Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The variability of surface water temperature and water salinity at the south coast of the Baltic in the years 1950–2015 was studied in the article. To that aim, monthly surface water temperature values in Świnoujście, Międzyzdroje, Kołobrzeg (from 1957), Władysławowo, Hel and Gdynia were used, as well as monthly water salinity values in Międzyzdroje, Władysławowo, Hel and Gdynia, all obtained from IMGW-PIB (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute). Linear regression and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient of individual monthly, seasonal and annual series of temperature and salinity values over time (in subsequent years) were used to analyse the temporal changes of the examined parameters. In the analysed period a rise in the annual water temperature was recorded in Międzyzdroje, Władysławowo, Hel and Gdynia, while the extent of the changes increased towards the east. There were also positive trends in temperature values in individual months. At the same time, there was a decrease in water salinity, which was also found to be most distinct in the eastern part of the coast. In Władysławowo, Hel and Gdynia, statistically significant drops occurred in nearly all months. During the months featuring statistically insignificant trends, the observed change trends were also negative. Concurrent water temperature increases and water salinity decreases consequently caused a decline in sea water surface density at the Polish Baltic coast.

Abstract
An analysis has been made of the variability of temperature and precipitation at stations at Szczecin, Świnoujście, Resko and Kołobrzeg, as well as a study of river flows in the Ina and Rega Rivers in Goleniów, Resko and Trzebiatów, for the years 1955–2014. Data was provided by IMGW-PIB. Correlation and regression methods have been used in this work. Studies have shown that the average annual, spring and summer air temperature on Szczecin Seashore is rising. Precipitation totals remain basically unchanged. They grow a little in July in Świnoujście and in March in Szczecin. No significant changes in river flows occurred in the course of the examined sixty-year period. Flows in the Ina River rose slightly in February and they diminished in the Rega River in October in Resko and in May in Trzebiatów. Long-term variability of river flows is more strongly affected by the variability of precipitation totals than by the variability of air temperature. The variability of flows correlates most strongly with the variability of precipitation totals in March, April and November, while the influence of the preceding month's precipitation on river flows is evident in all the year.

Abstract
Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the Standardized Precipitation-Evaporation Index (SPEI), a metric of the climate-dependent water budget, in the Polish part of the southern Baltic coastal areas were analysed. The analyses were based on monthly NAO index values calculated by P.D. Jones, T. Jonsson, and D. Wheeler for 1951-2010 and on monthly temperatures and sums of precipitation in Szczecin, Ustka, and Elbląg used to calculate SPEI. No strong effects of NAO on the water budget could be demonstrated. Intensified air mass advection from the west was found to slightly reduce SPEI in the Polish coastal zone. In winter (particularly in February), the reduction was caused by the temperature increase during air mass advection from the west, which increases evaporation. In summer (mainly in August), the effect was due to the decreased sum of precipitation, the reduction, however, not being significant. Therefore, NAO effects on the water budget are considered weak and irregular.

Abstract
This paper aims to indicate the periods within the year that are most and least suited to outdoor recreation along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. The author indicates these periods based on the analysis of annual variability of several meteorological and bioclimatic parameters from the years 1981-2010 in Greifswald and Świnoujście, and from 1985 to 2010 in Hel and Gdynia. Passive recreation is favoured in July and the first half of August. The whole of the summer season has the most favourable conditions for active recreation. Good conditions frequently occur in May, and to a lesser degree in September. The advantages of May are that it has the highest sunshine duration and the lowest frequency of precipitation.

The aim of this article is to analyse the international legal and political process of reconciliation between Serbia and Kosovo in terms of its impact on the scope of development directions and strategies of the European Union countries as well as Russia and the USA. Particular emphasis was placed on the treatment of these issues in the light of the activities of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor's Office. The main theses assumed for the purposes of this article are as follows: firstly, that the policy of reconciliation between Serbia and Kosovo is multidimensional, including the necessity of the process of international criminal liability for the crimes committed by both states, while at the same time influencing the dilemmas of the development directions of individual European countries, but also of the European Union and the United States. In addition, the legal and political stabilization of the Balkan region, especially in the context of relations between Kosovo and Serbia, and the possibility of cooperation with these states as part of intergovernmental international organizations, is strategically extremely important for the EU, the USA, as well as for Russia. The Author critically analyses issues using polemics with the standpoint presented in the doctrine of the subject as well as interpreting selected instruments of international law and Kosovo's national law. The deliberations resulted in conclusions as to the determinants in terms of the directions of the legal and political development of the EU and Russia resulting from the complicated process of reconciliation and mutual settlement of sins by Serbia and Kosovo.

Problematyka zakresu i zobowiązań pozytywnych dla państw stron Amerykańskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka na tle klauzuli derogacyjnej zawartej w jej art. 27 z kilku względów jest niezwykle istotna dla właściwego zrozumienia natury instytucji derogacji. Przede wszystkim, "amerykańska" klauzula derogacyjna różni się w swej treści od podobnych klauzul występujących w innych traktatach międzynarodowej ochrony praw człowieka, ważna jest zatem analiza orzecznictwa Międzyamerykańskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w kontekście rozpatrywania przez ten organ skarg indywidualnych dotyczących stosowania środków derogacyjnych.
Kluczowym zagadnieniem poruszonym w niniejszym artykule jest aspekt derogacji praw dziecka w amerykańskim systemie ochrony praw człowieka. Amerykańska Konwencja Praw Człowieka odnosi się bezpośrednio do ochrony praw dziecka i praw rodziny w sytuacji nadzwyczajnej. Ponadto, wykładnia poczyniona przez Międzyamerykański Trybunał Praw Człowieka pozwala na wyprowadzenie w tejże materii interesujących wniosków w zakresie gwarancji na rzecz dzieci znajdujących się w sytuacji nadzwyczajnych, nierzadko odmiennych od interpretacji dokonywanej w toku rozpatrywania podobnvch skarg przez Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka.