Suchergebnisse

Political cartoons demonstrate the Syrian refugee crisis and their influx into bordering and European countries from different perspectives by using both visual and verbal metaphors in a caricaturised way. For this reason, this research aims to reveal how political cartoons represent the perilous journey of Syrian refugees and their families visually and verbally. In this regard, twelve political cartoons were selected randomly from the international political cartoon website cagle.com between March 2011 and February 2016, referencing the Syrian refugee crisis, and have been analysed in accordance with metaphorical analysis. From this point of view, as the theoretical framework, this paper uses a semiotic approach that points out the relationship between signs and meanings. Representation of the Syrian refugee crisis, the political stances of the different countries, and their perceptions as reflected in political cartoons are the focus point of this research. Results show that countries remain generally indifferent to Syrian refugee movement. In fact, they do not see the issue as their own problem, and they only consider the threats to their security and socio-economic interests posed by the influx. Moreover, Syrian refugees are represented as lonely, vulnerable and unwanted. ; Publisher PDF

Cases of significant defoliation in oak (Quercus spp.) forests have been reported in Turkey and throughout the world. Oak trees are important in Turkish forests and forestry and cover vast pieces of land in Thrace. In this study, in a quest to determine the general health condition of pure oak forests in Northern Turkish Thrace, the defoliation rate of tree crowns was evaluated for 8,769 trees in 336 sample plots corresponding to different geological parent materials, regions, oak species and stand types. The defoliation rates were designated and assessed based on the criteria of the European Union Forest Health Monitoring Program (UNECE-ICP Forests). The defoliation rate was, to a significant extent, affected by stand type, the geological parent material, and oak species. In general, 47 % of trees exhibited defoliation. The highest ratio of defoliation was found in Kırklareli Region, where water deficit was the highest, and the parent material was schist-calcschist. Medium diameter forests (MDF, mean dbh: 8–20 cm, ratio of defoliated trees = 65 %) among stand types, and sessile oaks (ratio of defoliated trees = 53 %) among oak species, had the highest defoliation rates. Achieved results demonstrated that the defoliation classes in observed oak stands have a significant relation with variables concerning stand types, oak species and geological parent materials. ; Se han notificado casos de defoliación significativa en bosques de encina (Quercus spp.) en Turquía y en el mundo. Las encinas son importantes en los bosques turcos y cubren grandes extensiones en Tracia. En este estudio, para determinar el estado de salud general de los bosques de encina puros, en Tracia turca septentrional, se evaluó la tasa de defoliación de las copas de los árboles en 336 parcelas correspondientes a diferentes materiales geológicos formadores del suelo, regions geográficas, especies de encina y tipos de rodales. Las tasas de defoliación fueron evaluadas a base de los criterios del Programa de Vigilancia de la Salud Forestal de la Unión Europea (UNECE-ICP Forests). La tasa de defoliación fue, en gran medida, afectada por el tipo de rodal, el material de origen geológico y las especies de encina. En general, el 47 % de los árboles presentaba defoliación. La mayor proporción de defoliación se encontró en la región de Kirklareli, donde el déficit hídrico fue el más alto y el material parental fue calcáreo; en los bosques de diámetro medio (dap promedio: 8-20 cm, proporción de árboles defoliados = 65 %) entre los tipos de rodales, y en las encinas sésiles (proporción de árboles defoliados = 53 %) entre las especies de encina. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que las clases de defoliación en los rodales de encina tienen relación significativa con variables relativas a tipos de rodales, especies de encinas y materiales parentales geológicos.

BESKARDES, VEDAT/0000-0002-7404-6357; Ozdemir, Emrah/0000-0001-5051-4753 ; WOS: 000407719800007 ; Cases of significant defoliation in oak (Quercus spp.) forests have been reported in Turkey and throughout the world. Oak trees are important in Turkish forests and forestry and cover vast pieces of land in Thrace. In this study, in a quest to determine the general health condition of pure oak forests in Northern Turkish Thrace, the defoliation rate of tree crowns was evaluated for 8,769 trees in 336 sample plots corresponding to different geological parent materials, regions, oak species and stand types. The defoliation rates were designated and assessed based on the criteria of the European Union Forest Health Monitoring Program (UNECE-ICP Forests). The defoliation rate was, to a significant extent, affected by stand type, the geological parent material, and oak species. In general, 47 % of trees exhibited defoliation. The highest ratio of defoliation was found in Kirklareli Region, where water deficit was the highest, and the parent material was schist-calcschist. Medium diameter forests (MDF, mean dbh: 8-20 cm, ratio of defoliated trees = 65 %) among stand types, and sessile oaks (ratio of defoliated trees = 53 %) among oak species, had the highest defoliation rates. Achieved results demonstrated that the defoliation classes in observed oak stands have a significant relation with variables concerning stand types, oak species and geological parent materials. ; TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG-107O750] ; The authors wish to thank for comments and suggestions from anonymous reviewers and the editor whose remarks and indications significantly improved the original manuscript. This work was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey), Project number: TOVAG-107O750. We thank to Istanbul Regional Forestry Directorate for their assistance and support in field work.