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The article was published originally without an abstract.

The Ten Years' War was the one of the first important manifestations of the independent Cuban movement. The conflict lasted from October 1868 to February 1878. The year 1869 was the very beginning of the conflict Łepkowski's articles uses it as reference point to mark the first independence claims by the Cubans and to analyze the first conceptions of Cuban national identity. According to Łepkowski in 1869 there was no clear division between the Cubans and the Spanish. The sides of the conflict didn't strictly relate to the issue of nationality but rather to being loyal to the specific Spanish regime of that period. Moreover, outside of the rebel groups and Spanish and Cuban loyalists, there were significant numbers of people that did not sympathize with either side.

Łepkowski's article illustrates the change of language used to describe Mexican national identity. It all started in 1810 with the Mexican War of Independence, when the earliest forms of such expression were used for the first time. Mexican national identity was not developed at the time, so terms such as América Mexicana or Nación Americana were used. The people referred to themselves as Americanos. Only after Iturbide the name Mexican Empire was introduced because traditionally 'empires' are named after their capital cities. This led to abandonment of the "Americano" identit. Łepkowski also notes other transformations of what was considered key traits of Mexican national identity: religion, the form of government and finally the concept of nation.
English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski

Emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 correlates well with the emergence of post-revolution Mexican state. Different aspects of the relationship between these two countries are analyzed. Both immediately established a political relationship and engaged in economical and cultural exchange. A number of Polish citizens emigrated to Mexico. At the end of interwar period Poland turned into an authoritarian regime related to the "Sanacja" movement ("Colonels' Poland"), while Mexico was governed by General Cardenas. The portrayals of Mexico in Polish press were focused on social issues and anti-clericalism of Cardenas, while Mexican press discussed Poland in relation to international politics.