Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this work is to analyze the process of deindustrialization of the textile sector castellano-leonés in the first half of the 20th century. The study centres on the changes realized in the sector in order to be credited to the conditions of the market in the different relating to the moment situations of the period. A temporary tour is realized in two stages: the first third of the 20th century and from the Civil war up to the liberalization of the textile sector in 1952 and his immediate consequences.The main conclusion is that in spite of the changes in the textile sector location within the region, in the type of fibers and fabrics to manufacture, and in the business organization, as well as, the political advantages generated after the Civil War, the textile sector in Castilla y León managed neither to transform nor to modernize its industrial structure sufficiently to be able to accede to the market in competitive conditions. ; El trabajo tiene por objeto analizar el proceso de desindustrialización del sector textil castellano-leonés en la primera mitad del siglo xx. El estudio se centra en los cambios realizados en el sector con el fin de adaptarse a las condiciones del mercado en las diferentes situaciones coyunturales del período. Se realiza un recorrido temporal en dos etapas: el primer tercio del siglo xx y desde la Guerra Civil hasta la liberalización del sector textil en 1952 y sus inmediatas consecuencias.La principal conclusión es que a pesar de los cambios en la localización del sector dentro de la región, en el tipo de fibras y tejidos a elaborar, y en la organización empresarial, así como, de las ventajas políticas generadas tras la Guerra Civil, el sector textil en Castilla y León no consiguió transformar ni modernizar su estructura industrial lo suficiente para acceder al mercado en condiciones competitivas.

La apertura en 1984 de una agencia del Departamento del Distrito Federal que concentraba las competencias relacionadas con la gestión de los residuos sólidos –la Dirección Generalde Servicios Urbanos–, constituyó un intento de modernización del sistema de tratamiento y disposición final en el Distrito Federal. Se cerraron todos los tiraderos a cielo abierto existentes, excepto el de Santa Catarina, y se construyeron tres plantas de selección y aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos. Se pretendía de esta forma controlar las graves consecuencias ambientales de aquellos sitios, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida de los miles de pepenadores que habitaban y trabajaban en los mismos, mediante su incorporación como mano de obra a las nuevas plantas. Además se construyó un relleno sanitario y se saneó el único tiradero que había sobrevivido a la ola de cierres.Después de grandes esfuerzos administrativos y, sobre todo, de una enorme inversión tecnológica y económica, la perseguida modernización ha quedado ahogada bajo la maraña de factores de tipo político y social que se desarrollaron en la etapa anterior de gestión de la basura en la ciudad (la que privilegiaba el modelo de los tiraderos a cielo abierto), imponiéndose los intereses de determinados actores a los intereses de tipo social que conlleva cualquier servicio supuestamente público.

The salinity tolerance of plants can be improved by efficient irrigation management and salt flushing, which require a continuous and precise knowledge of the salinity in the soil or substrate. Soil sensors that measure electrical conductivity play an essential role in monitoring soil salinity. However, the correct interpretation of salinity measurements using soil sensors depends on developing appropriate salinity indexes. This work studied the potential of several salinity indexes based on the bulk EC (ECb) directly measured by soil sensors, and on pore water EC (ECw) estimated by the Hilhorst model (ECwHI). The methodology used in the experiments is based on the simultaneous use of scales and sensors, which allowed the automatic monitoring of the real salinity levels of the substrate, and the conductivity measurements made with the soil sensor. Regression studies were carried out to know how well the proposed salinity indexes explain real salinity. In general, all the indexes were suitable for estimating the relative changes in substrate salinity, as long as they met certain requirements. For example, ECwHI was seen to be a reliable salinity index when substrate moisture was high and constant. However, there was no such requirement when the ECwHI was corrected according to the current substrate water content, or when the salinity index was calculated as the average of the ECwHI values between two successive irrigation events. ECb was an efficient salinity indicator as long as the moisture content was constant, although its accuracy increased at a high moisture level. The findings led us to propose a new salinity index calculated with the slopes of the linear section of the quadratic moisture adjustment, which avoids the need for the substrate moisture content to be constant. ; This research was funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities of Spain, and the European Regional Development Fund, grant number RTI2018-093997-B-I00, and by the Spanish AEI (grant number PCI 2019-103608) under the PRIMA programme in the frame of the PRECIMED project. PRIMA is an Art.185 initiative supported and co-funded under Horizon 2020, the European Union's Programme for Research and Innovation

¿Qué entendemos por «marginalidad urbana» en pleno siglo xxi? Desde diferentes perspectivas, en el libro se abordan cinco dimensiones: (1) una pobreza de largo plazo, marcada por la ocurrencia de variados problemas sociales (deserción escolar, embarazo adolescente, delincuencia, etc.), (2) una institucionalidad caracterizada por el abandono, la negligencia, la descoordinación y la corrupción, (3) una estigmatización territorial que discrimina según estrictos cánones morales, (4) una configuración y calidad física cualitativamente diferente a la ciudad formal, y (5) una vida comunitaria carente de cohesión, organización y control social.

A multi-residual analytical method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed to monitor pesticides in natural waters. Fifty-eight compounds, including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and some of their degradation products, were surveyed to evaluate the quality of natural waters throughout the wine-growing region of La Rioja (Rioja DOCa). Ninety-two sampling points were selected, including surface and ground waters that could be affected by agricultural activities covering the region's three sub-areas. Different parameters that may affect the efficiency of the SPE procedure were optimised (sorbent type, elution solvent and sample volume), and matrix-matched standards were used to eliminate the variable matrix effect and ensure good quantification. The developed method allows the determination of target compounds below the level established by the European Union for waters for human use with suitable precision (relative standard deviations lower than 18%) and accuracy (with recoveries over 61%). Forty compounds included in this study (six insecticides, 12 herbicides, 16 fungicides and six degradation products) were detected in one or more samples. The herbicides terbuthylazine, its metabolite desethyl terbuthylazine, fluometuron and ethofumesate and the fungicides pyrimethanil and tebuconazole were the compounds most frequently detected in water samples (present in more than 60% of the samples). Concentrations above 0.1gL-1 were detected for 37 of the compounds studied, and in several cases recorded values of over 18gL-1. The results reveal the presence of pesticides in most of the samples investigated. In 64% of groundwaters and 62% of surface waters, the sum of compounds detected was higher than 0.5gL-1 (the limit established by EU legislation for the sum of all pesticides detected in waters for human use). © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Deepfakes, one of the most novel forms of misinformation, have become a real challenge in the communicative environment due to their spread through online news and social media spaces. Although fake news have existed for centuries, its circulation is now more harmful than ever before, thanks to the ease of its production and dissemination. At this juncture, technological development has led to the emergence of deepfakes, doctored videos, audios or photos that use artificial intelligence. Since its inception in 2017, the tools and algorithms that enable the modification of faces and sounds in audiovisual content have evolved to the point where there are mobile apps and web services that allow average users its manipulation. This research tries to show how three renowned media outlets - The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and Reuters - and three of the biggest Internet-based companies - Google, Facebook, and Twitter - are dealing with the spread of this new form of fake news. Results show that identification of deepfakes is a common practice for both types of organizations. However, while the media is focused on training journalists for its detection, online platforms tended to fund research projects whose objective is to develop or improve media forensics tools.

[Resumen] Introducción: En los medios públicos, el debate electoral es de especial interés por las reglas que deben adoptar estas televisiones para cumplir con sus compromisos de servicio público y mantener los valores de diversidad, universalidad y participación. En el nuevo escenario que plantean las plataformas propias de VOD la inclusión de estos debates electorales televisados y las variaciones en su formato se plantea como un ejercicio de transparencia y un compromiso con la memoria audiovisual del país que refuerza los valores de diversidad, proximidad y universalidad representativa. Metodología: El artículo revisa de un modo comparativo el uso de este formato en siete de las principales emisoras públicas de televisión de Europa siguiendo los modelos de Hallin y Mancini y con una subdivisión regional dentro del modelo democrático-corporatista para obtener resultados con un corte étnico-político. Resultados y conclusiones: Existe una notable disparidad entre las televisiones públicas que tienen accesibles los debates electorales en sus plataformas de VOD. El análisis desvela que, a pesar de su trascendencia, los debates no se encuentran disponibles en los entornos online del medio, aunque sí son accesibles desde plataformas ajenas, principalmente YouTube. ; [Abstract] Introduction: In the public media, the electoral debate is of special interest because of the rules that these televisions must adopt to fulfill their public service commitments and maintain the values of diversity, universality, and participation. In the new scenario posed by VOD's platforms, the inclusion of these televised electoral debates and variations in their format are presented as an exercise of transparency and a commitment to the country's audiovisual memory that reinforces the values of diversity, proximity, and representative universality. Methodology: The article comparatively reviews the use of this format in seven of the main public television stations in Europe following the models of Hallin and Mancini and with a regional subdivision within the democraticcorporatist model to obtain results with an ethnical-political cut. Results and conclusions: There is a notable disparity between public televisions that have access to electoral debates on their VOD platforms. The analysis reveals that, despite its importance, the debates are not available in the online media environments, although they are accessible from third-party platforms, mainly YouTube. ; Ministerio de Ciencia , Innovación y Universidades; RTI2018-096065-B-I00