Suchergebnisse

The article analyses traveling conditions in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–17th century. It is aimed at establishing the reasons for the mobility of the GDL citizens in the period in question which were affected by social and economic changes as well as those related to the development of the urban network in the country. Several types of journeys have been distinguished which is indicative of the intensity of population mobility. The general road condition was far from excellent which affected their usability, particularly in wet spells. Attempts to ensure road maintenance and repairs were not equally distributed and not always timely. This was one of the factors accountable for the pace and comfort of traveling. The research also dwells on the everyday life on the road that both the citizens of the country and its visitors experienced as well as issues related to attacks on travellers and highway robberies.

Summary. The object of this research is to understand the territorialization process in the 14 - 16 centuries Grand Duches of Lithuania (GDL) and to find out the connect of the state territory and ruling class. First of all, bared on historiography we will try to find out the common formation process of the territorial state in Middle age. This will help to choose other criterions. In the second chapter GDL territorialization process is analized widely. The first stage in this process was determined by neighbour countries, such as Mazovia and the Teutonic Order. The Order, being aktiv territorial state, stimulated the interest of borders delimitation with GDL. The biggerst act of delimitation take part at the time of Great duke Vytautas. At the time of the latter rule the first Border between GDL and Order appears. In the third decade of the 15th century was passed to borde renovation process. The end of the process wan in 16 century. But, the border renovation process at the 16th century very intensive. It depend on inside colonization control. The collision of both borderland dvellers modificated state border. In 1545 the border between GDL and Prussiae was estabilished and the colomn with state coat of arm and inscription was made. It shows the concepsio of the state territory border. In the 16th century state line border appears. It's traits: populated borderland; detailed border marking; borders have to correspond to all social classes land limits; borders should have state and political mening. 1536, 1548 the borders between GDL and Polland was formed. Limitation was inspired by the inside colonization control. East GDL territorialization process coincided with Moscow state's rise and aim to get bock Ruthenianland. Although, the first agreement in this part were known from the Vytautas time. Territorialization process in the Est part is much in common as in the West. But in this part, marking the border, importand place played "the old" territorial division. Marking state border (between Moscow state and GDL) they usually conformed with the old land part. In the 16th century in the east part of GDL the delimitation process take part with the Turkey nad Tartar states. As the result of all these rprocesses GDL at the middle of the 16th century became a territorial state with clearely marked state boundaries.

Summary. The object of this research is to understand the territorialization process in the 14 - 16 centuries Grand Duches of Lithuania (GDL) and to find out the connect of the state territory and ruling class. First of all, bared on historiography we will try to find out the common formation process of the territorial state in Middle age. This will help to choose other criterions. In the second chapter GDL territorialization process is analized widely. The first stage in this process was determined by neighbour countries, such as Mazovia and the Teutonic Order. The Order, being aktiv territorial state, stimulated the interest of borders delimitation with GDL. The biggerst act of delimitation take part at the time of Great duke Vytautas. At the time of the latter rule the first Border between GDL and Order appears. In the third decade of the 15th century was passed to borde renovation process. The end of the process wan in 16 century. But, the border renovation process at the 16th century very intensive. It depend on inside colonization control. The collision of both borderland dvellers modificated state border. In 1545 the border between GDL and Prussiae was estabilished and the colomn with state coat of arm and inscription was made. It shows the concepsio of the state territory border. In the 16th century state line border appears. It's traits: populated borderland; detailed border marking; borders have to correspond to all social classes land limits; borders should have state and political mening. 1536, 1548 the borders between GDL and Polland was formed. Limitation was inspired by the inside colonization control. East GDL territorialization process coincided with Moscow state's rise and aim to get bock Ruthenianland. Although, the first agreement in this part were known from the Vytautas time. Territorialization process in the Est part is much in common as in the West. But in this part, marking the border, importand place played "the old" territorial division. Marking state border (between Moscow state and GDL) they usually conformed with the old land part. In the 16th century in the east part of GDL the delimitation process take part with the Turkey nad Tartar states. As the result of all these rprocesses GDL at the middle of the 16th century became a territorial state with clearely marked state boundaries.