Suchergebnisse

The meaning of citizenship is very difficult and problematic to define. It is ambigous to define because we have to also take into account psychological and sociological aspect. In the past citizenship was defined as connection between citizens and their countries. Nowadays we have a problem with it because the citizenship of the European Union is functioning. It is very problematic because European Union is an organization, not a country. Opponents of European Union says that citizenship of EU is very dangerous for nations. According to them the citizenship of EU may substitute citizenship of countries. That statement is untrue. EU citizenship thus complements national citizenship without replacing it. It results from judicature of the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland. The purpose of the article is the analysis of citizenship of EU and describing it. Besides, the authors want to explain other concepts connect with the meaning of citizenship of EU.

Poland has been in a phase of change since 2015. The constitutional system of the Third Republic is being restructured. The Judiciary, media, schools and universities are the main focus of attention. This restructure is being celebrated by the government as a renewal of the Polish state, but is being branded by the opposition as the destruction of the Polish Republic in favour of an illiberal democracy. In this already very difficult situation, Poland was confronted with the major challenges posed by a pandemic. What effects will the crisis have on the restructuring of the constitutional system? At present, it seems that the pandemic is acting as a catalyst for those changes. This book aims to provide an informed commentary on those developments and what they mean for the Third Polish Republic.