Suchergebnisse

This paper explores socioeconomic determinants of out-of-pocket health care spending in Turkey. I use a nationally representative Turkey sample of the Life in Transition Survey. This paper extends the previous literature by using a new nationally representative survey of Turkey to investigate the factors contributing to out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures. Also, thanks to the data set used, this paper can control maternal education, health status, and perceived relative income variables which cannot be controlled in the previous studies. Overall, I find that growth in income increases out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures whereas an increase in the respondents' and mothers' educational attainment drops the out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures. I also find that males are more likely to have out-of-pocket healthcare spending than females. Finally, having good or excellent self-reported health decreases the possibility of making out-of-pocket health care spending.

This study analyzes the factors affecting the perceptions of organic farmers in Kilis regarding the benefits of organic agriculture. For this reason, data was collected by conducting a face-to-face survey of 279 of 445 farmers in Kilis who produce organic olive oil. The multivariate PROBIT regression method was used for data analysis. According to the regression results, the increase in the age or experience of the farmer increases the probability of seeing the benefit of organic farming as preserving the organic components in the soil. On the other hand, women are more likely to see the conservation of organic components in the soil as a benefit of organic farming than men. As the income level increases, the cost emerges as a benefit of organic agriculture. Compared to women, men see the benefit of organic farming as reducing the cost of production. The effect of the independent variables used in the study on the dependent variable of producing highly competitive products is statistically insignificant. Farmers who make a living only from olive agriculture are more likely to see the environmentally friendly option as the benefit of organic agriculture, while the situation is the opposite for those who are members of the olive oil union. Compared to farmers with 10 years or less of experience, those with 21-25 and 26 or more years of experience are more likely to see health as the benefit of organic farming.

In this paper we examine the causal relations between international tourism demand and total exports and its subcomponents (intermediate goods and capital goods) and total imports (intermediate goods and capital goods) inTurkey by using Hacker and Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto and Time-Varying Causality tests. The results ofthe study indicate the causal relations between international tourism demand and exports and imports. The resultsalso indicate that these causal relations between international tourism demand and international trade are not stable.In other words, they have a time-varying nature. Moreover, international tourism demand's contribution to importsis greater than that of exports. Finally, the international tourism demand is more often affected by components ofexports and imports and the signs of those effects are generally positive. Thus, policy makers, sector representativesand market professionals related to both international trade and tourism should take into account of this time-varyingnature of causal relations between these variables before implementing policies aiming to promote both. ; Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de uluslararası turizm talebi ve toplam ihracat ile alt bileşenleri (aramalları ve sermaye malları) ve toplam ithalat ile alt bileşenleri (aramalları ve sermaye malları) arasındaki nedensel ilişkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkileri Hacker ve Hatemi- J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik testleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, uluslararası turizm talebi ile ihracat ve ithalat arasında nedensellik ilişkilerin istikrarsız olduğunu göstermektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle zamanla değişen bir yapıya sahiptir. Ayrıca, uluslararası turizm talebinin ithalata katkısı, ihracata katkısından daha büyüktür. Son olarak, uluslararası turizm talebinin ihracat ve ithalat bileşenlerine etkisi genellikle pozitif yöndedir. Bu nedenle politika yapıcıları, sektör temsilcileri ve piyasa profesyonelleri hem uluslararası ticareti hem de uluslararası turizmi teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan politikaları geliştirmeden ve uygulamadan önce değişkenler arasında tespit edilen zamanla değişen nedensellik ilişkilerini göz önüne almalıdırlar.

Bu çalışma 2000:Q1-2018:Q3 döneminde Türkiye'de iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksi ile cari açık arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Çalışmada Okun'un iki değişkenli endeksi ile Barro-Hanke'ın dört değişkenli endeksi olmak üzere iki farklı iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksi kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığını araştırmak amacıyla Fourier Shin eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmış ve her iki iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksi ile cari açık arasında çift yönlü uzun dönemli ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönemli katsayıları tahmin etmek için Dinamik En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi kullanılmış ve değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin ters yönlü olduğu görülmüştür. Buna göre, cari açıkta meydana gelen bir birimlik artış Okun'un iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde 5.11, Barro-Hanke'ın iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde ise 11.73 birimlik bir azalmaya yol açmaktadır. Okun'un iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde meydana gelen bir birimlik artış cari açıkta 0.13, Barro-Hanke'ın iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde meydana gelen bir birimlik artış ise cari açıkta 0.06 birimlik azalmaya neden olmaktadır. Tam modifiye edilmiş en küçük kareler yönteminden de benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Türkiye'de iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksini azaltmaya yönelik para ve maliye politikalarına öncelik verilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Objective of this paper is to empirically examine whether widespread unofficial dollarisation plays significant role in determination of exchange rate dynamic in Turkey and Serbia, as one big and one small of the EU candidate countries under managed floating currency regime and synthesize consequent policy recommendations. Our time-series approach utilised monthly data from 2006-2016 to research the aforementioned relationship. After resolving non-stationarity issues, we deployed GARCH analysis to pinpoint the sources of volatility. Our research shows that in Serbia dollarisation has significant and robustly positive influence on exchange rate levels, but not so in Turkey, whose national currency is pretty robust in levels yet its volatility is more sensitive than Serbian dinar to volatility of dollarisation. In addition, Serbian foreign exchange reserves share in the money supply positively influences dinar-euro nominal exchange rate volatility, while Turkish reserves' share in money supply has negative impact on exchange rate volatility. Even though uncovered interest parity doesn't hold in either of countries, Serbian dinar is somewhat susceptible to interest rate manipulation, unlike Turkish lira. In the end, one could conclude that flexible exchange rate has more sense and better results in Turkey than in Serbia, but rational choice between earlier-agreed upon or unilateral-official dollarisation on the one hand and continuing with managed (systematic) floating on the other in these two EU candidate countries, requires additional, more precise cost-benefit analysis, as formalised in the discussion and suggested for future research.

AbstractWe utilize a natural experiment, an education reform increasing compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey, to obtain endogeneity‐robust estimates of the effect of male education on the incidence of domestic violence against women. We find that husband's education lowers the probability of physical, emotional, and economic violence. Schooling lowers also the likelihood of having an arranged marriage and makes men less inclined to engage in various socially unacceptable behaviors. We show that these findings are very robust to alternative regression specifications and restricted sample estimation. Finally, we argue that assortative mating implies that the educational outcomes of the two spouses are correlated. Our findings are robust to accounting for the husbands' and wives' education jointly. Moreover, when we separate the two effects, we show that the favorable effect of education can be attributed causally to men's education rather than to the education of their wives.

Abstract
Does education make people more or less religious? The previous literature offers mixed findings on the relationship between education and religiosity. This may be due to endogeneity bias: education and religiosity can be caused by a third variable such as culture or upbringing. We instrument education by exposure to the 1997 education reform in Turkey which increased mandatory schooling from 5 to 8 years. The schooling reform increased the probability that young girls would complete 8 years of schooling and report lower religiosity later in life. The reform apparently did not influence such outcomes for boys. These effects are observed primarily in females growing up in strongly religious or poor areas.