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"How did Sweden go from a financially backward country to one with a well functioning financial system? Why did this financial revolution occur after the mid-nineteenth century and not before? This book discusses the role of politics and economics in this change and what it means for economic development, market integration and financial crises"--Provided by publisher

How did Sweden go from a financially backward country to one with a well functioning financial system? Why did this financial revolution occur after the mid-nineteenth century and not before? This book discusses the role of politics and economics in this change and what it means for economic development, market integration and financial crises.

We studied the implementation of banking regulation in Sweden from the origin of the commercial banking system until the important Banking Act of 1911. We also looked at the effects of these regulations. We found that regulations were often influenced by banker interests rather than by macroeconomic rationale, to the extent that banking legislation was an endogenous part of the banking business. Regulatory regimes that were rule-based (non-discretionary) and open for competition by providing clear and general benchmarks for establishments were more beneficial for financial and economic development than more protective and discretionary legislation. On the other hand, protective and discretionary legislation went hand in hand with bankers having greater influence on legislation.

European authorities hope to be able to increase the volume of freight and passengers that are transported on railway systems compared to those transported on roads. If that policy is successful the problem of noise from railway traffic will increase. It is know from previous research that measures against the noise are more efficient if applied directly at the source itself rather than using indirect measures such as noise barriers and increased window insulation. This report is a literature survey on how the railway noise is generated, and to what extend different measures at the source can reduce the noise emission. The report also briefly describes what limits and recommendations on noise exposure are enforced now and in the near future. Furthermore the noise propagation methods used for calculating the noise level at different receiver positions (noise exposure) from the noise emission are discussed.

En julio de 1621 varios regimientos del ejército sueco se reunieron en Årsta Meadow, al sur de Estocolmo, para ser transportados en barco al mar Báltico, donde iban a enfrentarse con las fuerzas rusas que habían invadido las provincias al principio del verano.

In July 1621 several regiments of the Swedish army were assembled at Årsta Meadow south of Stockholm awaiting transport by ship to the Baltic, where they were to fight the Russian forces which had invaded the provinces in early summer. It was on this occasion that they heard for the first time the new Articles of War read to them by chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. The text had been drafted by King Gustavus himself and revised by Oxenstierna the preceding spring, and the final decree had been signed by the King at camp on 15 July.

En juillet 1621, plusieurs régiments de l'armée suédoise se trouvaient rassemblés dans la prairie de Årsta, au sud de Stockholm, dans l'attente d'être transportérs par bateau vers la Baltique, pour y affronter les troupes russes, qui avaient envahi les provinces au début de l'été. C'est alors que les soldats se virent donner lecture pour la première fois des nouveaux Articles de guerre, par le chancelier Axel Oxenstierna. Le texte avait été rédigé par le roi Gustave en personne et révisé par Oxenstierna pendant le printemps, et le roi avait paraphé le décret final au camp, le 15 juillet.

In Sweden the use of maximum a-weighted sound level (LAFmax), in combination with equivalent a-weighted sound level over 24h (LAeq24h), has been used for noise regulation for many years. The regulation was turned into legislation in 2015 for new housing development plans. The maximum level gives a good indication of sleep disturbance for residents in exposed dwellings, especially if combined with number of loud passages or events. In areas with little traffic the equivalent level can be very low, whereas the maximum level just depends on an individual vehicle rather than on the number of vehicles. The Swedish legislation defines maximum noise level as "the loudest vehicle, with time weighting'Fast', calculated as a free field value". When calculating noise levels from road or rail traffic, there is no knowledge of individual vehicle properties. In the prediction methods used in Sweden, the calculation of maximum level is therefore based on statistical data such as the standard deviation of measured sound levels for each vehicle type at a certain speed. In the current paper some different methods to calculate maximum noise levels are presented, using Nordic methods as well as the common Cnossos-EU method, as well as their impact on results. © INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID - 48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering. All Rights Reserved.