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River ecosystems are subject to multiple stressors that affect their structure and functioning. Ecosystem structure refers to characteristics such as channel form, water quality or the composition of biological communities, whereas ecosystem functioning refers to processes such as metabolism, organic matter decomposition or secondary production. Structure and functioning respond in contrasting and complementary ways to environmental stressors. Moreover, assessing the response of ecosystem functioning to stressors is critical to understand the effects on the ecosystem services that produce direct benefits to humans. Yet, there is more information on structural than on functional parameters, and despite the many approaches available to measure river ecosystem processes, structural approaches are more widely used, especially in management. One reason for this discrepancy is the lack of synthetic studies analyzing river ecosystem functioning in a way that is useful for both scientists and managers. Here, we present a synthesis of key river ecosystem processes, which provides a description of the main characteristics of each process, including criteria guiding their measurement as well as their respective sensitivity to stressors. We also discuss the current limitations, potential improvements and future steps that the use of functional measures in rivers needs to face. © 2017 The Author(s) ; This work has been supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme Funding under Grant agreement no. 603629-ENV-2013-6.2.1-Globaqua. Additional financial support has been provided by the Basque Government under Grant agreement no. IT951-16. We also acknowledge financial support in terms of pre-doctoral and post-doctoral grants from the University of the Basque Country (O. Pereda, L. Solagaistua, I. Aristi, M. Arroita, A. Martínez) and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (S. Monroy). ; Peer reviewed

The article is devoted to analysis of the scientific heritage of Professor Valeria Nichyk, the well- known philosopher, Doctor of sciences (philosophy), whose scientific activity has left a significant trace in the intellectual history of the modern Ukraine. She is the author of about 150 scientific publications, the Honored Scientist of Ukraine and the laureate of Dmytro Chyzhevskyi award of the National Academy of Sciences. The article focuses on V. Nichyk`s organizational and scientific research achievements such as organization of labor in putting into scientific analysis and translation from Latin of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy philosophical courses, the study of intellectual heritage of Theophan Prokopovych, Petro Mohyla, Hryhorii Skovoroda and the Reformational and Renaissance humanistic ideas in creative work of scientists from fraternal schools. In addition, V. Nichyk`s contribution to the investigation of the political and legal ideas to the Ukrainian thought of the 17th century and to elaboration of adequate methodological approaches to understanding the national early modern thought is carefully analyzed. ; Статтю присвячено аналізові наукової спадщини Валерії Михайлівни Нічик, відомого філософа, доктора філософських наук, професора, автора близько 150 наукових публікацій, заслуженого діяча науки і техніки України, лауреата премії НАН України ім.Д.Чижевського, чия наукова діяльність залишила помітний слід в інтелектуальній історії сучасної України. У статті наголошено увагу на таких її важливих науково-організаційних і дослідницьких досягненнях, як організація праці з уведення у науковий обіг та перекладу з латинської мови рукописних філософських курсів Києво-Могилянської академії, дослідження духовної спадщини Теофана Прокоповича, Петра Могили, Григорія Сковороди, реформаційних і ренесансно-гуманістичних ідей у творчості діячів братських шкіл, внесок у вивчення політико-правових ідей в українській думці XVII сторіччя та у вироблення адекватних методологічних підходів до осмислення історії вітчизняної ранньомодерної думки.

The article analyzes the influence of the WTO regulation function on energy markets in general. The WTO system does not include any specific agreement on energy trading for historical reasons. However, with new WTO members, who export hydrocarbons, including Russia, the regulation of energy sales is becoming more important. The analysis of theoretical papers and the WTO legislation identifies WTO rules that indirectly influence the global energy market. Hence, the analysis in the article is focused on consequences of Russia's WTO accession in different aspects of the energy dialogue with the EU. As a result, the author demonstrates problematic issues in the Russia-EU energy cooperation and the way the WTO solves or complicates them for Russia. Moreover, there is a comprehensive analysis of current and potential disputes between Russia and the EU, and prospects of their settlement by means of a special WTO Dispute Settlement Body. ; В статье рассматривается влияние регулирующей функции Всемирной торговой организации (ВТО) на энергетические рынки в целом. Отдельного соглашения, которое регулировало бы торговлю энергоресурсами, системой ВТО не предусмотрено. Однако со вступлением в организацию новых стран — экспортеров углеводородов, в том числе и России, необходимость регулирования торговых аспектов сферы энергетики возрастает. На основе анализа теоретических работ и правовой базы ВТО в статье представлены положения, которые косвенным образом все же оказывают влияние на энергетические рынки. Исходя из этого, проанализированы последствия присоединения Российской Федерации к ВТО. Автором выделены проблемы развития российско- европейского энергетического сотрудничества и сделаны выводы о том, каким образом на их решение влияет регулирование сферы в рамках ВТО. Представлен подробный анализ текущих и потенциальных споров, а также перспектив их решения с помощью механизма разрешения споров ВТО.

The hidden (2010)Łukasz Konopa's film is devoted to the Righteous, their fate after World War II and the problem of memory about Jews. Shot as a part of an anthropological and historical research project concerning memory about Jews in provincial Poland. Using the ethnographic interview method, the author attempts to record accounts of events which transpired during the Nazi occupation of Poland and of postwar realities of people who had helped Jews in a village in Podlasie.Łukasz Konopa talks with two men living near Białystok. Some sixty years after the war, the Wasilewski brothers recount before the camera the dramatic events in which they took part. Their parents provided shelter to three Jews from the nearby town of Trzcianne, which brought upon them persecution from their Polish neighbors.The film's heroes, answering sincerely and with pain the researcher's question, demonstrating exceptional bravery and opposing the hostility of their own community. Ukryci (2010)Film Łukasza Konopy poświęcony jest Sprawiedliwym, ich losom po drugiej wojnie światowej oraz problematyce pamięci o Żydach. Film powstał w ramach badań antropologicznych i historycznych nad pamięcią o Żydach na polskiej prowincji. Korzystając z metody wywiadu etnograficznego, autor podejmuje próbę zapisu relacji z wydarzeń czasu okupacji nazistowskiej i późniejszych, powojennych realiów życia osób, które pomagały Żydom w jednej z podlaskich wsi.Łukasz Konopa rozmawia z dwoma mieszkańcami okolic Białegostoku. Sześćdziesiąt kilka lat po wojnie bracia Wasilewscy opowiadają przed kamerą o dramatycznych wydarzeniach, których byli uczestnikami. Ich rodzice udzielili schronienia trójce Żydów z pobliskiego miasteczka Trzcianne, za co całą rodzinę dotknęły prześladowania ze strony polskich sąsiadów.Bohaterowie filmu, odpowiadając szczerze i z bólem na pytania badacza, dają jednocześnie dowód niezwykłej odwagi, przeciwstawiając się wrogości ze strony własnej wspólnoty.

Trzcianne – a case study. The Polish-Polish war over Jews in witness accountsŁukasz Konopa endeavors to reconstruct the process of the annihilation of Trzcianne, a town where the Jewish population was dominant before 1939. This case study is based on ethnographic interviews conducted presently with members of the Wasilewski family, the Righteous among the Nations, who both witnessed and participated in the events. The paper also refers to the accounts presented after the war by the surviving Jews and witness testimonies given during the trial conducted in 1950–51 against a few Poles accused of murdering Jews. In the course of his analysis, the author reveals the silence and secrecy surrounding the fact that some Poles were involved in the murder of Jews whereas those who risked their lives to help Jews were punished by their Polish neighbors after the war. The shameful episodes in the past of a small town in the Podlasie region were deleted from the local historical discourse. Trzcianne – studium przypadku. Wojna polsko-polska o Żydów w relacjach świadkówAutor podejmuje próbę rekonstrukcji obrazu zagłady Trzciannego, miejscowości, której ogromną większość populacji przed 1939 rokiem stanowili Żydzi. Studium przypadku oparte jest na wywiadach etnograficznych, przeprowadzonych współcześnie z członkami rodziny państwa Wasilewskich – świadkami oraz uczestnikami wydarzeń, Sprawiedliwymi wśród Narodów Świata. Przywołane zostają również relacje złożone po wojnie przez ocalałych Żydów oraz zeznania świadków z procesu sądowego kilku Polaków oskarżonych o mordowanie Żydów, prowadzonego w latach 1950–1951. W toku analiz autor odsłania przemilczaną i ukrywaną społecznie prawdę, iż niektórzy Polacy brali udział w mordowaniu osób wyznania mojżeszowego. Natomiast ci, którzy z narażeniem życia pomagali Żydom, ponieśli po wojnie karę ze strony swoich polskich sąsiadów. Wstydliwe epizody z przeszłości małego, podlaskiego miasteczka zostały wyparte z lokalnego dyskursu historycznego.

Purpose of the article is to analyze the philosophical and cultural ideas about television, which is a leading visual practice of XX century. It does not lose its relevance in the beginning of the XXI. The role of television lies in visual presentation and formation of the basic norms of taste and traditions of different social groups. Television is the leading communicative practice, which consideration is represented differently in modern science. Research methodology involves an appeal to the philosophical and cultural concepts, representing different approaches to the understanding of television. The paper considers the views of Western scholars, such as R. Arnheim, M. Wolff, A. Kroker, G. Lipovetsky, M. McLuhan, D. Mulvin, J. Mittell, N. Postman, L. Saffhil, J. Sterne, E. Thompson, J. Fiske, S. Shapiro. During analysis of the issue of the specific nature of television content the works of Russian scientists – T. Savitskaya, N. Samutina and Polish contemporary author – R. Sapenko were used. Originality lies in the depiction of the main approaches to the study of television as a visual communicative practice. Deployment of the author's position within the designated issues is presented as a historical digression – from the first attempts at understanding the phenomenon of television to the newest scientific theories that have found expression in contemporary American philosophical and cultural thought. Results of the study can be used in the training course "Visual communication and practices." Conclusions indicated that the majority of contemporary visual practices based on certain patterns, embedded TV. Despite the emergence of new media practices, TV does not lose relevance, everywhere present in the culture, which means that his research will allow a better understanding of the specificity of cultural creativity process.

The ideology of 'purity', normalcy and hierarchy through food and its relations is a postcolonial, feminist, queer issue. In an increasingly intolerant Hindutva political climate in India, a politics of enforced vegetarianism-based-purity as a mark of authenticity and ideal national identity intersects with liberalisation of the economy and globalisation of tastes to produce complex hierarchies of taste and ideas of culinary belonging. Given that literary and other cultural products can play an influential role in issues of social change, my paper critically investigates how queer contemporary anglophone Indian fiction reworks dominant attitudes towards abjection through consumption, queering the approach to disgust as a stable marker of unbelonging in the contexts of postcoloniality and the transnational. Specifically, I examine approaches to abjection through food and discuss transgression through food as a postcolonial re-reading of disgust-based politics and aesthetics in two novels: The Boyfriend (2003) by author and gay-activist R. Raj Rao, and A Life Apart (2010) by writer-reviewer Neel Mukherjee—both of whom are part of an emerging group of authors writing in English and explicitly dealing with male same-sex desire in the subcontinent and the diaspora. Using a transnational and intersectional queer feminist lens on disgust and queering through food, I discuss how by challenging the hidden codes of a disgust-based gastro-politics and aesthetics in culture, The Boyfriend and A Life Apart reveal new spaces of sovereignty and self-expression in the everyday. In the process, I show how they provide fresh positions of resistance and subjectivity that complicate narrow ideas of belonging—national, diasporic and bodily—the production of which becomes crucial in the context of carving out a transnational queer (gastro) aesthetics and politics.

IntroductionGlobally, transgender ("trans") women are one of the key populations most disproportionately impacted by HIV. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the newest and most promising biomedical HIV prevention intervention to date. This paper reviews relevant literature to describe the current state of the science and describes the potential role of PrEP among trans women, including a discussion of unique considerations for maximizing the impact of PrEP for this vulnerable population.MethodsAvailable information, including but not limited to existing scientific literature, about trans women and PrEP was reviewed and critiqued based on author expertise, including PrEP clinical trials and rollout.ResultsTo date, PrEP demonstration projects and clinical trials have largely excluded trans women, or have not included them in a meaningful way. Data collection strategies that fail to identify trans women in clinical trials and research further limit the ability to draw conclusions about trans women's unique needs and devise strategies to meet them. Gender‐affirming providers and clinic environments are essential components of any sexual health programme that aims to serve trans women, as they will largely avoid settings that may result in stigmatizing encounters and threats to their identities. While there is currently no evidence to suggest drug‐drug interactions between PrEP and commonly used feminizing hormone regimens, community concerns about potential interactions may limit interest in and uptake of PrEP among trans women.ConclusionsIn scaling up PrEP for trans women, it is essential to engage trans communities, utilize trans‐inclusive research and marketing strategies and identify and/or train healthcare providers to provide gender‐affirming healthcare to trans women, including transition‐related care such as hormone provision. PrEP implementation guidelines must consider and address trans women's unique barriers and facilitators to uptake and adherence.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute for the special number Protest and Activism With(out) Organisation.


Design/methodology/approach
Elisée Reclus (1830-1905) wrote in 1851 that "anarchy is the highest expression of order". This statement, clashing with the bourgeois commonplaces on anarchy as chaos, anticipated the theories, elaborated collectively by the anarchist geographers Reclus, Pëtr Kropotkin (1842-1921), and Léon Metchnikoff (1838-1888), on mutual aid and cooperation as the bases of a society more rationally organised than the State and capitalist one. If a (minority) part of the anarchist movement, in the following decades, assumed this sort of "natural order" to argue that there was no necessity of a political organisation, many militants stated on the contrary the necessity of a formal anarchist (or anarcho-syndicalist) organisation to prepare the revolution and to put in practice the principle of an horizontal and federalist society starting from daily life.


Findings
The author's main argument is that the idea of a public and formalized anarchist organisation has been consistent with the claims of the anarchist geographers for the possibility of an ordered anarchist society and that it was a very geographical conception, as the spatial and territorial activity patterns of anarchist individuals, groups, and federations was a central issue among anarchist organisers.


Originality/value
Drawing on present literature on geography and anarchism and on the multidisciplinary transnational turn of anarchist studies, the author addresses, through primary sources, the contentions and openings of the organisational question in anarchism from Reclus, Kropotkin, and Metchnikoff to the anarchist federations of present day, and its links with the issue of constructive anarchism and with the problem of violence.

Undoubtedly, no country as America is the host and influenced of pressure groups, and because of the existence of the interests and valuation system in America, this issue has made decision making in foreign policy of this country difficult. Among pressure groups in America, Zionist lobbies seem to have the most influence in America's foreign policy. Based on this, it can be approximately said that America and Israel have had special ties after the World War II and AIPAC Group has always guaranteed the continuation of this relationship. A set of factors play role in forming foreign policy of each country internally, nationally and internationally that the outcome of these factors' action and reactions will is presented as the outcome and "foreign policy". The United Sates of America's foreign policy is also the same process, based on this according to the international relationships ideas which of the important levels in analyzing foreign policy of the United States of America is internal level whose one of its components is investigating the role of pressure groups in forming the foreign policy of this country, practically the activity of any groups isn't as prominent and highlighted as Zionist lobby in this subject.Therefore the author of this research is sought to investigate the effect of different shapes of Zionist lobby and the position and performance of this regime in America's foreign policy towards Iran, hence the arrow of lobbying activities in the area of Iran is also evaluated; consequently in the process of the research, stating that influential element in the system of decision making in The United States of America about the role of stakeholder groups with a focus on Zionist lobby and the unwavering support of the United States from this lobby is undeniable.

In recent times, some concerned linguists, lovers of the Igbo language and indeed, owners of the language have been asking questions about possible strategies to be adopted in resuscitating the Igbo language and culture which critics and observers have warned are depreciating in value and usage. The Igbo of South East Nigeria, as well as various governments in the Igbo region have in their own various ways jumped into action to revive and save the situation through the organisation of cultural activities and forums for the promotion of Igbo language and culture and legislations. Commendable as these attempts may be, the issue which does not yet appear properly addressed is the need to identify the factors responsible for the present state of Igbo language and culture and the possibilities of workable strategies to remedy the situation. This paper therefore, is an attempt to interrogate the receding utilization of Igbo language and culture using UNESCO's 2002 and 2003 nine-point criteria of the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages as bases for our study and recommendations. The study has attempted to get at the root of what the author considers the crux of the matter through the study of the philosophy of the Igbo man towards himself, his environment and his personal effects, and has discovered that the bane of Igbo language and culture is the Igbo man's attitude towards that which is his, and his easy enchantment with foreign cultures. The paper then recommends a total reorientation of the Igbo man's core philosophy as a panacea to the problem, among others. The revelations of this paper will benefit linguists, the Igbo, and indeed scholars.

This paper focuses on the image of the political system of the first Czechoslovak Republic in the political discourse connected with the preparation of the Czech Constitution in 1992. It works mainly with records of parliamentary debates between July and December 1992 and considers three types of actors: members of committees working on the constitution, constitutional lawyers and political figures with a significant informal influence, such as Václav Havel. The author asks three interrelated research questions: How was the first Czechoslovak Republic portrayed in the debates on the Czech Constitution? In what context of the discussions and argumentations did the First republic reappear? And what role did the image of the Czechoslovak Republic play in the debates? As I argue, the system of the first Czechoslovak Republic was presented almost always positively, framed by concepts of tradition, democracy, sovereignty, and stability. Conversely, the Senate was portrayed more negatively, as a symbol of inefficiency, futility and expensiveness. The political system of the First Republic and the Constitution of 1920 represented an issue that could not be ignored and had to emerge through discourse. Some speakers did not always portray it properly and rarely spoke about the problematic aspects of the functioning of the political system of the First Republic. However, it was always alluded to as a symbol whose meaning was often more important than its actual content, as it could confirm the legitimacy of power relationships and express identification with a given political line. The fact that the actors chose only certain images of the First Republic, mostly the positive ones, illustrates that they sought to use the power of the symbol of the First Republic.

Attempting to approach the sacred through film as exemplified by the analysis and interpretation of the way of a yurodivy in The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander SokurovThe author emphasises the relation between content and form in the film The Lonely Voice of Man by Alexander Sokurov, and makes a point to place the film within an interpretation space which takes into account basic anthropological categories, such as those of space, time and the human (the protagonist). The artistic devices applied in the film lead to a degradation of the image, while the symbolism present in this debut work refers to the theme of the journey of the soul. All these elements allow us to see in The Lonely Voice of Man certain aspects shared with the Orthodox icon. In this context, the story of the main character can be perceived as the way of a yurodivy ("fool-for-Christ"), who has to refrain from temptations and practice asceticism in order to attain spiritual perfection and reach the sacred. Próba zbliżenia się do sacrum poprzez kino na przykładzie analizy i interpretacji drogi jurodiwego w filmie Aleksandra Sokurowa Samotny głos człowiekaW artykule szczególną uwagę zwrócono na ukazanie związku między treścią i formą filmu Samotny głos człowieka w reżyserii Aleksandra Sokurowa oraz na umieszczenie go na płaszczyźnie interpretacyjnej uwzględniającej podstawowe kategorie antropologiczne, takie jak: przestrzeń, czas i człowiek (bohater). Stosowane w filmie środki wyrazu powodują, że obraz ulega degradacji. Symbolika obecna w filmie nawiązuje do motywu wędrówki dusz. Wszystkie elementy stanowią podstawę do tego, by odnaleźć w debiucie Sokurowa cechy nawiązujące do prawosławnej ikony. W tym kontekście historia głównego bohatera jawi się jako droga jurodiwego, który musi pokonywać pokusy i zachowywać ascezę, by osiągnąć duchową doskonałość i dotrzeć do sacrum.

AbstractAdults with Down syndrome are at increased risk of dementia at a significantly younger age and remain under‐represented as participants in dementia‐related research. Because little is known about their personal experiences either immediately postdiagnosis or as dementia progresses, there is little opportunity that shared individual experiences can shape future policy and practice. To remedy this omission, the author examined methodological and ethical challenges identified as part of a research study that included people with Down syndrome affected by dementia. It has been contended that traditional qualitative approaches are less effective when participants are affected by changing cognitive functioning and reduced verbal communication. To counteract this contention overt participant observation and an adapted narrative research method were used as part of a three‐year longitudinal study to help better understand the lived experiences of three adults with Down syndrome affected by dementia. Methodological and ethical challenges were shown to collide, and factors contributing to this effect included identifying process consent, accurate representation of participants, the role of and relationship with the researcher, participants, lack of awareness of their diagnosis of dementia, and need to recognize the importance of social interaction while maintaining academic rigor. Reflections are proffered on two conceptual and practice issues, with a call for both to be recognized and addressed in terms of future policy and practice. First is a lack of awareness of a sense of "self" or identity, resulting in individuals with Down syndrome and dementia being defined by their situation rather than individual preference or need. Second is the lack of information postdiagnosis about dementia being shared with people who have Down syndrome.

Abstract
The fact that much of what the Japanese regard as part of their culture originally came to Japan from the Asian continent in ancient and medieval times is well known and has been extensively researched. For the period after 1868, however, the attention of scholars has tended to concentrate on Japan's comprehensive importation of Western civilization. This exploratory article suggests a different perspective. Taking music in modern Japan as an example and based in part on the author's research for her recent book Not by Love Alone: The Violin in Japan, 1850-2010, the author will argue that music is a particularly rewarding fi eld for examining transnational fl ows. Research on music in modern Japan has tended to privilege the introduction of European art music from the West and this was undoubtedly one of the most important developments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There are, however, aspects to this development that merit more attention than they have received so far, including the relationship between Western music and other musics practised in Japan in the nineteenth century and the interactions between Japan and non-Western countries and in particular its East Asian neighbours. In this article, four general themes for further enquiry are introduced: 1. The possible relation between Meiji statesmen's and intellectuals' kangaku education and their views on the role of music in the modern state. 2. The Chinese origins and the place of minshingaku (Ming and Qing music) in the musical culture of nineteenthcentury Japan. 3. Japan's role in the dissemination of Western Music in East Asia. 4. The role of the East Asian continent (particularly the cities of Shanghai and Harbin) as a place of encounter between Asia and Europe.