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Regulating companion dog welfare:A comparative study of legal frameworks in western countries
In: Andersen , S S , Meyer , I , Forkman , B , Nielsen , S S & Sandøe , P 2021 , ' Regulating companion dog welfare : A comparative study of legal frameworks in western countries ' , Animals , vol. 11 , no. 6 , 1660 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061660
There appear to be growing concerns among experts, NGOs, and members of the public about the welfare of companion dogs. With farm and laboratory animals, legislative initiatives have long been considered valuable tools in the management of welfare whereas the use of legislation to protect companion animal welfare has received less attention. We aim to rectify this by comparing legislation with an impact on the welfare of companion dogs in eleven Western jurisdictions. The comparison also provides a basis for further consideration of regulatory initiatives. We identify the rules applying in the jurisdictions and classify them in accordance with the following categories: breeding of dogs with risks to the health of the offspring, reproductive limitations, sales, surgical interventions, day‐to‐day handling, and killing. We demonstrate that, overall, there is significant variation across the jurisdictions. However, the degree of variation depends on the specific category. Whereas most countries, with the USA being a notable exception, regulate sales of dogs and ban surgical interventions, there is considerable variation in the regulation of day‐to‐day handling and the killing of dogs. Furthermore, different jurisdictions employ different regulatory tools to ensure the desired level of welfare for companion dogs. Overall, there appears to be real potential for dia-logue and mutual inspiration.
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Future seeds
In: Development and cooperation: D+C, Band 37, Heft 4, S. 142-161
ISSN: 0723-6980
World Affairs Online
Bundestagswahl 2013
In: Bürger & Staat, Band 63, Heft 3, S. 130-248
World Affairs Online
Disputed memory: emotions and memory politics in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe
In: Media and cultural memory, Volume 24
Introduction: Disputed memories in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe / Tea Sindbæk Andersen and Barbara Törnquist-Plewa -- Part 1. Transnational memory politics -- Global memory and dialogic forgetting : the Armenian case / Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke -- Overcoming memory conflicts : Russia, Finland and the Second World War / Tuomas Forsberg -- Sorry for Srebrenica? : public apologies and genocide in the western Balkans / Davide Denti -- Part 2. Sites of memory transmission -- The spatial choreography of emotion at Berlin's memorials : experience, ambivalence and the ethics of secondary witnessing / Sophie Oliver -- The universal victim : representing Jews and Roma in a European Holocaust museum / Birga U. Meyer -- The memory of the Roma Holocaust in Ukraine : mass graves, memory work and the politics of commemoration / Andrej Kotljarchuk -- Part 3. Local and marginal memory -- Forced migration and identity in the memories of post-war expellees from Poland and Ukraine / Anna Wylegala -- Forming a common European memory of WWII from a peripheral perspective : anthropological insight into the struggle for recognition of Estonians' WWII Memories in Europe / Inge Melchior -- Red carnations on Victory Day and military marches on UPA Day? : remembered history of WWII in Ukraine / Yuliya Yurchuk -- Part 4. Memorial media spaces -- Framing the Ukrainian insurgent army and the Latvian Legion : transnational history-writing on Wikipedia / Martins Kaprans -- Negotiating memory in online social networks : Ukrainian and Ukrainian-Russian discussions of Soviet rule and anti-Soviet resistance / Volodymyr Kulyk -- Football and memories of Croatian fascism on Facebook / Tea Sindbæk Andersen -- Collective memory and institutional reform in Albania / Elvin Gjevori -- Clashes between national and post-national European views on commemorating the past : the case of the Centennial Hall in Wroclaw / Igor Pietraszewski and Barbara Törnquist-Plewa
World Affairs Online
Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a major model in biomedical and environmental toxicology. Numerous papers on toxicology and pharmacology in C. elegans have been published, and this model has now been adopted by investigators in academic toxicology, pharmacology, and drug discovery labs. C. elegans has also attracted the interest of governmental regulatory agencies charged with evaluating the safety of chemicals. However, a major, fundamental aspect of toxicological science remains underdeveloped in C. elegans: xenobiotic metabolism and transport processes that are critical to understanding toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, and extrapolating to other species. The aim of this review was to initially briefly describe the history and trajectory of the use of C. elegans in toxicological and pharmacological studies. Subsequently, physical barriers to chemical uptake and role of the worm microbiome in xenobiotic transformation were described. Then a review on what is and is not known regarding the classic Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III processes was examined. In addition, the following were discussed (1) regulation of xenobiotic metabolism; (2) review of published toxicokinetics for specific chemicals; and (3) genetic diversity of these processes in C. elegans. Finally, worm xenobiotic transport and metabolism was placed in an evolutionary context; key areas for future research highlighted; and implications for extrapolating C. elegans toxicity results to other species discussed.
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A framework for a European network for a systematic environmental impact assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO)
In: Graef , F , Römbke , J , Binimelis , R , Myhr , A I , Hilbeck , A , Breckling , B , Dalgaard , T , Stachow , U , Catacora-Vargas , G , Bohn , T , Quist , D , Darvas , B , Dudel , G , Oehen , B , Meyer , H , Henle , K , Wynne , B , Metzger , M J , Knäbe , S , Settele , J , Székács , A , Wurbs , A , Bernard , J P , Murphy-Bokern , D , Buiatti , M , Giovannetti , M , Debeljak , M , Andersen , E , Paetz , A , Dzeroski , S , Tappeser , B , van Gestel , C A M , Wosniok , W , Séralini , G-E , Aslaksen , I , Pesch , R , Maly , S & Werner , A 2012 , ' A framework for a European network for a systematic environmental impact assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO). ' , BioRisk , vol. 7 , pp. 73-97 . https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.7.1969
The assessment of the impacts of growing genetically modified (GM) crops remains a major political and scientific challenge in Europe. Concerns have been raised by the evidence of adverse and unexpected environmental effects and differing opinions on the outcomes of environmental risk assessments (ERA). The current regulatory system is hampered by insufficiently developed methods for GM crop safety testing and introduction studies. Improvement to the regulatory system needs to address the lack of well designed GM crop monitoring frameworks, professional and financial conflicts of interest within the ERA research and testing community, weaknesses in consideration of stakeholder interests and specific regional conditions, and the lack of comprehensive assessments that address the environmental and socio-economic risk assessment interface. To address these challenges, we propose a European Network for systematic GMO impact assessment (ENSyGMO) with the aim directly to enhance ERA and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GM crops, to harmonize and ultimately secure the long-term socio-political impact of the ERA process and the PMEM in the EU. These goals would be achieved with a multi-dimensional and multi-sector approach to GM crop impact assessment, targeting the variability and complexity of the EU agro-environment and the relationship with relevant socio-economic factors. Specifically, we propose to develop and apply methodologies for both indicator and field site selection for GM crop ERA and PMEM, embedded in an EU-wide typology of agro-environments. These methodologies should be applied in a pan-European field testing network using GM crops. The design of the field experiments and the sampling methodology at these field sites should follow specific hypotheses on GM crop effects and use state-of-the art sampling, statistics and modelling approaches. To address public concerns and create confidence in the ENSyGMO results, actors with relevant specialist knowledge from various sectors should be involved. © Frieder Graef et al.
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A framework for a European network for a systematic environmental impact assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO)
The assessment of the impacts of growing genetically modified (GM) crops remains a major political and scientific challenge in Europe. Concerns have been raised by the evidence of adverse and unexpected environmental effects and differing opinions on the outcomes of environmental risk assessments (ERA). The current regulatory system is hampered by insufficiently developed methods for GM crop safety testing and introduction studies. Improvement to the regulatory system needs to address the lack of well designed GM crop monitoring frameworks, professional and financial conflicts of interest within the ERA research and testing community, weaknesses in consideration of stakeholder interests and specific regional conditions, and the lack of comprehensive assessments that address the environmental and socio-economic risk assessment interface. To address these challenges, we propose a European Network for systematic GMO impact assessment (ENSyGMO) with the aim directly to enhance ERA and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GM crops, to harmonize and ultimately secure the long-term socio-political impact of the ERA process and the PMEM in the EU. These goals would be achieved with a multi-dimensional and multi-sector approach to GM crop impact assessment, targeting the variability and complexity of the EU agro-environment and the relationship with relevant socio-economic factors. Specifically, we propose to develop and apply methodologies for both indicator and field site selection for GM crop ERA and PMEM, embedded in an EU-wide typology of agro-environments. These methodologies should be applied in a pan-European field testing network using GM crops. The design of the field experiments and the sampling methodology at these field sites should follow specific hypotheses on GM crop effects and use state-of-the art sampling, statistics and modelling approaches. To address public concerns and create confidence in the ENSyGMO results, actors with relevant specialist knowledge from various sectors should be ...
BASE
A framework for a European network for a systematic environmental impact assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO)
The assessment of the impacts of growing genetically modified (GM) crops remains a major political and scientific challenge in Europe. Concerns have been raised by the evidence of adverse and unexpected environmental effects and differing opinions on the outcomes of environmental risk assessments (ERA). The current regulatory system is hampered by insufficiently developed methods for GM crop safety testing and introduction studies. Improvement to the regulatory system needs to address the lack of well designed GM crop monitoring frameworks, professional and financial conflicts of interest within the ERA research and testing community, weaknesses in consideration of stakeholder interests and specific regional conditions, and the lack of comprehensive assessments that address the environmental and socio-economic risk assessment interface. To address these challenges, we propose a European Network for systematic GMO impact assessment (ENSyGMO) with the aim directly to enhance ERA and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GM crops, to harmonize and ultimately secure the long-term socio-political impact of the ERA process and the PMEM in the EU. These goals would be achieved with a multi-dimensional and multi-sector approach to GM crop impact assessment, targeting the variability and complexity of the EU agro-environment and the relationship with relevant socio-economic factors. Specifically, we propose to develop and apply methodologies for both indicator and field site selection for GM crop ERA and PMEM, embedded in an EU-wide typology of agro-environments. These methodologies should be applied in a pan-European field testing network using GM crops. The design of the field experiments and the sampling methodology at these field sites should follow specific hypotheses on GM crop effects and use state-of-the art sampling, statistics and modelling approaches. To address public concerns and create confidence in the ENSyGMO results, actors with relevant specialist knowledge from various sectors should be involved.
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Stichwörter
In: Handwörterbuch Internationale Politik, S. 1-392
Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), Band 119, Heft 44, S. 1-8
This study explores how researchers' analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers' expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each team's workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers' results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.
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