Suchergebnisse

Uključivanje javnosti u proces izrade propisa vrlo je važno i aktualno pitanje‎ upravne znanosti i prakse. Usprkos rastućem i sve rafiniranijem znanstvenom‎ interesu za temu participacije, kompleksno pitanje njezine djelotvornosti još‎ uvijek zaokuplja pažnju istraživača. Postojeća istraživanja prepoznaju potrebu‎ za uvažavanjem perspektiva uključenih aktera u procesu participacije te‎ ukazuju na postojanje različitih percepcija djelotvornosti participacije. Jedan‎ od najčešće korištenih instrumenata upravne participacije su savjetovanja s‎ javnošću. U Hrvatskoj su savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću (e-savjetovanja‎ od 2013.) relativno nov instrument participacije javnosti u donošenju‎ propisa i politika, koji nije šire analiziran. Svrha je ovog rada istražiti stavove‎ dviju kategorija aktera uključenih u proces e-savjetovanja – upravnih službenika‎ i zainteresirane javnosti (sudionika) – kako bi se odgovorilo na temeljno‎ istraživačko pitanje o razlici u percepciji djelotvornosti e-savjetovanja. Nalazi‎ istraživanja, prikupljeni metodama upitnika i intervjua, sugeriraju da se stavovi‎ službenika i sudionika značajno razlikuju u ocjeni razine utjecaja javnosti i‎ u detekciji glavnih problema provedbe e-savjetovanja, a umjereno u identificiranju‎ ciljeva e-savjetovanja.‎

Društvena okolina koja obuhvaća građane u širem smislu vrlo je heterogeno i dinamično područje okoline upravne organizacije. Njezino je značenje za funkcioniranje upravnih organizacija u stalnom porastu jer je suvremena javna uprava izložena sve snažnijim zahtjevima za uvažavanje mišljenja građana. Ovaj se rad bavi analiziranjem društvene okoline upravnih organizacija u Hrvatskoj na temelju analize obilježja sudionika e-savjetovanja kao neposredno zainteresiranih građana za sudjelovanje u izradi propisa i politika. Obilježja sudionika koja se analiziraju obuhvaćaju njihov broj, strukturu (vrsta sudionika) i vrstu komentara koje upućuju, a pokazatelji su intenziteta, stupnja organiziranosti i stupnja kompetentnosti relevantne društvene okoline upravnih organizacija. Empirijski su podaci prikupljeni metodom kvantitativne analize sadržaja izvješća o provedenim e-savjetovanjima od 2016. do 2018. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako obilježja društvene okoline ovise o organizacijskim faktorima – razini političko-upravnog sustava na kojoj djeluje organizacija te njezinoj vrsti i funkciji. Osim toga, pokazuje se povezanost između samih obilježja društvene okoline – organiziranosti i kompetentnosti. ; Social context, which refers to the public / citizens, is a very heterogeneous and dynamic area of administrative organizations' environment. Its relevance for the functioning of administrative organizations is constantly increasing in contemporary public administration due to expanding requirements for responsiveness towards citizens' preferences. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the social context of Croatian administrative organizations by analysing the characteristics of participants in e-consultations, i.e., the public involved in the process of policy formulation. Analysed characteristics include the number of participants, their structure (type of stakeholder,) and the type of comments they submit. These characteristics represent indicators of the intensity, organization degree, and the level of competence of the relevant social environment of administrative organizations. Empirical research encompassed quantitative content analysis of e-consultation reports in the period 2016-2018. The research findings suggest that the characteristics of social context are largely determined by organizational factors - the level of politico-administrative system, the type, and the function of an organization. In addition, it appears that the characteristics of social context (the level of organization and competence) are interrelated, too.

Participation has been a relevant issue in public administration research and theory for several decades, especially in old democracies. However, recent processes of globalization, Europeanization and digitalisation, coupled with diminishing citizens' trust in public institutions, have again made the concept of public participation topical. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical reflection on the concept and substance of participation in public administration and on research efforts. In order to do so, administrative participation is first defined and distinguished from other types of participation in modern democracies (political and civil participation). Participation in public administration encompasses the processes through which the public is directly involved in regulative and implementation functions of administrative organizations, as well as in the oversight of their functioning. The three main categories of participation in public administration are elaborated – regulative, implementing and oversight participation – together with some apparent forms (instruments) within each category. The main principles upon which administrative participation is based are also explained – transparency, openness, responsiveness and trust. The final part of the paper contains an overview of the existing research and evaluation of participation in public administration. The twofold value of participation – intrinsic and instrumental – is explained, its potential benefits and shortcomings are listed, and a distinction between the process and outcome dimension of participation is elaborated. Although the literature has become rather extensive and refined, one can conclude that unambiguous findings on the practical effects of participation are still deficient, especially with regard to its dependence on different contextual – especially organizational – variables. Therefore, some conceptual and methodological observations for further research are formulated.

Otvorenost javne uprave, koja uključuje njenu vidljivost i dostupnost građanima, ali i mogućnost sudjelovanja građana u donošenju odluka, formuliranju politika i propisa, jedno je od temeljnih načela europskoga upravnog prostora. Europska unija prepoznaje otvorenost kao jedno od temeljnih načela funkcioniranja institucija na europskoj razini te potiče zemlje članice i kandidatkinje na usvajanje i ostvarivanje otvorenosti u upravnoj praksi, uglavnom putem mehanizama mekog prava. U Hrvatskoj su procesi europeizacije započeli početkom 2000-ih, a u sklopu brojnih prilagodbi javne uprave, došlo je do napretka u ostvarivanju transparentnosti i otvorenosti javne uprave, posebno u završnim fazama procesa pristupanja u članstvo Europske unije. Pitanje otvorenosti javne uprave prepoznato je kao važan preventivni mehanizam unutar antikorupcijske politike, zbog čega je postalo dijelom europske politike kondicionalnosti. Premda su mehanizmi za ostvarivanje otvorenosti brojni, jedan od najčešćih su javne konzultacije ili savjetovanje sa zainteresiranom javnošću. Provođenje javnih konzultacija predmet je regulacije na europskoj razini. Praksa Europskog suda, preporuke Europske komisije i naglašavanje suradnje i razmjene dobre prakse, bez nametanja konkretnih obvezujućih pravila, upućuje na područje tzv. horizontalne europeizacije i dominaciju mekog prava. U Hrvatskoj je provođenje savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću regulirano prvenstveno Zakonom o pravu na pristup informacijama (NN 85/15) te drugim zakonima i propisima. U normativnom pogledu, napredak je ostvaren 2009. donošenjem Kodeksa savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću u postupcima donošenja zakona, drugih propisa i akata. U pogledu implementacije, međutim, napretka nije bilo sve do izmjena Zakona o pravu na pristup informacijama 2013. i ustanovljavanja institucionalnog mehanizma za provođenje zakonskih odredbi. Usprkos tome, provedbu savjetovanja obilježavaju brojne manjkavosti, posebice na lokalnoj i regionalnoj razini, te u slučaju širokog spektra zakonom definiranih tijela javne vlasti. ; Public administration openness is one of the basic principles of the European administrative space, including public administration visibility and accessibility to citizens, as well as possibility of citizens' involvement in decision making, formulation of policies and regulations. The European Union recognizes openness as a fundamental principle for the functioning of institutions at the European level, but also encourages member and candidate states to adopt and achieve openness in the practice of national administrative organizations, mainly through soft law mechanisms. Since the 2000's, the process of Europeanization has led to numerous adjustments of the Croatian public administration, including the implementation of the principle of transparency and openness, especially during the final stages of the accession process. The issue of public administration openness has been recognized as an important preventive mechanism within the anticorruption policy and has consequently become a part of the European policy of conditionality. Although the instruments for achieving openness are numerous, one of the most common are public consultations or consultations with interested public. Public consultations are regulated at the European level. The practice of the Court of Justice of the EU, the European Commission recommendations and promotion of cooperation and good practice exchange, without concrete binding rules, indicate that it is an area dominated by the so-called horizontal Europeanization and soft law. In Croatia, public consultations are primarily regulated by the Act on the Right to Access Public Information, but also by other laws and bylaws. Normative progress has been achieved in 2009 by issuing The Code of practice on consultation with the interested public in procedures of adopting laws, other regulations and acts. With respect to implementation, improvement has not been achieved before 2013 with amendments to the Act on the Right to Access Public Information, which introduced adequate institutional mechanism for the implementation process. However, the implementation of public consultations is still defective, particularly at the local and regional level, and in the case of the broad legal category of public authorities.

Transparency and openness are a key concern in contemporary democracies, at both the national and subnational level. Dissemination of public information is a prerequisite for citizens to exercise their individual and political rights. Transparency is also a prerequisite for accountability. The openness of public authorities to a dialogue with the citizenry has become a key ingredient of the democratic process. Citizens are able to take part in a shared responsibility for the decisions of public authorities. The paper presents an evaluation of the websites of 16 Croatian cities. The Transparency and Openness index, composed of four dimensions, and further developed through 13 components, has shown that cities still do not comply with transparency standards, even when those standards are legally prescribed. They are inclined to disclose 'light' information, which is not politically loaded and has no direct connection to the accountability mechanism.It is possible, however, to detect innovative leaders, who promote transparency and employ their websites accordingly. ; Transparentnost i otvorenost je glavna briga suvremenih demokracija, podjednako na nacionalnoj i subnacionalnoj razini. Širenje javnih informacija je preduvjet da bi građani mogli ostvariti svoja pojedinačna i politička prava. Transparentnost je također preduvjet za odgovornost. Otvorenost javnih vlasti dijalogu s građanima postala je ključni sastojak demokratskog procesa. Građani postaju sposobni preuzeti dio odgovornosti za odluke javnih vlasti. U radu se evaluiraju internetske stranice 16 hrvatskih gradova. Indeks transparentnosti i otvorenosti koji se sastoji od četiri dimenzije i 13 komponenti pokazuje da gradovi još nisu dosegli standarde transparentnosti čak i kad su ovi pravno propisani. Gradovi su skloni objavljivati manje važne informacije, koje nemaju političku težinu ni direktnu vezu s mehanizmom političke odgovornosti. Ipak, moguće je pronaći inovativne lokalne vođe koje promoviraju transparentnost i koriste gradske internetske stranice u tu svrhu.

This article explores the concept of open election data, as a specific type of institutional open data. Transparency of electoral procedures, as the most fundamental democratic process, is crucial for the legitimacy of democratic political systems. By providing detailed information on electoral processes in open formats for the re-use of the general public, open election data provide an additional democratic dimension for contemporary democracies. The aim of this article is to assess the state of open election data comparatively and in Croatia. The analytical findings suggest that the availability of open election data in most of the countries included is rather limited in scope, with significant cross-national and within-country variations. Numerous countries make only election results, political party and candidate registration lists and polling station information available in open formats, while other types of election data cannot be accessed in machine-readable forms.