Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn this two‐wave longitudinal study, we examined the sense of symbolic threat from the West and Russia as ideological roots of motivated belief in pro‐Kremlin conspiracy theories and the attribution of blame to Russia, the United States, and Ukraine for the war in Ukraine. Participants (N = 690) completed questionnaires on symbolic threat from the West and Russia, belief in pro‐Kremlin conspiracy theories about the war in Ukraine as well as generic anti‐West and anti‐Russian conspiracy theories, and blame for the war in Ukraine. The sense of symbolic threat from the West and pro‐Kremlin conspiracy beliefs predicted each other in time and were substantially associated with increased blaming of Ukraine and the United States for the war in Ukraine. Conversely, symbolic threat from Russia along with the rejection of pro‐Kremlin conspiracy theories predicted increased blaming of Russia over time. Motivated reasoning analyses suggested that the ideological link between the symbolic threat from the West and belief in anti‐West conspiracy theories was stronger than the one between symbolic threat from Russia and belief in anti‐Russian conspiracy theories. This suggests an existence of self‐reinforcing relationship between the deep‐rooted sense of symbolic threat and anti‐West conspiracy theories which is exploited by various political actors.

Purpose
This study aims to investigate how congruence between the image of a successful entrepreneur and one's own gender-role orientation affects entrepreneurial intentions (EI).


Design/methodology/approach
A total of 552 working-age adults (49.5% women) answered questions on gender-role orientation, perception of a successful entrepreneur, EI, antecedents of EI (perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective norm (SN), attitude towards entrepreneurship), entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk aversion.


Findings
Women reported a lower EI than men, and both male and female participants perceived successful entrepreneurs as masculine. In the final model, biological sex did not predict EIs. Rather, it was associated with the extent to which participants felt they resembled successful entrepreneurs, which, in turn, predicted greater levels of PBC, SNs and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as greater EI.


Originality/value
The study is one of the first to study joint impacts of biological sex, gender and congruence on EIs.

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental‐leave policies and women's political representation partially explained cross‐national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender‐egalitarian parental‐leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross‐national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross‐national variations in women's (rather than men's) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender‐egalitarian policies (linked to men's higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, men's leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.