Suchergebnisse

Каждый язык обладает системой средств, отражающих взаимные позиции коммуникантов и характеризующих социальную дистанцию между собеседниками. Цель исследования, проведенного на материале примеров из разговорного турецкого языка (ТЯ), зафиксированных автором, состоит в определении набора языковых средств включения собеседника в личную сферу говорящего в ТЯ. Теоретически значимой задачей является включение соответствующих данных в лингво-типологические исследования. В качестве обращений в ТЯ используются личные имена, апеллятивы и (псевдо)термины родства. В рамках системы языковых средств эгоцентрического структурирования окружающего социального пространства основным средством включения присутствующего в сферу говорящего в ТЯ является использование в обращениях посессивного показателя 1 л. ед. ч. (мой). Обращения к младшим состоят из их личного имени или (псевдо)термина родства и посессивного показателя 1 л. ед. ч. Использование посессивного показателя 1 л. ед. ч. при обращения к старшим возможно при условии использования уменьшительного показателя. Обращение к старшим по возрасту с использованием только личного имени невозможно. Местоимение ты используется в отношении широкого круга лиц и не может считаться средством включения собеседника в личную сферу говорящего. Инструментом сознательного исключения присутствующих из личной сферы говорящего является использование в отношении них указательного местоимения 3 л. şu. Несмотря на специфику набора языковых средств включения окружающих в личную сферу говорящего в ТЯ, общая ситуация полностью соответствует ее определению, предложенному Ю. Д. Апресяном.
Each language has a culturally specific system of tools that reflect the mutual positions of communicants, including tools that characterize the social distance between interlocutors. This investigation was conducted on the example material from conversational Turkish Language recorded by the author. Its purpose is to determine a set of linguistic tools that allows the inclusion of the interlocutor in the speaker's personal sphere in Turkish. Theoretically, it is important to include relevant data in linguistic and typological studies. Personal names, appellatives, and (pseudo) kinship terms are used as addresses in Turkish. Within the system of language tools of egocentric structuring of the surrounding social space, the main tool of including of a person into the sphere of the speaker is the possessive suffix of 1 Pers. Sing. ("my") in various types of addresses. For younger recipients the suffix "my" is used with their personal name or (pseudo) kinship term. The inclusion of senior recipients in the personal sphere of the speaker using the possessive suffix "my" is possible with the preliminary use of the diminutive suffix. Addressing senior recipients through the usage of their personal names is not possible. The pronoun sen "you" (Sing.) cannot be considered as a tool of including the interlocutor in the personal sphere of the speaker, since it is used in relation to a wide range of people. The tool for deliberately excluding those present from the speaker's personal sphere is the use of the demonstrative pronoun of 3 Pers. şu. Despite the specific set of language tools of incorporating other persons into a personal field of speaker in Turkish, the overall situation is in line with the definition proposed by Yu. Apresyan.

В статье предпринимается попытка определения направлений и особенностей литературной критики таджикского поэта Лоика Шерали, который начиная со второй половины 60-х годов ХХ века до конца своей творческой деятельности, кроме поэтических произведений, написал около 150 критических и публицистических работ - статей, рецензий, интервью, выступлений, вступительных слов, предисловий, писем, послесловий и т.п., подтверждающих его значительное место в литературно-критической публицистике и литературной критике. Благодаря своей деятельности в качестве публициста, критика, историка и социолога Л. Шерали завоевал особое место не только в поэзии, но и в литературоведении, лингвистике, публицистике и литературной критике. Основными методами исследования послужили историко-сравнительный анализ материалов и описательный метод. Материал исследования составили сборники научно-публицистических статей Л. Шерали, публицистические произведения и литературно-критические статьи его современников.Размышляя над проблемами художественной литературы и литературной критики, Лоик Шерали акцентирует внимание на роли поэта и назначении поэзии, особенно с учетом социально-политических условий. В статьях Л. Шерали значительное место занимает критика творчества начинающих поэтов. В своих рассуждениях он настаивает на необходимости искусного владения языком, эрудированности, знания творчества классиков и правил сочинения стихов, законов аруза, метрики, логики, средств художественного выражения и т.п. В его критических произведениях прослеживаются социальные мотивы, отражаются проблемы национальных традиций и родного языка, имеют место проявление патриотизма и обращение к исторической теме, а также осмысляются вопросы литературных взаимосвязей и перевода.
The author of the article makes an attempt to determine the streamlines and peculiarities of literary criticism of the Tajik poet Loik Sherali, who had written (besides poetic works) about 150 critical and publicistic literary works (articles, reviews, interviews, speeches, welcoming remarks, prefaces, letters, epilogues, etc.) since the late 60s of the 20th century to the end of his career, thus, confirming his significant place in literary critical journalism and literary criticism, in general. Owing to his activity as a publicist, critic, historian and sociologist, Sherali holds a special place not only in poetry, but in literary criticism, linguistics, journalism and literary criticism.The main research method is a comparative-historical analysis of materials as well as a descriptive one. The research material was compiled by the collections of L. Sherali's scientific-journalistic articles, his contemporaries' publicistic works and literary critical articles. Reflecting on the problems beset with belles-lettres literature and literary criticism, Loik Sherali pays his particular attention to the poet's role and his poetry target taking into consideration socio-political conditions. Criticism of the works of novice poets occupies a significant place in L. Sherali's articles. Sherali insists on the need for erudition, knowledge of the classics and the rules for composing poetry, the laws of aruz, metrics, logic, means of artistic expression, language, etc. in his reasoning. The influence of social motives and the problems of national traditions and the native language, manifestation of patriotism, an appeal to a historical theme are reflected in his critical literary works. The issues in regard to literary interrelations and translation are taken into account as well.

The article deals with the last book of the well-known English writer A. S. Byatt Peacock & Vine (2016) in the context of her oeuvre (novels, stories, essays). It is proved that the controversial reviews by British critics are caused by the character of the genre and the author's mythology. The book combines biographies of two artists and an essay on design of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. It is concluded that A. S. Byatt uses her particular method of analogy at different levels of poetics. She juxtaposes biographies and oeuvres of William Morris and Mariano Fortuny with the help of such universals as the North and the South, which acquire a complicated character due to their being represented through national (or more specifically, cultural) images and symbols. The emphasis is not so much on the life as on the oeuvre of the designers – first and foremost, their houses and fabrics as seen by Byatt herself and through her biography and oeuvre. Her main principle lies in conceiving something of her own through something of the other's, and vice versa. While the figure of Morris in Byatt's novel The Children's Book (2009) was fitted in the social, political, and psychoanalytical contexts of the epoch, the book Peacock & Vine 'illuminates' the artist's life both with his own works and Fortuny's experiments with colors and light. The main evaluation criteria are color (light) and proportion (contexture), distinctive for both the artists' design and Byatt's style. However, in verbal interpretation of floral and animalistic ornaments (vines and pomegranates, peacocks and phoenixes, lions and dragons), one can see a comprehensive dialogue between paganism and Christianity, past days and modernity, a man and a woman, two famous designers, ars nouveau and ars deco. Illustrations (photographs, drawings, reproductions) together with the verbal text of the biographical essay make an organic whole of the book, which emphasizes a special role of paratext in Byatt's works. Searching for words to represent visual images is a special task for an author of a biographical essay that she was conscious about in her works. In the book Peacock & Vine, Byatt acquires the accuracy and clarity of the language she was dreaming of when working over the novel Still Life (1985). At the same time, simplicity and complexity of her style have become an integral part of her own mythology. The Englishman Morris, being passionate about the Middle Ages and the North, travelled to Iceland and conceived of the Scandinavian saga as a real history. In the Byatt's book he is compared with the Spaniard Fortuny, who had a penchant for Classical Antiquity and the Mediterranean world, lived in Paris and Venice, and conceived of the Scandinavian saga only through the prism of the Wagner Theatre. As to the Byatt's love to Scandinavian mythology, it goes back to her war-time childhood, which is reflected in her book Ragnarok: The End of the Gods (2011).

Dear Editor, After experiencing the disappointment of a rejection letter from a journal editor regarding a submission, an author will often immediately start searching for another journal in which to publish his or her work. A major consideration in this search will be the referencing style specified by the journal concerned. The range of possible format requirements is almost infinite, but fortunately, most journals follow acknowledged styles, such as those of the American Psychological Association, the Modern Language Association or the Chicago/Turabian style. Transforming a text from one referencing style to another is a cumbersome task – though some librarians may disregard this concern, declaring that software such as Mendeley and Endnotes is able to convert 'appropriately captured' references seamlessly from one style to another. A problem central to this approach relates to the 'appropriate capturing' of such references, a task that requires extreme diligence. For example, the capturing of an author's first names might be unnecessary when using style A, but could be required by style B – a detail further complicated by the fact that some sources record only the author's initials. Another problem posed by conversion is the fact that many journals profess to use a standard, acknowledged referencing style, but then impose idiosyncratic house style rules, where they deviate from the norm. Clearly, converting from one referencing style to another is an intricate, time-consuming endeavour and most authors would prefer to select a journal that uses the same referencing style as the one they originally selected. Why, then, does the African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies (AJIMS) not adopt a policy of free referencing styles? Free referencing refers to the journal considering and reviewing articles irrespective of the referencing style used – subject to the style being specified and then applied consistently throughout the article. As most reviewers are exposed to a variety of referencing styles, this should not impact negatively on the review process. I believe that adopting freestyle referencing would attract more authors to AJIMS, thus enlarging the pool of submissions from which the editor can select. Particularly as AJIMS is a progressive journal, and as inter- and multidisciplinary studies require an embracement of diversity, AJIMS is well-positioned to follow a policy of freestyle referencing. Freestyle referencing is not a new concept. Indeed, it has been widely advocated and is accepted by many respectable journals, such as the 350 titles with Taylor & Francis and Routledge, as well as the 92 Wiley journals that allow it. I am firmly of the opinion that the adoption of freestyle referencing would reduce unnecessary labour expended in efforts to disseminate knowledge and would also allow researchers to focus on researching, all without adding to the load carried by AJIMS's editorial staff. Indeed, I believe that such a move might well enlarge the pool of submissions to AJIMS, providing the publication with an additional competitive advantage.

*Full article is in FrenchFrench abstract:
En dépit de l'ostracisme de Durkheim à leur égard, les représentants de la science sociale issue de Le Play n'ont pas ignoré son oeuvre et l'ont commentée – même si laconiquement – dans leurs périodiques, d'une part, La Réforme sociale, d'autre part, La Science sociale et ses dérivés. Les leplaysiens restés dans l'orthodoxie du maître nourrissent – de la Division du travail social aux Fondements élémentaires de la vie religieuse – les mêmes griefs à l'encontre de Durkheim. Volontiers polémiques, ils refusent sa conception du fait social qui, « supérieur et antérieur à l'individu … s'impose à lui avec une force coercitive prépondérante » (Clément, 1915). Leurs critiques perdent cependant de leur virulence après la mort de Durkheim, au fur et à mesure que la sociologie s'avère une science durable dont le projet devient irréfutable. Du côté des partisans de la science sociale renouvelée par Henri de Tourville, l'appréciation de Durkheim est différente. Plus tardive, elle porte sur l'objet de la sociologie et sur la méthode prônée par l'auteur des Règles. Aux yeux des tourvilliens, celui-ci n'emprunte pas, à tort, la « voie royale » de la science sociale : l'enquête par observation directe, et néglige l'outil de coordination des faits sociaux qu'est la nomenclature mise au point par Tourville. Dès lors, les résultats auxquels aboutit Durkheim, par exemple dans les Fondements, sont sujets à caution (Descamps, 1912). La critique des tourvilliens est d'autant plus vive qu'elle se nourrit d'un dépit : Durkheim ne fait aucun cas de leurs travaux (Périer, 1913). Le débat qu'ils auraient souhaité engager n'aura lieu que post mortem, grâce à Bouglé et ses élèves du Centre de documentation sociale (Aron, Polin) qui joueront le jeu, dans les années trente, de la confrontation entre sociologie et science sociale.English abstract:
Despite the ostracism he maintained towards them, Le Play's social science continuers did not ignore Durkheim's work and commented on it – even if laconically – in their journals. The LePlayists loyal to the master's orthodoxy raised the same grievances against Durkheim throughout his academic life. They refused to accept his conception of the social fact as superior and prior to the individual, imposing itself on him with a coercive force. Their criticisms, however, were less virulent after Durkheim's death, as sociology proved a sustainable science whose project had become irrefutable. With the dissident LePlayists, the view is different. Emerging later, it dealt with the object of sociology and the method advocated by the author of the Règles. From the Tourvillians' point of view, Durkheim's sociology does not adopt the best path for social science (investigation by direct observation), and neglects its process of coordination of social facts (the nomenclature developed by Tourville). Consequently, Durkheim's results are questionable. The debate the Tourvillians wanted to have with Durkheim took place post mortem, thanks to Bouglé and his students from the Centre de documentation sociale, and their engagement, in the 1930s, with Durkheimian sociology and social science.

En este artículo se examinó la dinámica cultural y de historietas en México en las décadas de los ochenta y noventa retomando la categoría de campo, de la teoría de la dominación de Pierre Bourdieu. Se realizó una analogía del campo de las historietas con el del fútbol, con la finalidad de describir y analizar la complejidad de los movimientos socioculturales involucrados en las luchas por capital simbólico y económico. En este trabajo cualitativo-interpretativo, basado en el análisis de documentación primaria y secundaria, se partió del argumento de que en México, mientras la historieta industrial estaba en decadencia, las historietas de autor se encontraban en eclosión. Este argumento se fundamenta en que, mientras empresas como Editorial Vid, Novaro y Novedades, se regían por estrategias empresariales que incluían reedición de material nacional, importación de cómics extranjeros; el cómic de autor eclosionaba, alimentado por el cómic europeo y norteamericano. Se encontró que en las décadas de estudio, el panorama cultural se vio modificado por la implantación del modelo neoliberal, que introdujo múltiples productos culturales, los cuales transformaron el consumo cultural mexicano y dieron a la historieta industrial una competencia ante la cual no pudo ganar. Como conclusión, se propone que pese a que la historieta industrial cayó en decadencia, por falta de estrategias de adaptación, las condiciones que llevaron a su caída permitieron que los creadores de la historieta de autor se enriquecieran con nuevas influencias, que los llevaron a generar obras adultas, críticas, vinculadas con su entorno. In this article, the cultural and comic book dynamics in Mexico in the eighties and nineties were examined, taking up the category of field, from Pierre Bourdieu's theory of domination. An analogy of the field of comics with that of soccer was made, in order to describe and analyze the complexity of the sociocultural movements involved in the struggles for symbolic and economic capital. This qualitative-interpretative work, based on the analysis of primary and secondary documentation, arouses from the argument that in Mexico, while the industrial comics were in decline, the author comics were flourishing. This argument is based on the fact that, while companies such as Editorial Vid, Novaro and Novedades were governed by business strategies such as reissuing national material and importation of foreign comics; the author's comic was emerging, inspired by the European and North American comic. It was found that, in the decades of study, the cultural panorama was modified by the implantation of the neoliberal model, which introduced multiple cultural products, that, therefore, transformed Mexican cultural consumption and gave industrial comics a competition which it could not win. As a conclusion, it is proposed that, despite the fact that the industrial comics fell into decline due to lack of adaptation strategies, the same factors allowed the creators of the author's comic to enrich themselves with new influences, that led them to generate adult, critical works linked to their environment.

Neste estudo estabelece-se como objetivo esclarecer como as noções de campo, habitus e capital participam da estrutura dos campos científico e universitário. A questão discutida incide sobre o modo como Pierre Bourdieu, não apenas realiza um exercício que consistiria em aplicar tais noções conceituais ao âmbito prático da produção científica e da vida acadêmica, assim como, elabora uma epistemologia que explora o sentido e os impactos sociais dos paradigmas de funcionamento desses espaços sociais. Não se pode esquecer que o autor elabora sua teoria como quem também participa desses espaços, como quem conhece o jogo e as lutas concorrenciais. A questão que intriga Bourdieu, e que o conduz em todo o seu esforço teórico para evidenciar a estrutura estruturante que incide sobre os agentes dos campos é: quem seria o homo academicus? Aquele que gosta do acabado! Essa resposta, porém, embute novas interrogações, todas elas implicadas no entendimento do funcionamento do campo. Esse homo academicus seria afetado pelas condições de possibilidade de seu pertencimento ao campo científico e ao campo universitário e estaria envolto a inúmeros conflitos, à illusio, isto é, as posições que ocupa não são uma garantia de pertença, vai depender de sua destreza no jogo, do lugar, ou de que lado do grupo se encontra. Constitui-se, então, em objeto de análise bourdieusiana sobre a estruturação dos espaços sociais a partir de sua dimensão política, e o homem que se constrói nesse processo dinâmico.
The objective of this study is to clarify how the notions of field, habitus and capital participate in the structure of the scientific and university fields. The question discussed focuses on how Pierre Bourdieu not only carries out an exercise that would consist of applying such conceptual notions to the practical scope of scientific production and academic life, but also elaborates an epistemology that explores the meaning and social impacts of paradigms functioning of these social spaces. It cannot be forgotten that the author elaborates his theory as one who also participates in these spaces, as one who knows the game and the competitive struggles. The question that intrigues Bourdieu, and that leads him in all his theoretical effort to highlight the structuring structure that affects the agents of the fields is: who would be the homo academicus? One who likes the finished! This answer, however, embodies new questions, all of which are implicated in the understanding of how the field works. This homo academicus would be affected by the conditions of possibility of his belonging to the scientific field and the university field and would be involved in countless conflicts, illusio, that is, the positions he occupies are not a guarantee of belonging, it will depend on his skill in the game , the place, or the group side is. It is, therefore, an object of Bourdieusian analysis on the structuring of social spaces based on their political dimension, and the man who builds himself in this dynamic process.

The article analyzes the sanitary and hygienic conditions of living and medical care at Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz — a branch of the Stutthof central camp. The sub-camp in Police was created with a view to supplying cheap labour to a synthetic gasoline fac-tory, which was a strategic plant of the German war economy. The health condition of prisoners in concentration camps always remained bad, but the health problems of the prisoners in Police resulted not only from terrible sanitary, hygienic, and living conditions, but also from the difficult working conditions in the factory. So far, the issues of interest to us have not found wider interest among researchers who focused on the so-called "Camps", apart from the so-called small — affiliate camps. The following research questions were asked: How did medical care function in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? What were the sanitary, living and hygienic conditions in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussen-lager Pölitz? In preparing this article the author used research methods characteristic for historical sciences, such as external and internal evaluation of sources; the dogmatic method, which seeks casual connections of a more complex nature than simple time-related connections, and comparative research. The analysis was based on archival materials of the Institute of National Remembrance, es-pecially the Archives of the Branch Office of the Commission For the Prosecution of Crimes Against The Polish Nation of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin (primarily testimony re-ports and witness accounts, factual documentation), memories and literature of the subject (Polish, German, and English). Based on the source material and subject literature it was proved that: 1) The way the sub-camp in Pölitz operated depended on the requirements of the German arms industry. It was created to provide cheap labor for a synthetic fuel factory (Chemische Werke Hydropetroleum Industrie Gesellschaft), a strategic plant for the German war industry. 2) Prisoners of concentration camps were never in good health, but health problems of prisoners in Pölitz were caused not only by poor sanitation, hygiene, and living conditions, but also by harsh working conditions in the factory. 3) The health conditions developed by prisoners from the KL Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz could be divided into 4 groups: a) illnesses related to the living conditions in the camp, typical for most concentration camps, b) illnesses resulting from hunger and total exhaustion, c) injuries caused by beating, and d) illnesses resulting from workplace contamination. The operation of the Pölitz camp could be divided into two periods: one when the camp (at that time "the summer camp") was still under construction, and the other — its actual operation — when the winter camp was established with extended camp infrastructure. However, regardless of the time, prisoners always suffered from hunger, exhausting work beyond their capabilities and various illnesses.

Constitution does not just contain simple general phrases, but directly regulates the governmental relations and establishes specific procedure for usage of power. Therefore, this usage cannot be "this or that" – it can only be such as is prescribed or allowed by the Constitution. This formula is designed to minimize the abuse of power, arbitrariness, and inadequate invasion of individual freedom. However, the established procedure would be no more than what Sartori called "a dead letter" if constitutional provisions were not supported by enforcement safeguards. Many legal orders, including almost all developed democracies, have such specialized mechanisms of constitutional review, which cover all types of governmental activity, whether it is the will of the legislature, executive acts, or judgments of courts. Citizens, as well as subjects of political arena, are provided with effective constitutional remedies. In other States, including Russia and some post-Soviet systems, only statutes (mostly laws) are subject to constitutional review. Actions and casual decisions of authorities can only be reviewed for compliance with the statutes in courts of general jurisdiction (administrative procedure). This article is an attempt to prove the existence of a separate body of constitutional misconduct, i.e. such possible manifestations of power, illegality of which is often difficult even to reveal in administrative proceedings due to the issues of a truly constitutional nature, let alone the possibility of curbing such acts by ordinary measures. The first paragraph presents an original classification of constitutional misbehavior – from a violation of a direct or implicit constitutional provision to a breach of the constitutional oath or citizens' legitimate expectations. The second paragraph supports the theoretical dogma with the empirical basis, considering foreign practice of constitutional review. Real actions of the senior government officials of the United States, Germany, Austria, Italy, Australia, Lithuania, South Africa, etc. were held at various times as unconstitutional. The third paragraph is a discussion on the problem of administrative process' capacity to ensure that the behavior of government is constitutional and to implement the goals of constitutionalism. Take, for instance, just some examples of constitutional misbehavior: religious-biased and intolerant speeches on the part of officials, the excess of "implied" powers, the unpredictable enforcement acts and executive decisions etc. There is no doubt that such misconduct is dangerous for constitutional democracy. But the real doubt is the ability and competence of administrative courts to judge such conduct on the merits of constitutionality. Research material shows that the legality of acts does not always mean their constitutionality, while the unconstitutionality of acts does not always mean the unconstitutionality of their statute ground. Thus, the author makes a valid conclusion that the power of behavioral constitutional review is an immanent characteristic of limited government and should be separated from statutory constitutional review.

Introduction. The article raises the problem of eugenics as a direction of scientific thought and practice of improving the human species. The modern advances in reproductive medicine, the development of biology, the emergence of methods for editing the human genome have updated the debate around eugenics. The aim of the work is a comprehensive study of the discourse and practice of eugenics in the period of the 19th — 21st centuries. This aim involves solving a number of tasks: 1) analysis of the historical context and prerequisites for the eugenics emergence; 2) the study of the institutionalization and practical implementation of its ideas in Western countries in the period until the end of World War II; 3) research on the position of eugenics after the war and the transition of discussions to the mainstream of genetics, bioethics, transhumanism; 4) study of the modern discourse of eugenics, ethical issues and the degree of government intervention in population reproduction. Methods. The author uses the historical-retrospective method, which makes it possible to comprehensively consider the context of the emergence and development of eugenics, the comparative method (when comparing the characteristic features of the «old» (authoritarian, forced) and «new» (democratic, based on personal choice) eugenics), the institutional approach ( when identifying the main institutions involved in the development, dissemination, implementation of the ideas of eugenics) and a discursive approach (to study modern discussions about the «new» eugenics and related ethical problems). Scientific novelty of the research. A comprehensive study of eugenics has been carried out, a connection has been established between the «old» and «new» eugenics, and their similarities and differences have been investigated. Results. The need to distinguish eugenics as a theory of human selection and as a practice has been proven, and the latter, depending on the political, cultural and socio-economic situation in the country, can take a variety of forms: from counseling and preventive measures to racial cleansing. It was found that population growth, urbanization, mass migration, instability in society, combined with the ideas of modernism about social order by the forces of science and technology, contributed to the spread of eugenics ideas in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. After the Nuremberg trials, the concept under study temporarily dropped out of scientific discourse. The article examines in detail the socio-economic and other preconditions that contributed to the revival of interest in eugenics in the 60s of XX century and at the present stage. It is shown that today part of the discussion has shifted to the mainstream of genetics, bioethics and transhumanism. Conclusions. It has been established that discussions about eugenics run up against the problem of breeding control, which means that they raise the question of who should perform selection, how, what are its criteria. The ethical aspects of introducing control are complicated by the fact that perceptions of the «norm» and the degree of permitted interference depend on the particular society.

Introduction. John Polemis thought that in On Education the notions of logos, paideia and theoria were synonymous. Meanwhile, Igor P. Medvedev stressed in his trail-blazing book the variety of meanings of theoria in the Late Byzantine period. Relying upon his ideas and evidence, we would like to underline, in our turn, Metochites' diversification of meanings of this notion. As a skillful conductor or musician, he was able to tune into different waves when speaking about mundane or ecclesiastical affairs. In a number of points, he diverged from traditional Orthodoxy.

Methods. Using the traditional set of historical, philosophical, and hermeneutic methods, as well as those of comparative religious and cultural studies, we try to single out and analyze in some detail different layers of meaning in the treatise under discussion. If our author had made digressions into theological knowledge, it does not mean that he would have given himself completely to theology alone, as the basic line of his reasoning remained philosophical and mundane. As compared to what his fellow-Churchmen, like Callistos I, wrote on the issue of education, Metochites' ideas turn to be a rather clear-cut continuation of the ancient paideia and not especially spiritual knowledge derived from the Christian Revelation.

Analysis. Thus, in his cosmological deliberations Metochites ran a risk to turn the world-creating power of God into something temporary and liable to change. He certainly did not learn well the lessons of the patristic tradition represented, e.g., by Ps.-Maximos' Chapters Full of Knowledge dating back to the 7th – 8th centuries. This led to the fact that he had not recognized the operations of divine world-ordering energy in the created universe, and thus had confirmed the old assumption of H.-G. Beck that Metochites were unfamiliar with Ps.-Maximos the Confessor. At the same time, some Theodore's ideas come close to those uttered by Ps.-Maximos. Both authors criticize indeed the notion of a pure and self-contained contemplation (which expresses the negative meaning of theoria) unattached to a person's struggle with passions and vices. Even more intriguing is their common use of a widespread patristic concept of "cultivating the land of one's mind" (or: "heart"). Given the fact of Metochites' pronounced admiration of Orthodox monasticism (see, e.g., Ch. 13 of On Education), this parallel may not be incidental. It seems to be traceable to the common Biblical and ancient roots of the Byzantine spiritual culture.

Results. If it is difficult to unambiguously resolve the issue of Ps.-Maximos' or Metochites' influence exerted to his counterpart, it is not to say, however, that there was not a high degree of cohesion and integrity within the philosophical and theological synthesis of the middle- and late Byzantine patristic tradition and spiritual culture in general. It is within this framework that a scholar should analyze Metochites' ideas as expressed in On Education and elsewhere.

Introduction. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which spread around the world in early 2020, special attention is paid to external transformations in human life: forced staying at home, using personal protective equipment in public places, social distance, etc. Nevetheless, the inner world of a man is susceptible to serious transformations. Another necessary element that structures the world of self (J. Deleuze's point of view) is turning into a potential carrier of the virus. Therefore, the problem of human reflection with the goal of taking care of oneself in a crisis situation is of particular relevance. The aim of the study is to substantiate the effectiveness of spiritual practices of the period of Antiquity and the early Middle Ages as forms of caring of the internal in a person in the pandemic. Methods. The author uses general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction. In addition, a comparative historical method, an interpretation method and a systematic approach are applied. With the help of the dialectical approach, the connection between the external and the internal in a person was designated. Scientific novelty of the study. Three scenarios of human responses to self-isolation in the context of an event (external) – meaning (internal) are outlined: orientation to an external event; creating an external event; appeal to the self. Results. In the context of self-isolation, staying alone with himself, a person faced a problem, a crisis of identity (empirical evidence for this problem was provided by psychologists and psychotherapists in Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk region). This problem is due to the fact that the pandemic has reduced many of the person's connections with the outside world (work, study, relationships with friends and relatives) and / or transferred them to a remote format. Therefore, consciously or optionally, at the level of an unreasonable request, a person has a need to rethink his self. Rethinking is a reflexive procedure when a person re-learns to communicate with his self. M. Foucault analyzed and systematized examples of spiritual work with I, looking into the practices of care of the self in ancient thinkers' and early Christians' studies. Conclusion. The COVID-19 virus has made significant adjustments to human life. No less adjustments were made to the events (F. Girenok) that fill the life of a person. A man's replies to changes in his being can be laid between two poles: event and meaning. Even while at home, many continue to focus on the external, creating something of their own (for example, audiovisual production) or consuming the results of others. At the same time, orientation to meaning involves focusing on oneself. Philosophers and theologians who practiced self-care about two millennia ago, proposed different forms of reflection, pursuing one goal, to learn to talk with oneself.

The article is devoted to the problems of ensuring strategic stability and the task of a comprehensive study of the current situation with strategic stability, developing new approaches to it, taking into account modern realities in the context of a crisis in the international situation, especially in relations between Russia and NATO, Russia and the United States. According to President Vladimir Putin, as a result, the system of strategic stability in the world continues to degrade. The main factors of this aggravation are analyzed. The task is to develop new foundations for strategic stability and assess its global parameters. The new concept of strategic stability can no longer be focused solely on the priority of preventing nuclear conflict between major nuclear powers, but must also take into account the totality of factors that determine the security situation in the realities of the modern world order. An analysis of the long-overdue systemic shift in world processes is arguably impossible without a fundamental re-evaluation of the entire perception of international security, and, above all, the concept of strategic stability, which is the theoretical basis of military policy and theoretical approaches to arms control. Academic community needs to develop a fundamentally innovative strategy for arms control in the new environment. Whether this will be a bilateral Russian-American format or a multilateral arrangement is a question that needs to be clarified in the course of diplomatic consultations. The required concept should obviously be both interdisciplinary (covering with various methodological tools a number of sciences such issues as strategic nuclear weapons, non-strategic nuclear systems, missile defense, "prompt global conventional strike", hypersonic, cyberwarfare, space, beam, drones and other "exotic" types of weapons), and multilateral (that is, it should take into account the nuclear forces and nuclear potential of "third" countries, and not just the two traditional rivals – Russia and the United States).Such a concept of strategic stability should thus be much more "holistic" and comprehensive, covering not only the military potential of the leading powers, but also taking into account their political relations and divergences, the imperative of providing restraint and preventing major conflicts in the modern world. As such, it involves a comprehensive study of the crisis realities in the international system, primarily in the Russia–NATO and Russia–US "dyads" interrelationship against the background of the emergence of new nuclear weapons stakeholders. Among other things, these factors in the global balance of power make it impossible to proceed to a nuclear-free world in the foreseeable future. In this regard, the author sets the task for the expert community to formulate certain concrete ways to implement new conceptual frameworks for assessing the global parameters of the world system's evolution, and to develop pragmatic initiatives that can be taken to improve overall stability and interaction between the United States, NATO, Russia, and other emerging global actors.

The article studies the right to human dignity through the prism of German legal doctrine. During the research, a wide range of general scientific and special legal methods of scientific cognition has been used, in particular: methods of dialectical logic, comparative legal and system-structural methods. The paper analyses domestic and German legal resources on the right to human dignity, in particular the works of S. von Puffendorf, I. Kant and G. Durig. As a result of the study, the author states that the German legal opinion formed the fundamental doctrine of the right to human dignity. This doctrine began in Germany, back in the Renaissance. For the first time, it was systematized in the works of a German researcher S. von Puffendorf. The article illustrates that human dignity is revealed in the German doctrine of fundamental human rights through a number of characteristics. The right to human dignity is the foundation of social value and respect for human beings. It prohibits the conversion of a person to an object in state procedures. Human dignity is not only the individual dignity, but also the dignity of a person as a species. Everyone possesses it regardless of its characteristics, achievements and social status. It also belongs to someone who cannot act reasonably because of his or her physical or mental state. They do not lose their human dignity even through "unworthy" behaviour, for example, by committing any crime. No one can be deprived of human dignity. Attention is drawn to the fact that German law does not intentionally give a definitive definition of the right to human dignity. It merely defines a comprehensive list of requirements for the protection of this fundamental human right. The reason for this is that any definition cannot guarantee the absolute protection of this human right. In other words, such a normative definition of this human right will inevitably lead to such a situation where it cannot protect the human dignity of an individual or even be the legal basis for its restriction. In this part, the German approach to the definition of the right to human dignity differs significantly from the domestic approach, since for the national science and practice of lawmaking it is quite logical to take a different approach, in particular to formulate clear and comprehensive definitions of legally significant phenomena and categories. It has been established that, according to the German doctrine of fundamental human rights, human dignity must be protected in any way within any relationship. It was found that the German Nazis had a negative influence on the German doctrine of the human dignity. This is due to the fact that the protection of human dignity was not built around what was allowed to be done, but about what was forbidden under any circumstances. Keywords: human dignity, a fundamental human right, a human rights doctrine, a state, legislation.

The birth of the Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974, especially the breakup of marriage has led to the dualism of Islamic law in Indonesia. Regarding Divorce on the one hand, Muslims are taught in Islamic fiqh that Divorce is the right of a husband, where if a wife is mentally ill even without a witness, then the divorce falls, while the marriage law in Indonesia, including the Islamic ummah, is specifically regulated in the Law Compilation Islam, determines that divorce can only be done before a religious court after going through a trial. Moreover, two Islamic organizations in Indonesia, namely Muhammadyah and Nahdlatul Ulama have different opinions. On the one hand, NU in the 28th Congress in Yogyakarta in 1989 gave a legal decision that Divorce was the husband's prerogative which could be dropped anytime and anywhere even without reason. If the husband has dropped divorce outside the Religious Court, then the divorce is valid. While the Majlis Tarjih Muhammadiyah in his fatwa that was tried on Friday, 8 Jumadal Ula 1428 H / 25 May 2007 M gave a ruling that divorce must be carried out through a court examination process, divorce carried out outside the court was declared invalid. The views of NU and Muhammadiyah above reflect a contradiction. Therefore the Indonesian Ulema Council based on the MUI IV 2012 Fatwa gave a fatwa as a middle way to resolve these differences with its fatwa that divorce outside the legal court is valid provided there is a syar'i reason that the truth can be proven in court. Iddah Divorce is calculated since husband drops divorce and for the benefit of benefit and guarantees legal certainty, divorce outside the court must be reported (ikhbar) to the religious court. With the Normative Juridical research method, the author tries to discuss the problem, namely trying to find the problems that arise as a result of these rules and find a way out how the MUI fatwa can be applied. From the results of the study, the authors conclude that the unrecognized Divorce legality outside the court causes legal chaos due to uncertain laws for the Islamic ummah, namely in terms of when the fall of divorce and the end of the iddah period, concerning triple divorce, concerning the validity of the status of children born after the fall Divorce and concerning the validity of the second marriage and the status of the child that was born which could damage the religion and descent of the Islamic ummah in Indonesia. If Marriage is legal according to the religion, then Divorce should also be valid if carried out according to the religious law. Factors that cause divorce outside the court include economic factors, juridical factors, sociological factors and customs factors, regarding the distribution of marital assets due to divorce outside the court, in general, the community resolves issues regarding marital property in a family manner by including local ulama and traditional leaders.