Suchergebnisse

The aim of the paper is an overview of urban planning ideas and factors affecting development of towns and cities in the western part of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Greater Poland, part of Pomerania, Kingdom of Poland, Galicia) that had a real impact on the quality of life of city dwellers in the period between the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian state (1795) and the World War One (1914). In the paper I deal mainly with the restructuring of the urban fabric in the towns and cities in question in the first half of the nineteenth century, which had a decisive impact on urban development before 1914. I analyse also the main selected urban planning elements that had the closest ties with the developmental factors: the process of creating tree-lined alleys, roads and boulevards, the creation of railway districts, the impact of the military factors on urban forms and the expansion of urban greenery. It is completed by conclusions, which also discuss the urban planning regulations. Some significant elements are not mentioned: the idea of garden cities or urban land incorporations, which pertained to peripheral areas and started to change the urban landscape often only in the last years of the period. The paper is based on the existing scholarly literature and the previous research of the author, and has a review-oriented and interpretational character. It results in a new attempt at a partial, though stretching beyond the partition borders, synthesis of the urban development in the Central Europe, or – as this region is often called in the Polish literature – the East-Central Europe.

Historic monuments were one of the vehicles of modern nation building in the nineteenth century. Their role could turn out to be even more exposed in an ethnically mixed territory of central and central-eastern Europe. For the turn of the twentieth-century Polish inhabitants of the capital of the Austrian crown land of Galicia, urban secular historic architecture proved to be such a key tool. The Old Town of Lviv, in itself witness of a centuries-old multi-ethnic and multi-cultural tradition, became the basis for a modern nation-building project, in which local and regional Polish character administrative bodies and social institutions were involved. The project relied on the strengthening of national identity among Lviv's inhabitants by means of securing the 'Polish character' of the Old Town, which amounted to reinventing it anew.

Military issues were deemed vital in the European politics of the nineteenth century. The aim of this article is to trace the most important implications of the 'military bias' of state authorities in the border region between the three empires (Germany, Russia and Austria – later the Austro-Hungarian Empire) which occupied the Central and Eastern part of the continent. Military authorities sometimes exercised a particularly strong influence upon urban policy. The two major issues addressed in this article are the fortifications (their creation, strengthening, and spatial development) which influenced urban sprawl – though perhaps not so much as is maintained in the scholarly literature – and the development of railways. The directions and tracks chosen for the railways were also influenced by the military plans, which in turn often differed much from the visions of the urban officials who made up the administration of the city.

Military issues were deemed vital in the European politics of the nineteenth century. The aim of this article is to trace the most important implications of the 'military bias' of state authorities in the border region between the three empires (Germany, Russia and Austria – later the Austro-Hungarian Empire) which occupied the Central and Eastern part of the continent. Military authorities sometimes exercised a particularly strong influence upon urban policy. The two major issues addressed in this article are the fortifications (their creation, strengthening, and spatial development) which influenced urban sprawl – though perhaps not so much as is maintained in the scholarly literature – and the development of railways. The directions and tracks chosen for the railways were also influenced by the military plans, which in turn often differed much from the visions of the urban officials who made up the administration of the city.

Military issues were deemed vital in the European politics of the nineteenth century. The aim of this article is to trace the most important implications of the 'military bias' of state authorities in the border region between the three empires (Germany, Russia and Austria – later the Austro-Hungarian Empire) which occupied the Central and Eastern part of the continent. Military authorities sometimes exercised a particularly strong influence upon urban policy. The two major issues addressed in this article are the fortifications (their creation, strengthening, and spatial development) which influenced urban sprawl – though perhaps not so much as is maintained in the scholarly literature – and the development of railways. The directions and tracks chosen for the railways were also influenced by the military plans, which in turn often differed much from the visions of the urban officials who made up the administration of the city. ; p. 191-290 ; 23 cm ; Military issues were deemed vital in the European politics of the nineteenth century. The aim of this article is to trace the most important implications of the 'military bias' of state authorities in the border region between the three empires (Germany, Russia and Austria – later the Austro-Hungarian Empire) which occupied the Central and Eastern part of the continent. Military authorities sometimes exercised a particularly strong influence upon urban policy. The two major issues addressed in this article are the fortifications (their creation, strengthening, and spatial development) which influenced urban sprawl – though perhaps not so much as is maintained in the scholarly literature – and the development of railways. The directions and tracks chosen for the railways were also influenced by the military plans, which in turn often differed much from the visions of the urban officials who made up the administration of the city. ; s. 191-290 ; 23 cm