Suchergebnisse

The article is to show the twinning mechanism as a convergence tool in a states accession process. Since it's beginning in 1998 more than 1300 projects have been carried out in the scope of candidate states' convergence process. Due to these projects the states' administrative and judicial systems have been restructured. Thus, the capacity of Union legislation's applicability enhanced and the programs have been used to strengthen the institutional structures in all the sectors in the scope of instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance. Starting from the December 17, 2001 various funds were launched for use in Turkey in order to ensure compliance with the EU acquis communautaire within the accession process of the state and to facilitate the fulfillment of the obligations which are specified in the Accession Partnership Document and National Programme of Turkey. The EU funds and their use within the scope of the approach and the contributions provided to institutions implementing the projects to the Legislative System of Turkey are to be discussed in the research.

This study discusses how charter party marine bills of lading should be made in accordance with the letter of credit-L/C method. In an L/C, in order that the obligation of payment of the applicant (issuing) bank and of the confirming bank, if any, against the beneficiary can continue, exporting companies are required to prepare documents in accordance with the UCP 600, ISBP 745 and terms of documentary letter of credit and present them properly (complying presentation). In order to prepare appropriate documents, it is essential for the exporting companies to act according to the three important criteria (letter of credit requirements, UCP 600 and ISPB 745) prevailing in this regard. Since competence of complying presentation requires a certain level of expertise, the exporting companies established in Turkey have experienced difficulties in terms of how to prepare documents and could not get benefit from payment obligation undertaking of the applicant bank and of the confirming bank, if any, due to the presentation of discrepant documents, getting export prices late, and payment of extra fees/commissions. Due to trade property, importing company's demands and the conditions required by the legislation of the country where the exporting company is established, exporting companies are required to prepare many types of documents. In this study, the common mistakes that exporting companies in Turkey made in preparation of the charter party and the other types of B/Ls are analyzed, the basic and critical features of the charter party B/Ls, in particular, are considered and different and common parts compared to other bill of ladings are evaluated and how they can be organized properly according to letter of credit payment is shown.

As is often the case in many developed and developing countries, in our country, too, the consumer is protected and the extent and limits of this protection is expanding day by day. The last step in this direction was the Law on the Protection of Consumers No 6502, which entered into force on 28.05.2014 and provides important changes and developments. While these developments were achieved within the scope of the consumer legislation, in the insurance legislation area a strong protection has been brought comprising all insurers/insured which is independent from this and is not limited to the consumers. While this protection has been brought onto a new level with the Law on Insurance no 5684 which entered into force in 2007, it has been reinforced with the Turkish Law on Trade entering into force in 2012. While the Law on the Protection of the Consumer No 6502 provided a protection outside the insurance legislation for consumer insured it also has brought about diffused accountability in terms of implementation of the legislation The most important common issue in terms of legislation developments in the insurance and consumer legislation is the effort to reflect the principles, rules and developments accepted for consumers and insurance products/services in the European Union Acquis to national law.In this context our study has been assessed together with the principles and implementing procedures accepted by the Consumer Law in terms of insurance activities and the regulations included in the Insurance Law and related secondary legislation ("Insurance Legislation"). Meanwhile an attempt has been made to refer to the relationship between insurance and consumer legislation within the scope of the EU legislation.

The article is to show the twinning mechanism as a convergence tool in a states accession process. Since it's beginning in 1998 more than 1300 projects have been carried out in the scope of candidate states' convergence process. Due to these projects the states' administrative and judicial systems have been restructured. Thus, the capacity of Union legislation's applicability enhanced and the programs have been used to strengthen the institutional structures in all the sectors in the scope of instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance. Starting from the December 17, 2001 various funds were launched for use in Turkey in order to ensure compliance with the EU acquis communautaire within the accession process of the state and to facilitate the fulfillment of the obligations which are specified in the Accession Partnership Document and National Programme of Turkey. The EU funds and their use within the scope of the approach and the contributions provided to institutions implementing the projects to the Legislative System of Turkey are to be discussed in the research.