Suchergebnisse

This article takes the concept of gated communities to represent a special form of securitised housing, developed in the United States in the 20th century and popularised around the world in later years, and examines it as such. The neo-liberal society is an especially fertile ground for the development of this concept due to the unequal distribution of wealth, growing social stratification, poverty and segregation. Often, the surrounding roads are privatised and access to public areas is restricted for the purposes of these settlements, which leaves entire complexes within cities inaccessible to the majority of citizens. All these processes are in conflict with the democratic concept of the open city and the model of mixed housing, nurtured in the welfare state. The segregation of citizens, and their marginalisation and displacement (gentrification), along with the endangerment and privatisation of public spaces significantly reduce the democratic capacity of urban communities. The main concern of this research is the examination of the reasons which contribute to the expansion of gated communities, and the effects they have on the spirit of the urban community (alienation) and the democratic capacities of cities. The aim of the paper is to examine the notion of gated communities on a sample of cities in the Anglosphere (USA, Canada, New Zealand), and to analyse their specific effects. The analysis of the existing research and case studies concerning gated communities in the world often consists of the use of statistical methods, regulatory change analyses, and the interviews and surveys of tenants, managers, politicians and officials. The comparative method, used in this paper, focuses on the similarities and differences of gated communities in different countries, which enabled us to draw conclusions on better housing and urban development policies (synthesis).

This article analyses the way of managing urban policy in Scandinavian countries, as an example for Serbia. By analyzing urban policy as complex activity, because it demands contextual approach, democratic governmental capacities, good management with capacities to tail services according to the needs of citizens in their community, we could understand cities as stimulators of development and creators of welfare. This analysis tries to identify how Serbia, as transitional country can learn lessons from Scandinavian countries, to modernize management, democratize political system (decentralization and strengthening local government capacities), as well as to decrease corruption and misuses in public affairs.In methodological sense this article includes analysis of the system, the way of creation and steering urban policy in Scandinavian countries with affirmation of knowledge (evidence based public policy) and professionalism. Case study of Copenhagen city and experiences from other cities from this region, will procure in view of potential benefits of such an approach. On this basis comparison is made with similar processes in Serbia, which give us possibility to identify necessary corrections in our system.Some of the results of this paper are better knowledge of Serbian system weaknesses (especially in way of managing cities), loss of benefits which democratic and decentralized society enables, modern management, creation of policies on evidence, and creative searching for solution.One can conclude that reform changes, which turn out to be impossible for implementation in our society, do not demand great material investments, but demand the changing of values, priorities and model of behavior.

This paper explains the role of local governments (cities, regions) in the implementation of immigration policy in Europe. It covers the period since the 1960s and explains various waves and types of immigration, state policies, and the capacities of local government to help with immigrant integration. Several case studies are presented: Antwerp (Belgium), Malmö (Sweden), and Bologna and the Veneto region (Italy). The policy of migrant integration is exceedingly complex, requiring persistent dedication on part of all countries to mitigate the biggest problems of the contemporary globalised world (wealth distribution; poverty reduction; prevention of economic and political conflicts, especially wars; development of human rights; ecology), and to upgrade democratic capacities in each society. The contribution of this paper is to show that liberal policy in this field is the best option for the effective integration of migrants. Host state and local governments should be more sensitive to the nature and needs of the migrant population, and to foster a better understanding of the values, customs, and culture of both migrants and the domestic population. Useful measures which can help migrants in the process of integration are: tailored education, training for skills and jobs, participation in decision-making processes in the host country, and cooperation between the migrants' home and host countries. It is important that political leaders continuously convey the message to the public that migrants represent great social capital and potential for the economic development of their society. The public should understand that in the contemporary globalised world society should be open to capital and labour migration, and that in this process our communities are given the chance to be multicultural, open, tolerant, and richer in every aspect. At the same time, all citizens, including the migrant population, have an obligation to protect democratic values and to contribute to the social development of both their home and host societies.

Ovaj članak se bavi prikazom procesa decentralizacije u Srbiji od 2000. do 2011. godine imajući u vidu da bi ovaj proces ujedno morao biti i proces podizanja kapaciteta lokalnih vlasti. U radu se prati transformacija svakog od bitnih činilaca autonomije lokalne vlasti i njenih menadžerijalnih potencijala: ustavni i zakonski status, izbori i model organizacije vlasti, nadležnosti, finansiranje, pružanje usluga, participacija građana, te odnos države i lokalne samouprave. Ovaj kompleksan proces zahteva vreme, podizanje znanja i veština svih nivoa vlasti (posebno lokalne), posvećenost političke elite demokratskim vrednostima i tesno je vezan sa podizanjem stepena demokratske političke kulture. ; This paper provides a review of the process of decentralisation in Serbia from 2000 to 2011, bearing in mind that this process should at the same time be a process of enhancing the local government capacity. The paper traces the transformation of each of the essential factors of the autonomy of local government and its managerial potentials: its constitutional and legal status, elections and the model of the organisation of government, competences, funding, provision of services, citizen participation, and the relationship between the state and local self-government. This complex process is time-consuming, requires upgrading knowledge and skills at all levels of government (local government in particular), a commitment of the political elite to democratic values, and is closely tied to increasing the level of democratic political culture.

This article analyses the way of managing urban policy in Scandinavian countries, as an example for Serbia. By analyzing urban policy as complex activity, because it demands contextual approach, democratic governmental capacities, good management with capacities to tail services according to the needs of citizens in their community, we could understand cities as stimulators of development and creators of welfare. This analysis tries to identify how Serbia, as transitional country can learn lessons from Scandinavian countries, to modernize management, democratize political system (decentralization and strengthening local government capacities), as well as to decrease corruption and misuses in public affairs. In methodological sense this article includes analysis of the system, the way of creation and steering urban policy in Scandinavian countries with affirmation of knowledge (evidence based public policy) and professionalism. Case study of Copenhagen city and experiences from other cities from this region, will procure in view of potential benefits of such an approach. On this basis comparison is made with similar processes in Serbia, which give us possibility to identify necessary corrections in our system. Some of the results of this paper are better knowledge of Serbian system weaknesses (especially in way of managing cities), loss of benefits which democratic and decentralized society enables, modern management, creation of policies on evidence, and creative searching for solution. One can conclude that reform changes, which turn out to be impossible for implementation in our society, do not demand great material investments, but demand the changing of values, priorities and model of behavior. ; Ovaj članak analizira načina vođenja urbane politike u skandinavskim zemljama kao uzor za Srbiju. Analizom urbane politike kao kompleksne, jer zahteva kontekstualni pristup, demokratske kapacitete vlasti, kvalitetan menadžment uz kreiranje usluga prema potrebama konkretnih građana u datoj sredini -moći ćemo da sagledamo gradove kao pokretače razvoja i kreatore blagostanja. Ova analize je pokušaj da se identifikuje u kojoj meri Srbija kao tranziciona zemlja može od skandinavskih zemalja da nauči lekcije modernizacije upravljanja, demokratizacije čitavog sistema (decentralizacija i jačanje kapaciteta lokalnih vlasti), te smanjivanja korupcije i zloupotreba u javnoj sferi. U metodološkom smislu istražuje se analiza sistema, načina kreiranja i vođenja urbane politike u skandinavskim zemljama uz afirmaciju znanja (evidence based policy making) i profesionalizma. Studija slučaja grada Kopenhagena i iskustva drugih gradova ovog regiona omogućiće uvid u konkretne koristi ovakvog pristupa. Na toj osnovi će biti urađena komparacija sa ovim procesima u Srbiji, što nam omogućava da identifikujemo neophodne korekcije u našem sistemu. Neki od rezultata ovog rada su jasniji uvid u slabosti sistema u Srbiji, posebno u upravljanju gradovima, uvid u gubitke koristi koje donosi demokratski uređeno, decentralizovano društvo, moderno upravljanje, kreiranje politika zasnovano na dobrim podacima, te kreativno nalaženja rešenja za probleme. Može se zaključiti da reformske promene koje naše društvo ne sprovodi, već pred njima skoro dve decenije nemoćno stoji -ne traže velika materijalna ulaganja, već predstavljaju pre svega promenu vrednosti, promenu prioriteta i modela ponašanja.

This paper attempts to explain the role of local governments (cities, regions) in the implementation of immigration policy in Europe, focusing on various waves and types of immigration, state policies, and the capacities of local government to help with immigrant integration since the 1960s. Several case studies of cities with good integration practices will be presented, with particular emphasis on four main aspects: national regulation, policy regimes, role of local institutions, and results achieved. The paper focuses on experiences and good practices which could inspire other societies to develop successful policies and facilitate better use of diverse policy instruments in procuring various services for migrants, including shelters, language learning, job training, education for children, employment, inclusion in decision-making processes, and the like. The main research methods that have been used are description and analysis of national conditions, problems, challenges, various integration experiences, good practices, and results, as well as comparison and case studies for in-depth analysis.

This article focuses on various developmental strategies and practices in cities of Serbia. The biggest cities have the best potentials for economic development based on the available capacities and the largest market (economy of scope). In this paper we will also focus on Inđija, which although small in size is one of the LED leaders and innovators. The main research methods used in this paper are in-depth analysis and case studies. The first part of the study will briefly present Serbia as a political and economic society, with its potentials and limitations in political and economic reforms, focusing on the processes of decentralization, democratization, regionalization and modernization. The second part will identify capacities of local governments, and especially cities, for strategic planning, focusing on comparative advantages of their local economies at global or regional market, for creating an attractive ambient for investment, offering qualitative and efficient administration, creating integral and participative economic policy, capacity for evidence based policy making, benchmarking, branding cities, etc. Special attention will be dedicated to the use of LED instruments such as: regulation, the upgrade of quality of public services by IT instruments, privatization, PPP, industrial, technological, and scientific parks, incubator business centers, free trade zones, etc. ; Članak se fokusira na različite razvojne strategije i prakse ekonomskog razvoja lokalnih vlasti (a pogotovu gradova) u Srbiji. Najveći gradovi imaju najbolje potencijale na osnovu kapaciteta i tržišta (ekonomija obima), ali šanse imaju i manji gradovi, te je u vidu studije slučaja posebno prikazana Inđija (manji grad) kao lider i inovator u oblasti LER. Osnovni istraživački metod će biti produbljene analize i studija slučaja. U prvom delu se kratko ukazuje na političko i ekonomsko uređenje Srbije i domete političkih i ekonomskih reformi uz fokusiranje na procese decentralizacije, demokratizacije, regionalizacije i modernizacije. Drugi deo identifikuje kapacitete lokalnih vlasti za strateško planiranje, za kreiranje atraktivnog ambijenta za investiranje, ponudu kvalitetne i efikasne administracije, kreiranje kvalitetnih baza podataka i integrativne i participativne ekonomske politike, uz analizu korišćenja instrumenata LER kao: regulacija, IT instrumenti (e-uprava), privatizacija, PPP, industrijski, tehnološki i naučni parkovi, inkubator biznis centri, te praksa korišćenja municipalnih obveznica.

In this paper author firstly explained the notion and significance of public politics, analysis process, instruments and types of public policies. Then the author analyzed some specific features of the approach in creation and realization of public policies, starting from the citizens up to the government, also analyzing contribution of these processes to social democratization along the way. Third part of the paper is a mini-study case of Serbia of today, encompassing the quality of overall system and institutional environment, the role of the administration and services in engagement of the citizens and some cases of good practices (the case of local government of Indjija) in the case of reformed local government administration and the system 48 in providing services to the citizens. ; U ovom tekstu ću objasniti pojam i značaj javne politike, proces analize, instrumente i tipove javnih politika. Drugi deo analize je posvećen specifičnosti pristupa u kreiranju i realizaciji javnih politika od građana prema vlasti i doprinos ovih procesa demokratizaciji društva. Treći deo analize je mini studija slučaja Srbije koja obuhvata kvalitet ukupnog sistema i institucionalnog ambijenta, ulogu administracije i službi u uključivanju građana i primere dobre prakse (opština Inđija) koji se odnose na reformisanu opštinsku administraciju i na sistem 48 u pružanju usluga.

The analysis 'Entrepreneurial instruments of contemporary government (state and local government)' deals with the sense, content and effects of public sector reforms which have been implemented in almost all western democracies. This work represents an attempt to stress the importance of huge changes in functioning of all levels of government and to prove that including market' s instruments and rules in public sector has as a consequence, besides upgrading the efficiency, effectiveness and the quality of public services, great democratic effect with including citizens in decision making process, especially in defining priorities and needs, which public services have to meet. This work try to identify the lessons which can be learned by transitional countries, in strategic reform directing, steering and implementing as well as in practical using of various instruments. The manner of using each specific instrument as well as creating the optimal combination of these instruments, represent important skill which is to be learned and trained by all political and other acteurs in public scene. This analysis particularly enlighten the processes of including private and third sector in procuring public services process, creating competence as well as implementing market instruments for upgrading the quality of public services. The special attention is paid to privatization models, to all phases of contracting services and to contract as a very flexible instrument very helpful in defining rights and obligations of all acteurs. Implementation of contract demand the existence the rule of law and independent and responsible judicial branch of government. This work points out that other instruments which 'fallow' privatization (retreating governments from direct service procurement process, eregulation, concession, franchise, vouchers, selling public property and objects etc) can upgrade the quality of services and procure higher efficiency, effectiveness, and greater responsibility of public sector. The precondition for it is the existence of democratic institutions and developing democratic and entrepreneurial political culture. It is especially stressed the importance of standardization, certification and benchmarking as very important instruments for monitoring, measuring, and evaluation of the effects of public policy implementation. Benchmarking upgrade openness and measurability of public sector results and otherwise decrease various forms of pathology (corruption, voluntarism etc). . ; Analiza se bavi smislom, sadržajem i efektima reformi javnog sektora sprovedenim u skoro svim zemljama zapadnih demokratija. Ovaj prilog predstavlja pokušaj da se ukaže na krupne promene do kojih u ovim reformama dolazi u načinu funkcionisanja svih nivoa vlasti, kao i da se dokaže da uključivanje tržišnih mehanizama i instrumenata u oblast javnog sektora ima kao posledicu, pored podizanja efikasnosti, efektivnosti i kvaliteta usluga, snažan demokratski efekat uključivanja građana u procese odlučivanja i utvrđivanja prioriteta i potreba koje javnim uslugama treba zadovoljiti. Analiza pokušava da identifikuje lekcije koje mogu naučiti tranzicione zemlje kako u strateškom usmeravanju reformi, tako i u konkretnom načinu realizacije i primene brojnih instrumenata. Način korišćenja svakog instrumenta pojedinačno, kao i kreiranje optimalne kombinacije ovih instrumenata, predstavlja važnu veštinu koju moraju savladati svi politički i drugi akteri na javnoj sceni. Ovaj rad posebno osvetljava procese uključivanja privatnog i trećeg sektora u pružanje javnih usluga, kreiranje konkurencije i korišćenje tržišnih instrumenata za podizanje kvaliteta javnih usluga. Posebna pažnja je posvećena modelima privatizacije, svim fazama ugovaranja usluga i ugovoru kao veoma fleksibilnom instrumentu koji definiše prava i obaveze svih aktera, ali zahteva postojanje pravne države i nezavisnog sudstva. Analiza ukazuje da ostali instrumenti koji prate privatizaciju (povlačenje vlasti iz direktnog pružanja usluga, deregulacija, koncesije, franšize, vaučeri, prodaja imovine i objekata itd), mogu podići kvalitet usluga i obezbediti veću efikasnost, efektivnost, kvalitet rada i veću odgovornost javnog sektora. Preduslov je postojanje demokratskih institucija i razvijanje demokratske, ali i preduzetničke političke kulture. Ovaj prilog posebno naglašava značaj standardizacije, sertifikacije i benčmaringa kao važnih instrumenata praćenja, merenja i vrednovanja primene svih politika. Njima se podiže preglednost, otvorenost i merljivost rada javnog sektora, a sužava prostor raznim oblicima patologije (korupcija, volonterizam, itd). .

The main goal of this article is to show how local ombudsmen in Serbia work. The article analysis data gained by available legal documents, as well as by empirical research conducted in November 2011. Text contains three parts: one is dedicated to the capacities of this institution, predominantly the office of local ombudsman; the second analyses the quality of ombudsman's work, as well as the quality of work of local government bodies, which this institution controls; the third one focuses on the relationship between ombudsmen on different levels of government (local, pokraina's and republic ombudsman), on the manner of ombudsman' capacity improvement and on the relationship with other local government bodies. The main instrument for measurement of the quality of ombudsman' work is usefulness of this institute to citizens, having in mind the protection of their rights and strengthening responsibility of government bodies as well as upgrading the quality of democratic culture. ; Ovaj članak ima za cilj da prikaže na koji način funkcionišu lokalni ombudsmani u Srbiji. Članak analizira podatke do kojih se došlo kroz dostupne pravne izvore, kao i one do kojih se došlo empirijskim istraživanjem, sprovedenim tokom novembra 2011. godine. Tekst se sastoji iz tri celine: jedna je posvećena kapacitetima institucije, a pre svega službe (kancelarije) lokalnih ombudsmana; druga analizira kvalitet rada ombudsmana i kvalitet rada lokalnih organa vlasti koje ovaj organ kontroliše; treća se bavi odnosom između institucija ombudsmana na različitim nivoima vlasti (lokalnih, pokrajinskog i republičkog ombudsmana), načinom obogaćivanja kvaliteta rada ove institucije i odnosima sa drugim organima lokalne vlasti. Kao merni instrument kvaliteta rada ovog instituta analizira se korisnost ovog organa za građane u smislu njihove zaštite od zloupotreba i doprinosa ovog organa jačanju odgovornosti organa vlasti, kao i jačanju demokratske kulture društva.

This study presents the case of opiate analysis in urine of two female participants, aged between 20 and 25 who consumed commonly available bakery products with poppy seeds. One of the participants consumed strudel, the product with larger amount of poppy seeds, while the other consumed braid pastry. Urine samples of both participants (n=8) were collected 5, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after the consummation. Immunochromatographic screening test (cuttof 300 ng/mL) and LC-MS analysis were preformed on the presence of opiates. The screening test for opiates was positive for a very long period of time, 48 h after the consumption of braid pastry and even 72 h after the consumption of strudel. LC-MS analysis verified the results of screening test and the presence of the main opioide alcaloides, morphine and codeine, was confirmed in all positive samples. Determined morphine level was higher than the level of codeine in all samples. The concentration of morphine (0.25 mg/L) was higher in urine of the participant who consumed strudel, compared to the concentration of morphine (0.06 mg/L) after the consumption of braid pastry. The results of this research show that opiates can be found in urine after the consumption of products which contain poppy seed. Morphine and codeine can be detected even during the same time period as in the samples of users of psychoactive substances (3 days and longer). According to the results, retention time of opiates in urine is longer after the consumption of products with higher amounts of poppy. This finding should be taken into account in routine testing of employees in the workplace, members of the military, students in schools, as well as athletes. ; U ovom radu je prikazan slučaj dve osobe ženskog pola starosti između 20 i 25 godina, koje su konzumirale široko dostupne pekarske proizvode sa makom, sa ciljem da se izvrši analiza opijata u urinu. Jedna osoba je konzumirala štrudlu a druga pletenicu, s tim da je štrudla vizuelno sadržala veću količinu maka. Uzorci urina od obe osobe (po 8 uzoraka) su sakupljeni nakon 5, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 i 72 sata od konzumacije. Urađena je imunohromatografska i LC/MS analiza na prisustvo opijata. Rezultati imunohromatografske analize su pokazali da je test na opijate (cuttof 300 ng/mL) bio pozitivan u veoma dugom vremenskom periodu, 48 sati nakon konzumacije pletenice i čak 72 sata nakon konzumacije štrudle. LC-MS analizom su potvrđeni rezultati dobijeni preliminarnim testom i u svim pozitivnim uzorcima je dokazano prisustvo glavnih opijatnih alkaloida, morfina i kodeina. Koncentracija morfina je bila veća od koncentracije kodeina u svim uzorcima. Uočena je veća koncentracija morfina (0,25 mg/L) u urinu osobe koja je konzumirala štrudlu u odnosu na koncentraciju morfina (0,06 mg/L) nakon konzumacije pletenice. Rezultati ovog rada potvrđuju da se opijati nalaze u urinu nakon konzumacije proizvoda sa makom i da ih je moguće detektovati čak tokom istog vremenskog perioda kao i kod korisnika psihoaktivnih supstanci, tri dana, i više. Takođe, prema dobijenim rezultatima vreme zadržavanja opijata u urinu je duže nakon konzumacije proizvoda sa većom količinom maka. Navedene rezultate treba imati u vidu prilikom rutinskih testiranja zaposlenih na radnom mestu, pripadnika vojske, učenika u školama i sportista.

Background/Aim. Based on numerous studies in animals, the most prominent toxic effects of decabrominated di-phenyl ether (BDE-209) are observed in the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis, reproductive and nervous systems. BDE-209 exhibits its toxic effects partly through the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor and consequent induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. The aim of this study was to assess the hepatotoxic effect vs target tissue dose of BDE-209 in the subacutely orally exposed Wistar rats. Methods. Effects were examined on male Wistar rats, weighing 200-240 g, exposed to doses of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 mg BDE-209/kg body weight (bw)/day by gavage during 28 days. Animals were treated according to the decision of the Ethics Committee of the Military Medical Academy, No 9667-1/2011. Evaluation of the hepatotoxic effect was based on: relative liver weight water and food intake, biochemical parameters of liver function [aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gama glutamyl transferase (γ-GT)], and oxidative stress parameters in liver homogenates [malondialdehiyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), -SH] and morphological and pathohistological changes in the liver. For the assessment of internal dose - response relationship, lower confidence limit of Benchmark dose (BMDL) of 5% or 10% i.e. BMDL5 or BMDL10, were calculated using PROAST software. Results. After the application of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 mg BDE-209/kg bw/day, the concentrations of BDE-209 measured in liver were 0.269, 0.569 and 0.859 mg/kg of liver wet weight, (ww) respectively. Internal doses correlated with external (r = 0.972; p < 0.05) according to equation: internal dose (mg BDE-209/kg of liver ww) = 0.0002 ' external dose (mg/kg bw/day) + 0.0622. Hepato-toxicity was demonstrated based on significant increase in AST and γ-GT activities and the degree of histopathological changes. The lowest BMDL5 of 0.07228 mg BDE-209/kg of liver ww, correlating to external dose of 39 mg/kg/day, indicated the increase of AST activity as the most sensitive biomarker of BDE-209 hepatotoxicity in subacutely ex-posed rats. Conclusion. The results of the present work add up to the issue of BDE-209 toxicity profile with a focus on relationship between internal dose and hepatotoxicity. Critical internal dose for the effect on AST of 0.07 mg/kg of liver ww, corresponding to external dose of 39 mg/kg/day, is the lowest dose ever observed among the studies on BDE-209 hepatotoxicity. For the persistent sub-stances with low absorption rate such as BDE-209, critical effect based on internal dose in majority of cases is considered as more precisely defined than the effect established based on external dose, particularly.

Background/Aim. Based on numerous studies in animals, the most prominent toxic effects of decabrominated di-phenyl ether (BDE-209) are observed in the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis, reproductive and nervous systems. BDE-209 exhibits its toxic effects partly through the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor and consequent induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. The aim of this study was to assess the hepatotoxic effect vs target tissue dose of BDE-209 in the subacutely orally exposed Wistar rats. Methods. Effects were examined on male Wistar rats, weighing 200-240 g, exposed to doses of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 mg BDE-209/kg body weight (bw)/day by gavage during 28 days. Animals were treated according to the decision of the Ethics Committee of the Military Medical Academy, No 9667-1/2011. Evaluation of the hepatotoxic effect was based on: relative liver weight water and food intake, biochemical parameters of liver function [aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gama glutamyl transferase (γ-GT)], and oxidative stress parameters in liver homogenates [malondialdehiyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), -SH] and morphological and pathohistological changes in the liver. For the assessment of internal dose - response relationship, lower confidence limit of Benchmark dose (BMDL) of 5% or 10% i.e. BMDL5 or BMDL10, were calculated using PROAST software. Results. After the application of 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 mg BDE-209/kg bw/day, the concentrations of BDE-209 measured in liver were 0.269, 0.569 and 0.859 mg/kg of liver wet weight, (ww) respectively. Internal doses correlated with external (r = 0.972; p lt 0.05) according to equation: internal dose (mg BDE-209/kg of liver ww) = 0.0002 ' external dose (mg/kg bw/day) + 0.0622. Hepato-toxicity was demonstrated based on significant increase in AST and γ-GT activities and the degree of histopathological changes. The lowest BMDL5 of 0.07228 mg BDE-209/kg of liver ww, correlating to external dose of 39 mg/kg/day, indicated the increase of AST activity as the most sensitive biomarker of BDE-209 hepatotoxicity in subacutely ex-posed rats. Conclusion. The results of the present work add up to the issue of BDE-209 toxicity profile with a focus on relationship between internal dose and hepatotoxicity. Critical internal dose for the effect on AST of 0.07 mg/kg of liver ww, corresponding to external dose of 39 mg/kg/day, is the lowest dose ever observed among the studies on BDE-209 hepatotoxicity. For the persistent sub-stances with low absorption rate such as BDE-209, critical effect based on internal dose in majority of cases is considered as more precisely defined than the effect established based on external dose, particularly. ; Uvod/Cilj. Prema podacima iz brojnih studija na životinjama, dekabromovani difeniletar (BDE-209) najznačajnije toksične efekte ispoljava na jetri, homeostazi hormona štitaste žlezde, reproduktivnom i nervnom sistemu. BDE-209 ispoljava toksične efekte delom preko receptora za aromatične ugljovodonike (Ah) i posledične indukcije mikrozomalnih enzima jetre. Cilj rada bio je procena hepatotoksičnog efekta u odnosu na dozu BDE-209 u ciljnom tkivu kod subakutno oralno eksponovanih Wistar pacova. Metode. Efekti su ispitivani na mužjacima Wistar pacova, mase 200-240 g, koji su putem oralne sonde primali doze od 1 000, 2 000 ili 4 000 mg BDE-209/kg telesne mase (tm) dan, tokom 28 dana. Životinje su tretirane u skladu sa odlukom Etičkog komiteta Vojnomedicinske akademije u Beogradu br. 9667-1/2011. Procena hepatotoksičnih efekata bazirana je na merenju relativne mase jetre, unosa vode i hrane, biohemijskih parametara funkcije jetre [aspartat aminotransferaza (AST), alanin amino-transferaza (ALT), alkalna fosfataza (ALP), gama glutamil transferaza (γ-GT)], parametara oksidativnog stresa u homogenatima jetre [malondialdehid (MDA), superoksid dizmutaza (SOD), -SH)] i morfoloških i histoloških promena na jetri. Za procenu odnosa interna doza - odgovor izračunavana je donja granica pouzdanosti granične Benchmark doze (BMDL) od 5% (BMDL5) ili 10% (BMDL10) primenom PROAST softvera. Rezultati. Koncentracije BDE-209 iznosile su 0,269, 0,569 i 0,859 mg/kg jetre nakon aplikacije 1 000, 2 000, odnosno 4 000 mg BDE-209/kg tm/dan. Interna doza u našoj studiji korelisala je sa eksternom dozom prema jednačini: interna doza (mg BDE-209/kg jetre) = 0,0002 ' eksterna doza (mg/kg tm/dan) + 0,0622 (r = 0,972; p lt 0,05). Hepatotoksičnost je potvrđena na osnovu nalaza o povećanju aktivnosti enzima AST i γ-GT, kao i stepena patohistološkog oštećenja jetre. Najniža BMDL5 u eksperimentu od 0,07228 mg BDE-209/kg jetre, koja koreliše sa eksternom dozom od 39 mg/kg tm/dan izračunata je za aktivnost AST i ukazuje na to da je aktivnost AST ujedno i najosetljiviji biomarker hepatotoksičnosti BDE-209 kod subakutno eksponovanih pacova. Zaključak. Rezultati prezentovane studije daju doprinos pitanju toksikološkog profila BDE-209 sa fokusom na odnos između interne doze i hepatotoksičnih efekata. Kritična interna doza za efekat na AST od 0,07 mg/kg jetre, koja koreliše sa eksternom dozom od 39 mg/kg tm/dan, jeste ujedno i najniža kritična doza do sada definisana za hepatotoksične efekte BDE-209. Kritičan efekat koji se bazira na dozi u ciljnom tkivu u većini slučajeva može se smatrati preciznije definisanim od kritičnog efekta definisanog na bazi oralno primenjene doze, naročito za nedegradabilne supstance sa niskim stepenom apsorpcije, kao što je BDE-209.