reaction Curves -- Effect of Oxygen Fugacity -- Coexisting Magnetite and Ilmenite -- Effect of fO2 on Hydrous Silicates Without Cations of Variable Valency -- Distribution of Elements Between Coexisting Minerals -- References -- 3 Kinetics of Metamorphic Reactions -- Diffusion in Metamorphism -- Nucleation and Growth -- Application of Reaction Kinetics to Metamorphism -- Zoning in Metamorphic Minerals -- Problems of Aragonite in Metamorphic Rocks -- Kinetics of the Reaction: Calcite + Quartz ? Wollastonite + CO2 -- References -- 4 Reactions in Metamorphic Rocks -- Mechanisms of Metamorphic Reactions -- Reactions in Metapelitic Systems -- Reactions in Mafic and Ultramafic Systems -- How Relevant Are Available Experimental and Theoretical Determinations of P-T-X Equilibria? -- Retrograde Reactions -- Reactions Involving Zoned Minerals -- Reactions Involving Zoned Garnet -- Compositional Changes During Metamorphism ('Metamorphic Differentiation') -- References -- 5 Stable Metamorphic Microstructures -- Unstable Grain Arrangements -- Stable Grain Arrangements in Isotropic Single Phase Aggregates -- Anisotropic Single Phase Aggregates -- Aggregates with More than One Phase -- Spatial and Size Distribution of Grains in Metamorphic Rocks -- Environments of Grain Adjustment in the Solid State -- References -- 6 Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallisation Processes -- Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation -- Crystal Plasticity -- Primary Modes of Intragranular Plastic Deformation -- Secondary Modes of Deformation -- Dislocations -- How Do Dislocations Assist Deformation? -- Experimental Detection of Dislocations -- Mobility of Dislocations -- Production of Dislocations -- Dislocations in Relation to Work-Hardening and -Softening -- Partial Dislocations -- Dislocations in Non-Metals -- Surface Imperfections 160 Effect of Grain Boundaries on Deformation (Intergranular Deformation) -- Recovery and Recrystallisation 166 Development of Crystallographic Preferred Orientation by Recrystallisation -- Development of Preferred Orientations by Deformation -- Some Generalities -- Appendix: Methods of Detecting Slip Systems -- References -- 7 Deformation, Recovery and Recrystallisation of Some Common Silicates -- Quartz -- Olivine -- Layer Silicates -- Plagioclase -- 8 Relationships between Chemical and Physical Processes in Metamorphism -- Effect of Chemical Reactions on Rock Mechanical Properties -- Effect of Differential Deformation on Mineral Assemblage -- Examples of Metamorphic Layering Formed By Preferential Removal of Minerals -- Large-Scale Metasomatism and Deformation -- Pegmatites and Deformation -- Migmatites -- Time Relationships between Deformation and Mineral Growth -- Solution Transfer -- Spinodal Decomposition? -- References -- Author Index.

In the coming decades, the general public will be required ever more often to understand complex environmental issues, evaluate proposed environmental plans, and understand how individual decisions affect the environment at local to global scales. Thus it is of fundamental importance to ensure that higher quality education about these ecological issues raises the environmental literacy of the general public. In order to achieve this, teachers need to be trained as well as classroom practice enhanced. This volume focuses on the integration of environmental education into science teacher education. The book begins by providing readers with foundational knowledge of environmental education as it applies to the discipline of science education. It relates the historical and philosophical underpinnings of EE, as well as current trends in the subject that relate to science teacher education. Later chapters examine the pedagogical practices of environmental education in the context of science teacher education. Case studies of environmental education teaching and learning strategies in science teacher education, and instructional practices in K-12 science classrooms, are included. This book shares knowledge and ideas about environmental education pedagogy and serves as a reliable guide for both science teacher educators and K-12 science educators who wish to insert environmental education into science teacher education. Coverage includes everything from the methods employed in summer camps to the use of podcasting as a pedagogical aid. Studies have shown that schools that do manage to incorporate EE into their teaching programs demonstrate significant growth in student achievement as well as improved student behavior. This text argues that the multidisciplinary nature of environmental education itself requires problem-solving, critical thinking and literacy skills that benefit students` work right across the curriculum. TOC:Preface Alec M. Bodzin, Beth Shiner Klein, and Starlin Weaver PART I. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION Chapter 1. The History and Philosophy of Environmental Education Robert L. Carter and Bora Simmons Chapter 2. Professional Preparation for Science Teachers in Environmental Education James T. McDonald and Lynn A. Dominguez Chapter 3. Approaches to Environmental Education Austin A. Winther, Kim Cleary Sadler, and Gerry Saunders Chapter 4. Environmental Education Within the Early Childhood Linda Plevyak and Amy Mayfield Chapter 5. Environmental Education Service-Learning in Science Teacher Education Teddie Phillipson-Mower and April Dean Adams Chapter 6. Beyond terra firma: Bringing Ocean and Aquatic Sciences to Environmental and Science Teacher Education Diana L. Payne and Timothy D. Zimmerman PART II. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PEDAGOGY Section 1: Outdoor Learning and Place-Based Environments Chapter 7. Promoting the Use of Outdoor Learning Spaces by K-12 Inservice Science Teachers Through an Outdoor Professional Development Experience Mark A. Bloom, Molly Holden, April T. Sawey, and Molly H. Weinburgh Chapter 8. Integrating Environmental Education Field Trip Pedagogy Into Science Teacher Preparation Bryan Rebar and Larry G. Enochs Chapter 9. "Eeew! There`s Dew On My Toes": Common Characteristics of Preservice Elementary Teacher Learning in Environmental Education and Instructional Strategies for Science Teacher Educators J. William Hug Chapter 10. Name That Plant! Overcoming Plant Blindness and Developing a Sense of Place Using Science and Environmental Education Jennifer Kreps Frisch, Matthew M. Unwin, and Gerald W. Saunders Chapter 11. Place-Based Inquiry: Advancing Environmental Education in Science Teacher Preparation Somnath Sarkar and Richard Frazier Chapter 12. Summer Methods in Summer Camps: Teaching Projects WILD, WET, and Learning Tree at an Outdoor Environmental Education Center Charles J. Eick, Doyle, E. Keasal, Karni Perez, and Sarah Carrier Chapter 13. Teachers Connecting Urban Students to Their Environment Sherri L. Brown, Nikki L. Votaw, and Thomas R. Tretter Section 2: Instructional Strategies Chapter 14. Exploring Preservice Teachers` Mental Models of the Environment Christine Moseley, Blanche Desjean-Perrotta, Courtney Crim Chapter 15. Pedagogy, Environmental Education, and Context: Promoting Knowledge Through Concept Mapping Barbara A Austin and Nina Schmidt Chapter 16. Unraveling the Scientific, Social, Political and Economic Dimensions of Environmental Issues Through Role-Playing Simulations James G. MaKinster Chapter 17. Exploring Environmental Education Through Eco-feminism: Narratives of Embodiment of Science M.E. Spencer and Sherry E. Nichols Chapter 18. The Value of Non-formal Environmental Education-Based Professional Development in Preservice Science Teacher Preparation Tamara E. Peffer and Alec M. Bodzin Chapter 19. Using Environmental Education Project Curricula with Elementary Preservice Teachers Adele C. Schepige, Patricia D. Morrell, Cindi Smith-Walters, Kim Cleary Sadler, Miriam Munck, and Donna Rainboth Section 3: Technology Chapter 20. Situated Learning in Environmental Education: Using Geospatial Technologies for Preservice Secondary Teachers Rita A. Hagevik, Harriett S. Stubbs, and Diane C. Whitaker Chapter 21. Using Podcasting to Address Nature-Deficit Disorder Beth Shiner Klein and Starlin D. Weaver Chapter 22. Integrating Web-based Activities and Site-based Experiences to Investigate Environmental Issues Alec M. Bodzin

I. Introduction -- 1. The acquisition of territory: the evolution of the modern concept -- 2. The acquisition of territory: the differing approach of academic and practising lawyers -- 3. The various modes of acquiring territory — Classification -- 4. Plan of the work -- II. Prescription in International Law -- 5. The distinction between acquisitive prescription and extinctive prescription -- 6. Prescription as a private law concept -- 7. Private law concepts in international law -- 8. Divergence of the definition of prescription between the continental and English legal systems -- 9. Prescription in municipal law — Roman law -- 10. Prescription in municipal law — English law -- 11. Prescription in municipal law — Conclusions -- 12. Doctrinal reasons for the existence of prescription in international law -- 13. The existence of prescription in international law ? Opinions of writers -- 14. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by international tribunals -- 15. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by municipal courts -- 16. The existence of prescription in international law — Practice of States -- III. Acquiescence as the Juridical Basis of an Historic Title -- 17. General -- 18. The creation of a customary rule of international law — The generality of practice and the time element -- 19. The creation of a customary rule of international law — Opinio jurisand acquiescence -- 20. The consensual basis of customary international law -- 21. Recognition and acquiescence -- 22. The role of the time element in the creation of special customary or "historic" rights -- 23. Some historic rights viewed as remainders of more extensive ancient rights -- 24. Non-exclusive historic rights -- 25. Acquiescence versus prescription as the legal basis of historic rights -- 26. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of writers -- 27. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of learned bodies -- 28. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of international tribunals -- 29. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of municipal courts -- 30. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — State practice -- 31. Acquiescence and estoppel -- IV. The Requirements for the Formation of an Historic Title and its Constituent Elements -- 32. Introductory -- 33. Effective display of State authority — General -- 34. Effective display of State authority — The notion of continuity in respect of territorial situations -- 35. Effective display of State authority — Intention and will to act as sovereign -- 36. Effective display of State authority — Manifestations of State sovereignty -- 37. Effective display of State authority — Possession à titre de souverain -- 38. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — General -- 39. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — The meaning of "acquiescence" -- 40. Notoriety of territorial situations -- 41. Is notification a prerequisite of notoriety? -- 42. Constructive knowledge -- 43. The plea of excusable ignorance -- 44. The relevance of protest to the formation of an historic title -- 45. The conditions for the validity of a protest -- 46. Anticipatory protest -- 47. Protest as a bar to the acquisition of an historic title -- 48. The repetition of protest -- 49. The relevance of the protest of a single State -- 50. Lack of protest does not always indicate acquiescence -- 51. The geographical element in the formation of an historic title -- 52. The role of "legitimate interests" in the formation of an historic title -- 53. The role of the time element in the formation of an historic title -- V. Miscellaneous Problems of Interpretation and Evidence Relating to the Acquisition of an Historic Title -- 54. General -- 55. The application of intertemporal law in the interpretation of an historic title -- 56. The selection, of the "critical date" -- 56. 57. The relative strength of competing claims -- 58. The burden of proving an historic title -- 59. Strict geographical interpretation of an historic title -- VI. Juridical Aspects Specifically Related to the Formation of Maritime Historic Titles -- 60. General -- 61. The impact of the principle of the freedom of the high seas on the formation of maritime historic rights -- 62. What is international acquiescence? -- 63. Manifestations of State authority over maritime areas -- 64. Historic waters — Historic bays in general -- 65. Can multinational bays be claimed as historic bays? -- 66. The effects of territorial changes along the coast of a bay -- 67. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights of delimitation -- 68. Historic waters other than historic bays — Water areas lying within and around island formations -- 69. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights to a greater breadth of the territorial sea -- 70. The juridical status of historic waters — Historic waters are internal waters -- 71. The juridical status of historic waters — The distinction between internal inland waters and internal non-inland waters -- 72. The juridical status of historic waters — Multinational bays -- 73. Non-exclusive historic rights over maritime areas -- 74. Historic rights of fishing -- 75. Are claims to the sea-bed and subsoil of an "historic" character ? -- 76. Sedentary fisheries as historic rights -- VII. Conclusions -- 77. Consolidation as the legal root of historic titles -- 78. Critical appraisal of the doctrine of historic titles -- Appendix — Uti possidetis in international law -- Selected bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Indepc.

Inhaltsangabe: Anläßlich des 50. Jahrestages der Vereinigung von SPD und KPD zur Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone (SBZ) ist im Frühjahr 1996 eine alte Kontroverse neu belebt und in der Öffentlichkeit breit diskutiert worden. Handelte es sich um eine 'Zwangsvereinigung', wie von sozialdemokratischer Seite und namhaften Historikern wie z.B. Hermann Weber seit jeher konstatiert wurde oder war es ein 'freiwilliger Zusammenschluß' beider Parteien, wie DDR-Historiker immer wieder behauptet haben? In einer Flut von Presseartikeln, Diskussionsveranstaltungen und Fernsehsendungen erörterten Historiker, Politiker und Zeitzeugen diese Frage. Die Resonanz, die dieses Themas fand sowie die emotional aufgeladene Diskussion darüber, erklärt sich u.a. daraus, daß die Frage nach dem Zustandekommen der SED auch darauf zielt, wer die Verantwortung für den Ursprung der vierzigjährigen Herrschaft dieser Partei in der ehemaligen DDR trägt. So wies die CDU/CSU den Sozialdemokraten eine Mitverantwortung für die SED-Diktatur mit der These vom 'freiwilligen Zusammenschluß' zu. Im Zusammenhang mit dem 'Magdeburger Modell' (rot-grüne Minderheitsregierung mit Duldung durch die SED-Nachfolgepartei PDS) wurde die SED-Gründung von konservativer Seite als historisches Beispiel für die Gefahr einer linken Volksfront politisch instrumentalisiert. Von aktueller politischer Bedeutung ist die Frage nach der 'Zwangsvereinigung' auch für das Verhältnis zwischen SPD und PDS, insbesondere was eine mögliche Zusammenarbeit beider Parteien in den fünf neuen Bundesländern betrifft. So forderte die SPD im Zusammenhang mit Diskussionen um eine SPD-PDS-Zusammenarbeit in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern von der PDS eine eindeutige Erklärung zum Zwangscharakter der SED-Gründung. Zum 50. Jahrestag der SED-Gründung hat die Historische Kommission der PDS ein Thesenpapier zu diesem Thema vorgelegt. Darin wurden zwar 'Elemente von Zwang' bei der Fusion von SPD und KPD eingestanden, gleichwohl wurde der Begriff der 'Zwangsvereinigung' als politischer Kampfbegriff aus der Zeit des Kalten Krieges verworfen, da er die Widersprüchlichkeit und Komplexität des damaligen Vereinigungsprozesses nicht angemessen beschreibe. Auch einige Historiker vermeiden diesen Begriff, weil er für eine wissenschaftlich-analytische Geschichtsaufarbeitung zu einseitig sei. Wolfgang Leonhard spricht alternativ dazu von einer 'diktatorischen Vereinigung' und Harold Hurwitz von einer 'Nötigung stalinistischer Prägung'. Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit steht nicht primär die Darstellung des historischen Entwicklungsprozesses, der zur Gründung der SED führte. Vielmehr geht es darum, wie das Ereignis der SED-Gründung und ihrer unmittelbaren Vorgeschichte in der Vergangenheit und in der Gegenwart gedeutet wurde und wird. Es soll geklärt werden, welche Interessen und Motivationen hinter der jeweiligen Deutung der SED-Gründung als 'Zwangsvereinigung' oder 'freiwilligem Zusammenschluß' bzw. 'Vereinigung mit Elementen von Zwang' liegen. Wie wurde das Thema in der Geschichtsschreibung der alten Bundesrepublik behandelt und politisch interpretiert? Welche Kontroversen gab es dabei unter Umständen? Wie wurde die SED-Gründung in der ehemaligen DDR dargestellt und gedeutet? Hierbei ist auch die politische Funktion von Geschichte in der DDR und der BRD zu berücksichtigen. Im Bezug auf die aktuelle Debatte soll geklärt werden, warum die alte Kontroverse wieder auflebt, was die zentralen Streitpunkte und Argumente sind, welche parteipolitischen Interessen möglicherweise im Hintergrund der Argumentation stehen. Welche Bedeutung hat die jeweilige Deutung der SED-Gründung für das Selbstverständnis von SPD und PDS sowie für das Verhältnis beider Parteien zueinander? Bedeutet die Erklärung der historischen Kommission der PDS eine neue Sichtweise gegenüber den alten apologetischen Erklärungsmustern der DDR-Geschichtswissenschaft? Worin bestehen Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten? Mit dieser Diplomarbeit soll versucht werden, Klarheit in diese zeitgeschichtliche Kontroverse zu bringen und ihren geschichtspolitischen Gehalt herauszuarbeiten. Gang der Untersuchung: Geschichte ist kein im Wandel der Zeiten 'gleichsam naturwüchsig anfallendes Produkt', sondern sie wird von der jeweiligen Gesellschaft kulturell produziert, indem bestimmte Ereignisse der Vergangenheit gezielt vergegenwärtigt und gedeutet werden, während andere Ereignisse dem Vergessen anheimfallen. Das, was von der Vergangenheit unvergessen bleiben soll, wird in ein spezifisches Geschichtsbild integriert, wodurch die Vergangenheit 'Teil der Kontinuität und Identität (wird), auf die jede Gesellschaft angewiesen ist.' Die jeweilige Erklärung und Beurteilung der Vergangenheit ist 'zu keiner Zeit und in keinem politischen System allein eine wissenschaftlich-akademische Übung gewesen', sondern häufig auch das Produkt nichtwissenschaftlicher Zielsetzungen, die versuchen, Geschichte politisch zu instrumentalisieren. Deutlich wird dies in historisch-politischen Kontroversen, bei denen 'die Politik den Primat über Geschichte (gewinnt), indem diese von den Erfordernissen der Gegenwart ausgeht und so die Vergangenheit erreicht und gestaltet.' Die Auseinandersetzung um die Deutung der Vergangenheit wird dabei häufig von politischen Akteuren als Ressource zur Mobilisierung der Anhängerschaft sowie der Öffentlichkeit oder als Mittel zur Diskreditierung politischer Gegner eingesetzt. Infolge ihrer 'mobilisierenden, politisierenden und legitimierenden Wirkungen' wird die Auseinandersetzung um den Einfluß auf das vorherrschende Geschichtsbild immer wichtiger, zumal in pluralistischen Gesellschaften verschiedene gruppenspezifische Geschichtsdeutungen miteinander konkurrieren. Handelt es sich um eine bewußte Einflußnahme politischer Akteure auf die Vergangenheitsdeutung in der Öffentlichkeit oder um 'den Versuch, politische Entscheidungen historisch zu legitimieren (und auf diese Weise gegen Kritik zu immunisieren)', dann läßt sich von Geschichtspolitik sprechen. Geschichtspolitische Strategien spekulieren darauf, daß 'die Zukunft gewinnt, wer die Erinnerung füllt, die Begriffe prägt und die Vergangenheit deutet.' Als Indikatoren für Geschichtspolitik können die Errichtung von Denkmälern und Gedenkstätten, die Einrichtung historischer Museen, die Inszenierung von Staatsfeier- und Gedenktagen gelten. Aber auch Kontroversen um die Deutung vergangener Ereignisse wie z.B. die SED-Gründung können eine geschichtspolitische Dimension haben. Insbesondere dann, wenn politische Akteure (z.B. Parteien, Interessenverbände) versuchen, mit der Diskussion um die Geschichte 'politische Konstellationen zu verändern, Gegner zu diskreditieren und gute Ausgangspunkte für künftige Konflikte zu schaffen. Diese Diskussionen können auch der Ablenkung von anderen Herausforderungen oder Verantwortlichkeiten dienen, sie vermögen sogar, in Verbindung mit Vorhaltungen neue Zusammenhänge zu schaffen und Identitäten zu bilden, die wieder politisch mobilisierbar sind.' Dementsprechend zielen geschichtspolitische Fragestellungen nicht auf die Rekonstruktion vergangener Wirklichkeiten ab, sondern untersuchen durch die Analyse von Erinnerungsreden, Gedenkinszenierungen und öffentlichen Diskursen, 'wie Traditionen konstituiert werden, wie sie sich wandeln, wie Ereignisse im nachhinein gedeutet und politisch 'wiederverwendet' werden'. Diesem Untersuchungsansatz folgt die vorliegende Diplomarbeit anhand der divergierenden Deutungen der SED-Gründung sowohl in der alten Bundesrepublik und der DDR als auch im wiedervereinigten Deutschland, besonders im Zusammenhang mit der Kontroverse um den 50. Jahrestag der SED-Gründung 1996. Im ersten Teil soll zunächst in Form eines historischen Überblicks ausgehend vom aktuellen Forschungsstand dargestellt werden, wie sich der Neuaufbau der Arbeiterparteien SPD und KPD nach Kriegsende in der SBZ und Berlin vollzog, wie sich das Verhältnis beider Parteien zueinander entwickelte, welche Rolle die Besatzungsmacht dabei spielte. Es sollen der Verlauf der Fusionskampagne bis zum Vereinigungsparteitag am 21./22. April 1946 sowie die Hintergründe und Motivationen für die Fusion aufgezeigt werden. Die Rolle Kurt Schumachers und die Entwicklung der SPD in den Westzonen kann dabei aus Gründen der Umfangsbegrenzung nur am Rande erwähnt werden, zumal sich die dortige Entwicklung unter völlig anderen besatzungspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen als in der SBZ vollzog. Außerdem soll ein kurzer Ausblick über die weitere Entwicklung der SED bis zu ihrer Umwandlung in eine 'Partei neuen Typs' gegeben werden, der die innerparteiliche Verfolgung und Bekämpfung sozialdemokratischer Positionen darstellt. Dies ist u.a. deshalb notwendig, weil viele Sozialdemokraten der SED beitraten, um sozialdemokratische Positionen in der Einheitspartei geltend zu machen. Die weitere Entwicklung der SED war jedoch von einer allmählichen Eliminierung sozialdemokratischer Positionen geprägt, woran sich zeigte, daß die ursprünglichen Hoffnungen auf gleichberechtigte Zusammenarbeit von Sozialdemokraten und Kommunisten illusionär waren. Im zweiten Teil soll dargestellt werden, wie die SED-Gründung in den beiden deutschen Staaten historisch gedeutet wurde, wobei zunächst jeweils als Grundlage auf die politische Funktion von Geschichte bzw. Geschichtswissenschaft in DDR und BRD eingegangen wird. Bei der Darstellung der divergierenden Deutungen in Ost und West werden aus Gründen der Umfangsbegrenzung Erinnerungsreden zu ausgewählten Jahrtestagen, die wichtige Zäsuren darstellen (1956, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986) sowie geschichtswissenschaftliche Darstellungen als Quellenbasis benutzt. Im dritten Teil soll die aktuelle Kontroverse zum 50. Jahrestag der 'Zwangsvereinigung' sowie ihre unmittelbare Vorgeschichte näher untersucht werden. Hierzu werden Presseartikel, Diskussionsbeiträge und Erklärungen der Parteien herangezogen und analysiert. Es soll herausgearbeitet werden, worin die zentralen Differenzen bestehen und welche Bedeutung die unterschiedlichen Interpretationen der Ereignisse für das Selbstverständnis der Parteien sowie ihr Verhältnis zueinander haben. Außerdem soll geklärt werden, welche parteipolitischen Interessen hinter den unterschiedlichen Deutungen stehen.

Aus der Einleitung: Motivation und Zielsetzung: Kaum eine andere Branche befindet sich derzeit in einem so starken Wandel wie die der Finanzdienstleister. Die globale Finanzmarktkrise hinterlässt tiefe Spuren in der Finanzindustrie und vor allem bei Banken. Das Vertrauen in Märkte und Manager ist bei den meisten Marktteilnehmern in Misstrauen umgeschlagen. Die komplexen und intransparenten Finanzinnovationen der letzten Jahre, das lückenhafte Risikomanagement der Unternehmen sowie der immer weiter steigende Renditedruck haben unter anderem zu der Entstehung der Finanzmarktkrise beigetragen. Insbesondere die Banken bzw. Bankmanager werden hierbei von Politik und Öffentlichkeit als die Verantwortlichen angesehen, da diese in den letzten Jahren nur noch auf Renditejagt zu sein schienen, wobei potenzielle Risiken vollkommen vernachlässigt wurden. Unvorteilhafte Bemessungsgrundlagen sowie kurzfristig angelegte Anreiz- und Vergütungssysteme haben hier zu einer Reihe von Fehlanreizen und Fehlentscheidungen geführt. Weiterhin wirft das Ausmaß der Finanzkrise ernsthafte Fragen hinsichtlich der Angemessenheit der bestehenden 'Corporate Governance' Systeme auf. Unter diesem Schlagwort ist nun erneut eine verstärkte Diskussion um die Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit bestehender Kontrollmechanismen und Überwachungssysteme bei Banken hervorgegangen. Corporate Governance kann zunächst allgemein als ein Ordnungsrahmen für die Leitung und Überwachung in einem Unternehmen bezeichnet werden. Sie beschäftigt sich mit Regeln, die für Unternehmen bzw. deren Mitarbeiter gelten und die eine verantwortungsvolle und wertorientierte Führung und Überwachung von Unternehmen bewirken sollen. Um diese Regeln festzuhalten und zu vereinheitlichen wurde in Deutschland am 26. Februar 2002 der Deutsche Corporate Governance Kodex vorgelegt, der die Grundsätze einer guten und verantwortungsvollen Unternehmensführung und -überwachung zusammenfasst. Hierbei handelt es sich jedoch um ein freiwilliges Regelwerk, dem Unternehmen folgen können, aber nicht müssen. So werden die Regelungen und Empfehlungen des Kodex nicht von allen Unternehmen gleichermaßen umgesetzt. Im Zusammenhang mit der Finanzmarktkrise stellt sich an diese Stelle die Frage, ob die Corporate Governance versagt hat und was geändert werden muss, damit es nicht wieder vorkommt. Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es, zunächst Problematiken aufzuzeigen, die vor dem Hintergrund der Finanzkrise deutlich geworden sind. Im Zentrum der Betrachtung stehen hierbei vor allem die wertorientierte Planung und Performancemessung, die Managemententlohnung sowie das Risikomanagement der Banken. Anschließend sollen Anforderungen, die sich daraus ergeben, herausgearbeitet und mögliche Lösungsansätze diskutieren werden. Aufbau der Arbeit: Die Arbeit gliedert sich in fünf Kapitel. Nachdem in diesem ersten Kapitel die Motivation, die Zielsetzung sowie der Aufbau der Arbeit behandelt wurden, werden im zweiten Kapitel zunächst die Ursachen, die durch ihr Zusammenspiel zu den Turbulenzen an den internationalen Märkten führten sowie die Auswirkungen der globalen Finanzmarktkrise erläutert. In Punkt 2.2 werden die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren der Krise diskutiert. Hierbei wird vor allem auf die fehlende Transparenz von Finanzinnovationen, das Renditestreben der Marktteilnehmer, die damit verbundenen Anreizprobleme und Fehleinschätzungen sowie das Risikomanagement der Banken eingegangen. In Kapitel drei wird zunächst die Definition des Begriffs 'Corporate Governance' sowie die Problematik, die sich aus dem Prinzipal-Agent-Konflikt ergibt, erläutert. Darauf aufbauend werden in Punkt 3.4 die Entstehung und Zielsetzung des Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex (DCGK) sowie dessen Aufbau und Inhalt beschrieben. Anschließend wird noch auf die aktuelle Diskussion rund um Corporate Governance eingegangen.Kapitel vier behandelt die Kernfragestellung dieser Diplomarbeit. Hier werden die steigenden Anforderungen an Banken im Rahmen der Corporate Governance diskutiert. Dabei werden drei Hauptpunkte aufgegriffen, bei denen jeweils die Problematiken dargestellt und anschließend Lösungsansätze ausgearbeitet werden. Im fünften und letzten Kapitel werden die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse abschließend zusammengefasst und ein Fazit gezogen.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: InhaltsverzeichnisII AbbildungsverzeichnisIII TabellenverzeichnisIV AbkürzungsverzeichnisV 1Einleitung1 1.1Motivation und Zielsetzung1 1.2Aufbau der Arbeit2 2Die Finanzmarktkrise3 2.1Entstehung der Krise3 2.2Einflussfaktoren der Krise auf dem Finanzmarkt6 2.2.1Fehlende Transparenz komplexer Finanzinnovationen6 2.2.2Renditestreben und Fehlanreize der Marktteilnehmer9 2.2.3Lückenhaftes Risikomanagement12 2.3Auswirkungen der Finanzmarktkrise und aktuelle Situation14 3Corporate Governance17 3.1Begriffsdefinition17 3.2Der Prinzipal-Agent-Konflikt18 3.3Corporate Governance und Unternehmenserfolg21 3.4Der Deutsche Corporate Governance Kodex (DCGK)22 3.4.1Entstehung und Zielsetzung22 3.4.2Aufbau und Inhalt des DCGK24 3.4.3Entsprechenserklärung28 3.5Aktueller Stand der Corporate Governance Debatte29 4Steigende Corporate Governance Anforderungen - Problematik und Lösungsansätze31 4.1Ziele und Grundanforderungen31 4.2Wertorientierte Planung und Performancemessung33 4.2.1Problematik33 4.2.1.1Orientierung an absoluten Gewinnen und Renditekennzahlen33 4.2.1.2Problematik der Periodisierung36 4.2.1.3Die Benchmarkproblematik38 4.2.2Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Diskussion39 4.2.2.1Planung und Performancemessung auf Basis von Residualgewinnen39 4.2.2.2Benchmarkbestimmung41 4.2.2.3Durchschnittsbildung und Glättung der Periodenerfolge im Zeitablauf43 4.3Wertorientierte Managemententlohnung45 4.3.1Problematik45 4.3.1.1Falsche Anreize etablierter Vergütungssysteme45 4.3.1.2Art der Bemessungsgrundlage46 4.3.1.3Gestaltung der Belohnungsfunktion48 4.3.2Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Diskussion50 4.3.2.1Langfristige Ausrichtung des Vergütungssystems50 4.3.2.2Anreizkompatible Gestaltung der Bemessungsgrundlage51 4.3.2.3Lineare Belohnungsfunktion und Einrichtung einer Bonusbank53 4.4Risikomanagement56 4.4.1Problematik56 4.4.1.1Unzureichende Risikoabschätzung und fehlende Transparenz strukturierter Produkte56 4.4.1.2Unterschätzung der Liquiditätsrisiken58 4.4.1.3Mangelnde Risikokultur im Unternehmen59 4.4.1.4Mangelhafte Kontrolle durch den Aufsichtsrat60 4.4.2Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Diskussion61 4.4.2.1Stärkung der Risikokultur und des Risikomanagements61 4.4.2.2Stärkere Überwachung durch den Aufsichtsrat64 4.4.2.3Erhöhung interner und externer Transparenz66 5Schlussbetrachtung68 Literaturverzeichnis71Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 3.5, Aktueller Stand der Corporate Governance Debatte: Dem Kodex Report 2009 zufolge, welcher vom Berliner Center of Corporate Governance (BCCG) jährlich erstellt wird, wurden die insgesamt 84 Empfehlungen und 19 Anregungen des DCGK in der Fassung vom 6. Juni 2008 zur Leitung und Überwachung börsennotierter Gesellschaften sehr gut aufgenommen. In der Unternehmenspraxis erfahren diese, vor allem im DAX, eine sehr positive Resonanz. Die Befolgungsquote lag hier bei 94,9% der Empfehlungen und 86,1% der Anregungen (Vorjahr: 94,9% bzw. 75,8%). Vor dem Hintergrund der globalen Finanzmarktkrise gelangen Corporate Governance Themen rund um Aufsichtsrat und Vorstand erneut zunehmend in den Mittelpunkt von Politik und Medien. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Themen um Zuständigkeiten und Professionalität der Aufsichtsräte sowie angemessene Managergehälter und Vergütungssysteme angeregt diskutiert. Die allgemeine Empörung darüber, dass Manager einiger großer Banken und Versicherungskonzerne trotz milliardenhoher Verluste und Abschreibungen sowie staatlicher Unterstützung Millionen-Boni bekommen sollen, ist groß. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden bereits mehrere Lösungsansätze durch die Politik und die Unternehmen selbst diskutiert. Auch die Regierungskommission DCGK hat entsprechend reagiert und den Kodex im Zuge der Finanzkrise bereits zwei Mal angepasst. Die Anpassungen vom 6. Juni 2008 betrafen im Wesentlichen den Bereich der Vorstandsvergütung als Verantwortung des Gesamtaufsichtsrats (der Aufsichtsrat soll 'das Vergütungssystem für den Vorstand einschließlich der wesentlichen Vertragselemente beschließen und soll es regelmäßig überprüfen')sowie die Befassung des Aufsichtsrats mit Zwischenfinanzberichten ('Halbjahres- und etwaige Quartalsfinanzberichte sollen vom Aufsichtsrat oder seinem Prüfungsausschuss vor der Veröffentlichung mit dem Vorstand erörtert werden'). Hier wurde vor allem der Aufsichtsrat als Gesamtorgan noch mehr als bisher in die Pflicht genommen. Des Weiteren hat die Regierungskommission Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex in ihrer Plenarsitzung vom 29. Mai 2009 weitere Kodex-Änderungen beschlossen, welche infolge der Verabschiedung des Gesetzes zur Angemessenheit der Vorstandsvergütung (VorstAG) nochmals angepasst wurden. Diese Änderungen zielen hauptsächlich auf eine nachhaltigere Unternehmensführung im Einklang mit den Prinzipien der sozialen Marktwirtschaft sowie auf eine weitere Professionalisierung und angemessene Besetzung des Aufsichtsrates ab. Zur Besetzung des Aufsichtsrates wird empfohlen, dass der Vorstand eines Unternehmens nicht in den Aufsichtsratsvorsitz wechseln soll. Außerdem soll der Vorsitzende des Prüfungsausschusses unabhängig und kein ehemaliges Vorstandsmitglied sein. Die Anzahl von Aufsichtsratsmandaten börsennotierter Gesellschaften soll für Vorstandsmitglieder von börsennotierten Gesellschaften auf drei, statt bislang fünf limitiert werden. Die Kommission empfiehlt darüber hinaus, auf eine größere Diversität zu achten, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Internationalität und Frauenanteil in den Vorständen und Aufsichtsräten. Weiterhin sollen mithilfe einer angemessenen Vorstandsvergütung stärkere Anreize für nachhaltiges Handeln geschaffen werden. Der Vorstand soll hiernach am längerfristigen Erfolg sowie an einem möglichen Misserfolg des Unternehmens beteiligt werden. Bei der Festlegung der Vorstandsvergütung soll außerdem die generelle Vergütungsstruktur des Unternehmens berücksichtigt werden. Das Aufsichtsratsplenum soll künftig auf Vorschlag des entsprechenden Ausschusses neben der Vergütungsstruktur auch die Bandbreiten für fixe und variable Vergütungsbestandteile der einzelnen Vorstände festlegen. Ferner wurde eine wesentliche Änderung in Bezug auf einen Selbstbehalt bei DO-Versicherungen beschlossen. Dieser soll für Vorstandsmitglieder zu einer spürbaren Belastung führen und 10 Prozent des Schadens nicht unterschreiten. Mit dem am 18. Juni 2009 beschlossenen Gesetz zur Angemessenheit der Vorstandsvergütung stellt auch der Gesetzgeber zunehmend detaillierte Anforderungen an die Leitung und Kontrolle von Unternehmen. Weiterhin werden auch durch das neue Bilanzrechtsmodernisierungsgesetz (BilMoG) die Bestimmungen zur Corporate Governance weiter ausgebaut.

Much of the scholarly literature on peacekeeping focuses on particular peacekeeping operations, or on the political bargaining between peacekeeping participants at both the institutional and national levels. However, there is very little published research on why nations commit forces to peacekeeping operations. As Sandra Whitworth noted in a book review of six books on peacekeeping in the International Journal, "the important political questions thus far have not been asked: who benefits, who pays, and who is excluded?". This book addresses that need.The authors focus specifically on the political and economic motivations that influence the decision to participate in peacekeeping. They consider how definitions of national interest frame the political debate, and what the reasons are for the military support or opposition for peacekeeping operations. They also explore the role of inter-agency politics, the role of public opinion in peacekeeping decisions, and the influence of pressure from other nations and non-nation actors to commit peacekeeping forces. Each chapter includes several recent cases of national peacekeeping to illustrate how national political debates framed their country's political decisions on the commitment of peacekeeping forces. The countries chosen for analysis are Australia, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the United States, Nigeria, Canada, India, and Austria.?The ContributorsAlan James Bullion has a Ph.D. in International Relations from the University of Southampton; and is currently Associate Lecturer/Research Associate in Politics, The Open University, UK (1992–). His current research interests include Sri Lanka, India, UN peacekeeping, Tamil nationalism, and Asian agriculture.Mary N. Hampton is an Associate Professor of Political Science from the University of Utah, and was in residence at Air War College during 2000– 2003 as a visiting professor in the International Security Studies Department. Her areas of research and teaching include international relations theory, international security issues, German/European foreign and security policy, and US foreign and security policy. She has published numerous articles and written or co-edited two books. Her most recent publications include 'Eagle in the Field of Blackbirds: U.S. Military Lessons Learned and Applied in Bosnia and Kosovo', a chapter in Lily Gardner-Feldman (ed.), Cooperation or Competition?; ' ''The Past, Present, and the Perhaps'': Is Germany a ''Normal'' Power?', in Security Studies (winter 2000); and 'Kosovo: Boom or Bust for the trans-Atlantic Relationship?', co-authored with Heiko Borchert in Orbis (spring 2002). Herbert M. Howe is Research Professor of African Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. He is the author of Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001), as well as articles on African militaries in such journals as The Journal of Modern African Studies and International Security.Alexander Ramsbotham heads the UN and Con.ict Unit at United Nations Association-UK. He previously edited the International Peacekeeping News and its successor the Con.ict Resolution Monitor, publications produced by the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, and continues to edit the 'Digest' and 'Documentation' sections of the Frank Cass journal International Peacekeeping. He is co-author, with David J. Francis, Mohammed Faal and John Kabia, of The Dangers of Codeployment: UN Co-operative Peacekeeping in Africa (Ashgate, forthcoming) and regularly comments on UN and related affairs in the British media.David Rudd served in the Canadian military between 1985 and 1990. He holds a graduate degree in international relations from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has been the Executive Director of the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies (CISS) since 1998. He is a regular contributor to print and electronic media analyses of Canadian defence and security issues.Erwin A. Schmidl is head of the Section of Contemporary History at the Austrian Defence Academy in Vienna (Institute of Strategy and Security Policy). He has worked and published on various aspects of peace operations for the past 12 years. Also, he has served as desk of.cer for peacekeeping in the Foreign Ministry's UN Department in 1991–92, and was UN observer in South Africa in 1994. Hugh Smith is Associate Professor in the School of Politics, University College, University of New South Wales, at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra and was Founding Director of the Australian Defence Studies Centre at the College from 1987 to 1991. He has edited several books on peacekeeping and has published widely on armed forces and society, including topics such as of.cer education, conscientious objection, recruitment, women in combat, and reserve service. His most recent publication is an edited collection entitled The Strategists, published by the Australian Defence Studies Centre.David S. Sorenson is Professor of International Security Studies at the US Air War College. He previously served on the faculty at Denison University, and was Senior Research Associate at the Mershon Center at Ohio State University. He has a Ph.D. from the Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver, and has published books and articles on American national security issues.Cynthia A. Watson is Associate Dean for Curriculum and Faculty Development at the National War College, Washington, DC, where she has been a faculty member since 1992. She writes extensively on militaries and security issues in the former 'Third World', focusing particularly on Argentina, China, and Colombia. She is on the Editorial Board of Third World Quarterly, and is currently completing a book on the collapse of Colombia. She has an MA in Latin America Studies and Economic History from the London School of Economics and earned her Ph.D. in International Studies from the University of Notre Dame.Pia Christina Wood is Director of International Studies and Associate Professor of Political Science at Wake Forest University. She has published articles and book chapters on French foreign policy, the politics of the European Union, and Franco-German relations. Her forthcoming book is entitled French Foreign Policy toward the Arab–Israeli Conflict from Charles de Gaulle to Jacques Chirac: The Search for Influence.Tom Woodhouse holds the Adam Curle Chair in Conflict Resolution at the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK. He was the founding director of the department's Centre for Con.ict Resolution and has written widely on con.ict analysis and conflict resolution. He edited the special issue of the journal International Peacekeeping, entitled Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution, published by Frank Cass (spring 2000). He has recently completed a report on con.ict prevention and the war on terror, entitled 'Building the Democratic Peace' (IDEA, Stockholm).

Front Matter -- Nuclear and Environmental Technology Applications in the Ceramic Industry. Indoor Air Pollution Control: Formaldehyde Adsorption by Zeolite Rich Materials / Maria del Carmen Cazorla A, Michael Grutzeck -- Molybdenum-Oxide Based Sorbants for Toxic Metals / Mohammed Chehbouni, Allen W Apblett -- Recovery of Palladium VIA a Vitrification Process / DK Peeler, AD Cozzi, RF Schumacher, IA Reamer, RJ Workman -- Legal and Environmental Health and Safety Issues Facing Artists and Ceramic Engineers / Julia Taylor -- Nuclear Waste Forms and Fuels Processing and Technology -- Ceramic Forms. Computational and Experimental Studies of the Radiation Response of GdTiO Pyrochlore / R Devanathan, W J Weber -- Hollandite-Rich Ceramics for the Immobilisation of Cs / ML Carter -- General Recipe and Properties of a Four Inch Hydroceramic Waste Form / Yun Bao, Michael W Grutzeck -- Feasibility of Immobilizing Tank Wastes in Geopolymers / Eric R Vance, Dan S Perera, Zaynab Aly -- Processing and Characterisation of Fluorite-Related Ceramic Wasteforms for Immobilisation of Actinides / M C Stennett, N C Hyatt, W E Lee, E R Maddrell -- Immobilization of Cs and Sr in Geopolymers with Si/Al Molar Ratio of~2 / Dan S Perera, Eric R Vance, Zaynab Aly, Joel Davis, Catherine L Nicholson -- Nuclear Waste Forms and Fuels Processing and Technology -- Steam Reforming. Steam Reforming Technology for Denitration and Immobilization of Doe Tank Wastes / Michael Cowen, J Bradley Mason, Kevin Ryan, Duane Schmoker -- Feed Reactivity Study for Fluidized Bed Steam Reformer (FBSR) Processing / Troy Lorier, Carol Jantzen, James Marra, John Pareizs -- Durability Testing of Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR) Products / Carol M Jantzen, John M Pareizs, Troy H Lorier, James C Marra -- Panel Discussion on Nuclear Waste Form Durability Testing and Disposal Status. The Product Consistency Test (ASTM C1285) for Waste Form Durability Testing / Carol M Jantzen, Ned E Bibler -- Leaching Properties for Qualification of Non-Vitreous Waste Forms / Eric R Vance -- Nuclear Waste Forms and Fuels Processing and Technology -- Glass Forms. Induction Heated Cold Crucible Melter Testing with Troublesome High Level Waste Components / Alexander P Kobelev, Sergey V Stefanovsky, Oleg A Knyazev, Tatiana N Lashchenova, James C Marra, E William Holtzscheiter, Connie C Herman -- DWPF Melter Glass Pump Implementation and Design Improvement / Michael E Smith, Allan B Barnes, Dennis F Bickford, Daniel C Iverson -- Modeling Melt Rate for DWPF: A Preliminary Assessment / AS Choi, DK Peeler, TB Edwards -- Advances in Nuclear Waste Form Testing and Characterization Methods. Characterization of Alteration Phases on HLW Glasses After 15 Years of PCT Leaching / Isabelle S Muller, Solange Ribet, Ian L Pegg, Sťphane Gin, Pierre Frugier -- Glass Durability Correlations Interpreted Through the Electronegativity and Basicity of Network Formers / Jacob Reynolds -- Revisiting the SO Limit for the Defense Waste Processing Facility / DK Peeler, CC Herman, TB Edwards, ME Smith, DR Best -- Effects of Aging and Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Simulated Melter Feed Slurries for Nuclear Waste Vitrification / Hong Zhao, Isabelle S Muller, Ian L Pegg -- Iron Covalency Assumptions and Redox Equilibrium in Vitrification / Jacob Reynolds -- Preliminary Control Strategy for Hanford Low-Activity Waste Glass Formulation / JD Vienna, GF Piepel, CA Musick, IS Muller, IL Pegg -- Author Index --

Machine generated contents note: Foreword -- by Uwe E. Reinhardt -- Acknowledgments -- Preface to the Second Edition --1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why Should the Economics of Health Be Reconsidered? -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Outline of the Book -- 2 Market Competition -- 2.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 2.1.1 Consumers -- 2.1.2 Producers -- 2.1.3 The Economy as a Whole -- 2.1.4 Pareto Optimality and Social Welfare -- 2.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 2.2.1 Negative Externality: Concern About Status -- 2.2.2 Positive Externality: Concern About Others -- 2.2.3 Consumer Tastes Are Predetermined -- 2.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 2.3.1 Does the Distribution of Income Affect the Health of the Population? -- 2.3.2 Equalizing Access to Health Services -- 2.3.3 What Comes First: Allocation or Distribution? -- 2.3.4 Competition and Prevention -- 2.3.5 Government-Sponsored Health Education -- 2.3.6 Should Cost Control Be a Public Policy? -- 3 Demand Theory -- 3.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 3.1.I Utility and Social Welfare -- 3.I.2 Revealed Preference -- 3.1.3 Demand Curves and Functions -- 3.1.4 The Meaning of Demand and Consumer Surplus --3.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 3.2.1 Social Welfare and Consumer Choice: A Syllogism -- 3.2.2 Are Individual Utilities Maximized When People Are Allowed to Choose? -- 3.2.3 Is Social Welfare Maximized When Individual Utilities Are Maximized? -- 3.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 3.3.1 Is Comprehensive National Health Insurance Necessarily Inefficient? -- 3.3.2 Should Patient Cost-Sharing Be Encouraged, or Should We Use Other Policies? -- 3.3.3 Should People Pay More for Price-Elastic Services? -- 3.3.4 Defined Contribution, Premium Support, and MSAS --4 Supply Theory 129 -- 4.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 4.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 4.2.I Are Supply and Demand Independently Determined? -- 4.2.2 Do Firms Have Monopoly Power? -- 4.2.3 Do Firms Maximize Profits? -- 4.2.4 Do Increasing Returns to Scale Exist? -- 4.2.5 Is Production Independent of the Distribution of Wealth? -- 4.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 4.3.1 Capitation and Incentive Reimbursement -- 4.3.2 Issues Surrounding Patient Cost-Sharing -- 4.3.3 Allowing Only Selected Hospitals to Provide Particular Services -- 4.3.4 Improving Productivity by Providing Insurance -- 5 Equity and Redistribution 171 -- 5.1 The Traditional Economic Model -- 5.2 Problems with the Traditional Model -- 5.2.1 Overview of Utilitarianism -- 5.2.2 Problems with Ordinal Utilitarianism --5.3 Implications for Health Policy -- 5.3.I Providing Health Services Rather than Cash -- 5.3.2 Focusing on People's Health, Not Utility -- 5.3.3 National Health Insurance -- 6 The Role of Government 201 -- 6.1 Alternative Views on the Role of Government -- 6.1.1 Market Failure -- 6.1.2 Government Failure -- 6.2 Different Approaches to the Role of Government in the -- Health Services Sector -- 6.2.1 Structure of the System -- 6.2.2 Nature of Coverage and Delivery -- 6.2.3 Regulation of Prices and Expenditures -- 6.2.4 Regulation of Volume -- 6.2.5 Control of Input Supply -- 6.3 Cross-National Data on Health System Performance -- 6.3.1 Access -- 6.3.2 Utilization -- 6.3.3 Expenditures -- 6.3.4 Quality and Satisfaction -- 6.3.5 Equity of Financing System -- 6.3.6 Summary of Evidence -- 6.4 Ten "Lessons" on the Role of Government in Health Systems --7 Conclusion 271 -- Appendix: Overview of the Health Services Systems -- in Ten Developed Countries -- by Miriam J. Laugesen and Thomas Rice 275 -- References 306 -- Index 335 -- About the Author 342

International law governing the settlement of disputes through law-based forums, such as courts, tribunals and arbitral tribunals, is fraught with limitations that are becoming especially apparent with respect to disputes that involve the protection of the environment. However despite the deficiencies of the law, international courts and tribunals have issued judgements in disputes involving the protection of the environment. At the global level the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) have handed down decisions in relevant cases. In addition other legal forums can also be called upon to decide cases involving international environmental law. Such forums include the Environmental Chamber of the ICJ and the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) under its general facilities and under the Environmental Facility that it is planning to establish. Similarly, special bodies, such as the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC), may decide on cases. Moreover, regional forums such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Community (ECJ) have ruled on cases involving international environmental law. Despite these developments, calls for the establishment of an international environmental court at the global level persist. Several arguments have been advanced to justify the establishment of an international environmental court, for example the very many pressing environmental problems that exist today and the need for a bench consisting of experts in international environmental law to consider these problems, the need for individuals and groups to have access to environmental justice at the international level, the need to enable international organizations to be parties to disputes related to the protection of the environment and the need for dispute settlement procedures that enable the common interest in the environment to be addressed. Arguments against the establishment of an international environmental court have been advanced as well. These arguments include the following: the proliferation of international courts and tribunals would result in the fragmentation of international law, existing courts and tribunals are, or can be, well equipped to consider cases involving environmental issues and disputes involving international environmental law also involve other aspects of international law. This publication explores the arguments for and against the establishment of an international environmental court, examining topics such as the definition of an international environmental dispute and the concomitant expertise required on the bench, fragmentation and its root causes, access to justice and the representation of community interests. The author argues that the establishment of an international environmental court is not the most desirable option and she suggests that it might be more fruitful if we consider developments in environmental law, as well as in other relevant areas of international law, from a different perspective, namely, that of administrative law and reassess the relationship between international and national law. Such an approach, she argues is warranted if, inter alia , viable means for resolving environmental disputes that may arise are to be identified