[straipsnis, santrauka, reikšminiai žodžiai lietuvių kalba; santrauka ir reikšminiai žodžiai anglų kalba]
Ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų prieinamumas turi didelę įtaką tėvų užimtumui, tačiau šį priklausomybė yra gana sudėtinga ir skirtingai pasireiškia skirtingose visuomenės grupėse. Straipsnyje siekiama ištirti ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų prieinamumo vaidmenį tėvų, auginančių ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikus, užimtumui Lietuvoje. Tyrimui naudojami Lietuvos 2014 m. pajamų ir gyvenimo sąlygų tyrimo duomenys. Naudojant chi kvadrato testą bei dvinarės logistinės regresijos modelį, tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad vaikų ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų nelankymas turėjo didesnę neigiamą įtaką moterų užimtumo statusui negu vyrų. Tyrimas taip pat parodė, kad svarbų vaidmenį tėvų užimtumui skatinti vaidina ir nemokamai teikiama ne tėvų priežiūra vaikams. Rezultatai taip pat leido kelti prielaidą, kad ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų prieinamumas skatina tėvus dirbti, tačiau tai nebuvo esminė tėvų užimtumo paskata.
The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of a preschool educational institutions role on the employment of parents, who have preschool-aged children in Lithuania. After completing a survey about the employment of Lithuanian families with preschool-aged children and preschool establishments, one main hypothesis is put forward, aimed at understanding what impact not attending preschool has on parents' employment. A quantitative research method is used to investigate the hypothesis. It is based on statistical analysis of a 2014 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). With the help of descriptive statistics, logistic regressions and Chi-square tests, this research analyses what impact not attending preschool has on children parents' employment. It can be argued that the hypothesis is confirmed as the research results show that not using preschool services has a different effect on mothers' and fathers' economic activity. Therefore not attending preschool establishments has a major negative effect on mothers' employment status rather than fathers'. In terms of family policy typologies it can be seen that paid and unpaid work distribution in Lithuania is associated with traditional family policy model. In this case, the provision of public preschool services is not the main family policy instrument, since the priority in Lithuania is to provide a financial support through the promotion of childcare at home. Lithuanian mothers choose to participate in a relatively long parental leave system. All this implies the view that the limited availability of preschool services might limit possibilities for mothers to participate in the labour market due to the traditional family policy model existing in the country. Finally, results allow to assume that an accessibility of preschool establishments stimulates parents to work, however, it is not a crucial factor due to financial aspects. An important role is played by unpaid care of the children provided by relatives and friends. Therefore, it can be interpreted as a compensation for the lack of public preschool services for families wishing to successfully continue their participation in the labour market.
[only abstract and keywords in English; full article, abstract and keywords in Lithuanian] The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of a preschool educational institutions role on the employment of parents, who have preschool-aged children in Lithuania. After completing a survey about the employment of Lithuanian families with preschool-aged children and preschool establishments, one main hypothesis is put forward, aimed at understanding what impact not attending preschool has on parents' employment. A quantitative research method is used to investigate the hypothesis. It is based on statistical analysis of a 2014 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). With the help of descriptive statistics, logistic regressions and Chi-square tests, this research analyses what impact not attending preschool has on children parents' employment. It can be argued that the hypothesis is confirmed as the research results show that not using preschool services has a different effect on mothers' and fathers' economic activity. Therefore not attending preschool establishments has a major negative effect on mothers' employment status rather than fathers'. In terms of family policy typologies it can be seen that paid and unpaid work distribution in Lithuania is associated with traditional family policy model. In this case, the provision of public preschool services is not the main family policy instrument, since the priority in Lithuania is to provide a financial support through the promotion of childcare at home. Lithuanian mothers choose to participate in a relatively long parental leave system. All this implies the view that the limited availability of preschool services might limit possibilities for mothers to participate in the labour market due to the traditional family policy model existing in the country. Finally, results allow to assume that an accessibility of preschool establishments stimulates parents to work, however, it is not a crucial factor due to financial aspects. An important role is played by unpaid care of the children provided by relatives and friends. Therefore, it can be interpreted as a compensation for the lack of public preschool services for families wishing to successfully continue their participation in the labour market. ; [straipsnis, santrauka, reikšminiai žodžiai lietuvių kalba; santrauka ir reikšminiai žodžiai anglų kalba] Ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų prieinamumas turi didelę įtaką tėvų užimtumui, tačiau šį priklausomybė yra gana sudėtinga ir skirtingai pasireiškia skirtingose visuomenės grupėse. Straipsnyje siekiama ištirti ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų prieinamumo vaidmenį tėvų, auginančių ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikus, užimtumui Lietuvoje. Tyrimui naudojami Lietuvos 2014 m. pajamų ir gyvenimo sąlygų tyrimo duomenys. Naudojant chi kvadrato testą bei dvinarės logistinės regresijos modelį, tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad vaikų ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų nelankymas turėjo didesnę neigiamą įtaką moterų užimtumo statusui negu vyrų. Tyrimas taip pat parodė, kad svarbų vaidmenį tėvų užimtumui skatinti vaidina ir nemokamai teikiama ne tėvų priežiūra vaikams. Rezultatai taip pat leido kelti prielaidą, kad ikimokyklinių ugdymo įstaigų prieinamumas skatina tėvus dirbti, tačiau tai nebuvo esminė tėvų užimtumo paskata.
The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of a preschool educational institutions role on the employment of parents, who have preschool-aged children in Lithuania. After completing a survey about the employment of Lithuanian families with preschool-aged children and preschool establishments, one main hypothesis is put forward, aimed at understanding what impact not attending preschool has on parents' employment. A quantitative research method is used to investigate the hypothesis. It is based on statistical analysis of a 2014 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). With the help of descriptive statistics, logistic regressions and Chi-square tests, this research analyses what impact not attending preschool has on children parents' employment. It can be argued that the hypothesis is confirmed as the research results show that not using preschool services has a different effect on mothers' and fathers' economic activity. Therefore not attending preschool establishments has a major negative effect on mothers' employment status rather than fathers'. In terms of family policy typologies it can be seen that paid and unpaid work distribution in Lithuania is associated with traditional family policy model. In this case, the provision of public preschool services is not the main family policy instrument, since the priority in Lithuania is to provide a financial support through the promotion of childcare at home. Lithuanian mothers choose to participate in a relatively long parental leave system. All this implies the view that the limited availability of preschool services might limit possibilities for mothers to participate in the labour market due to the traditional family policy model existing in the country. Finally, results allow to assume that an accessibility of preschool establishments stimulates parents to work, however, it is not a crucial factor due to financial aspects. An important role is played by unpaid care of the children provided by relatives and friends. Therefore, it can be interpreted as a compensation for the lack of public preschool services for families wishing to successfully continue their participation in the labour market.
The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of a preschool educational institutions role on the employment of parents, who have preschool-aged children in Lithuania. After completing a survey about the employment of Lithuanian families with preschool-aged children and preschool establishments, one main hypothesis is put forward, aimed at understanding what impact not attending preschool has on parents' employment. A quantitative research method is used to investigate the hypothesis. It is based on statistical analysis of a 2014 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). With the help of descriptive statistics, logistic regressions and Chi-square tests, this research analyses what impact not attending preschool has on children parents' employment. It can be argued that the hypothesis is confirmed as the research results show that not using preschool services has a different effect on mothers' and fathers' economic activity. Therefore not attending preschool establishments has a major negative effect on mothers' employment status rather than fathers'. In terms of family policy typologies it can be seen that paid and unpaid work distribution in Lithuania is associated with traditional family policy model. In this case, the provision of public preschool services is not the main family policy instrument, since the priority in Lithuania is to provide a financial support through the promotion of childcare at home. Lithuanian mothers choose to participate in a relatively long parental leave system. All this implies the view that the limited availability of preschool services might limit possibilities for mothers to participate in the labour market due to the traditional family policy model existing in the country. Finally, results allow to assume that an accessibility of preschool establishments stimulates parents to work, however, it is not a crucial factor due to financial aspects. An important role is played by unpaid care of the children provided by relatives and friends. Therefore, it can be interpreted as a compensation for the lack of public preschool services for families wishing to successfully continue their participation in the labour market.
The aim of the article is to investigate the effect of a preschool educational institutions role on the employment of parents, who have preschool-aged children in Lithuania. After completing a survey about the employment of Lithuanian families with preschool-aged children and preschool establishments, one main hypothesis is put forward, aimed at understanding what impact not attending preschool has on parents' employment. A quantitative research method is used to investigate the hypothesis. It is based on statistical analysis of a 2014 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). With the help of descriptive statistics, logistic regressions and Chi-square tests, this research analyses what impact not attending preschool has on children parents' employment. It can be argued that the hypothesis is confirmed as the research results show that not using preschool services has a different effect on mothers' and fathers' economic activity. Therefore not attending preschool establishments has a major negative effect on mothers' employment status rather than fathers'. In terms of family policy typologies it can be seen that paid and unpaid work distribution in Lithuania is associated with traditional family policy model. In this case, the provision of public preschool services is not the main family policy instrument, since the priority in Lithuania is to provide a financial support through the promotion of childcare at home. Lithuanian mothers choose to participate in a relatively long parental leave system. All this implies the view that the limited availability of preschool services might limit possibilities for mothers to participate in the labour market due to the traditional family policy model existing in the country. Finally, results allow to assume that an accessibility of preschool establishments stimulates parents to work, however, it is not a crucial factor due to financial aspects. An important role is played by unpaid care of the children provided by relatives and friends. Therefore, it can be interpreted as a compensation for the lack of public preschool services for families wishing to successfully continue their participation in the labour market.
The purpose of this article is to present a methodology and results for nowcasting poverty and inequality indicators during economic growth and the Covid-19 pandemic in Lithuania. Nowcasting combines the techniques of tax-benefit microsimulation and calibration of the survey weights. For the microsimulation, the tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD is used together with its additional components for Lithuania, which were developed by the Ministry of Social Security and Labour of the Republic of Lithuania. Three economic forecasts, developed by the Bank of Lithuania for 2020, are used: the rapid V-shaped recovery scenario, intermediate U-shaped recovery scenario and a slow extended U-shaped recovery scenario. The results show Lithuania's favourable tendencies in reducing poverty and inequality in the general population and by age groups in the context of rapid economic growth and improving the improved labour-market situation in 2018–2019. The results of 2020 suggest that relative at-risk-of-poverty rates and inequality in the country are likely to decline. The foreseen decrease in the at-risk-of-poverty rate is primarily due to reducing poverty risk among older people and children. The most vulnerable age groups include youth (18–24 years) and the elder working-age population (50–64 years). Poverty rates for these groups are likely to increase in 2020. However, it should be noted that the at-risk-of-poverty rates had also declined in Lithuania during the first years of the previous economic crisis. Decomposition of demographic/employment changes and policy effects for 2019–2020 show that due to demographic and employment changes, poverty and inequality is likely to increase in Lithuania in 2020. The impact of the policy effect is progressive, more favourable to the less well-off, leading to a reduction in poverty. Progressiveness is due to the fact that during the quarantine period, flat benefits were provided to a large part of the society: children, pensioners, job-seekers, self-employed. ; Šio straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti skurdo ir nelygybės rodiklių prognozavimo metodologiją ir jos rezultatus, atsižvelgiant į ekonominio augimo ir COVID-19 pandemijos kontekstą Lietuvoje. Prognozavimas apjungia mikrosimuliacijų ir apklausos svorių kalibracijos technikas. Mikrosimuliacijoms naudojamas mokesčių-išmokų mikrosimuliacinis modelis EUROMOD, su papildomu Lietuvos komponentu, kuris buvo vystomas Lietuvos Respublikos socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos. Taip pat naudojami ir Lietuvos banko paskelbti 2020~m. trys ekonominiai scenarijai: greito atsigavimo V-formos scenarijus, vidutinio atsigavimo U formos scenarijus ir lėto ekonominio atsigavimo ištęstos U-formos scenarijus. Rezultatai atskleidžia teigiamas skurdo ir nelygybės mažinimo tendencijas bendroje populiacijoje ir pagal amžiaus grupes esant sparčiam ekonomikos augimui ir gerėjančiai darbo rinkos situacijai 2018–2019 m. Lietuvoje. 2020 m. rezultatai rodo tolesnį santykinio skurdo rizikos lygio ir nelygybės mažėjimą Lietuvoje. Toks numatomas teigiamas skurdo mažėjimas yra pirmiausia nulemtas mažėjančio skurdo rizikos lygio tarp senyvo amžiaus asmenų bei vaikų. Pačios pažeidžiamiausios grupės yra jaunimas (18–24 m.) ir vyresnio amžiaus (50–64 m.) asmenys. Numatoma, kad 2020 m. šių grupių skurdo rizika didės. Vis tik svarbu atkreipti dėmesį, kad skurdo rizikos lygis taip pat mažėjo pirmaisiais praėjusios ekonominės krizės metais. Dekompozicijos pagal demografinius / užimtumo pokyčius ir politikos pokyčius tarp 2019–2020 m. rodo, kad dėl demografinių ir užimtumo pokyčių skurdas ir nelygybė, tikėtina, didės 2020 m. Lietuvoje. Politikos pokyčių poveikis yra progresyvus, palankesnis žemesnes pajamas gaunantiems asmenims ir teigiamai veikia skurdo mažėjimą. Politikos poveikio progresyvumas yra nulemtas karantino laikotarpio, kurio metu vienkartinės išmokos buvo teikiamos didžiajai daliai populiacijos: vaikams, pensinio amžiaus asmenims, darbo ieškantiems asmenims ir savarankiškai dirbantiems asmenims.
The purpose of this article is to present a methodology and results for nowcasting poverty and inequality indicators during economic growth and the Covid-19 pandemic in Lithuania. Nowcasting combines the techniques of tax-benefit microsimulation and calibration of the survey weights. For the microsimulation, the tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD is used together with its additional components for Lithuania, which were developed by the Ministry of Social Security and Labour of the Republic of Lithuania. Three economic forecasts, developed by the Bank of Lithuania for 2020, are used: the rapid V-shaped recovery scenario, intermediate U-shaped recovery scenario and a slow extended U-shaped recovery scenario. The results show Lithuania's favourable tendencies in reducing poverty and inequality in the general population and by age groups in the context of rapid economic growth and improving the improved labour-market situation in 2018-2019. The results of 2020 suggest that relative at-risk-of-poverty rates and inequality in the country are likely to decline. The foreseen decrease in the at-risk-of-poverty rate is primarily due to reducing poverty risk among older people and children. The most vulnerable age groups include youth (18-24 years) and the elder working-age population (50-64 years). Poverty rates for these groups are likely to increase in 2020. However, it should be noted that the at-risk-of-poverty rates had also declined in Lithuania during the first years of the previous economic crisis. Decomposition of demographic/employment changes and policy effects for 2019-2020 show that due to demographic and employment changes, poverty and inequality is likely to increase in Lithuania in 2020. The impact of the policy effect is progressive, more favourable to the less well-off, leading to a reduction in poverty. Progressiveness is due to the fact that during the quarantine period, flat benefits were provided to a large part of the society: children, pensioners, job-seekers, self-employed.
