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AbstractThis study investigates the role of entrepreneurial knowledge on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in a sample of 190 middle‐level managers by extending the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Findings indicate that entrepreneurial knowledge has a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention (EI), whereas personal attitude (PA) and personal behavioural control (PBC) mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial knowledge and intention. Findings also indicate that the third construct of TPB, namely social norm, moderates the mediating role of the indirect intention effect of entrepreneurial knowledge through PA and PBC differently. Together, the findings suggest several directions for managers and organizations, as well as policy‐makers, who are responsible for creating more productive and innovative entrepreneurial ventures.

As the work environment is changing rapidly, organizations need more adaptable employees who can work creatively, learn new skills and adapt to diverse social contexts and novel environments. Individual differences such as prior experience and self-efficacy have been extensively examined as predictors of adaptive performance. In contrast, the role of cultural intelligence in promoting adaptive performance has been overlooked. The primary goal of this study was to examine cultural intelligence that may account for adaptive performance beyond prior experience and self-efficacy. Moreover, we examined the moderating role of self-efficacy in terms of the relationship between cultural intelligence and adaptive performance. We tested our hypothesis with multisource data in a sample of 132 military personnel assigned in a multinational military organization. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that cultural intelligence, together with self-efficacy and prior experience, was important predictors of adaptive performance. Specifically, cultural intelligence explained additional variance in adaptive performance over and above that of prior experience and self-efficacy. These findings suggested the importance of cultural intelligence as a critical predictor of adaptive performance in multicultural contexts.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of leaders' Theory X and Y managerial assumptions on subordinates' attitudes and behaviors.Design/methodology/approach– Military leaders (n=50) completed a questionnaire with Theory X and Y scale and their subordinates (n=150) completed a questionnaire with the scales of satisfaction with leader, affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. The paper used hierarchical linear modeling to test the hypotheses.Findings– The results indicated that the Theory Y management style is significantly and positively associated with subordinates' satisfaction with the leader, affective commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Theory X management style had a significantly negative impact on subordinates' satisfaction with the leader, but no significant impact on affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. The findings of the present study suggest that the Theory X and Y managerial assumptions are a worthwhile basis from which to examine several important organizational and individual outcomes.Research limitations/implications– The sample consisted of military personnel and were predominantly male. This may limit the generalizability of the findings.Practical implications– The findings of the present study suggest that the Theory X and Y managerial assumptions are a worthwhile basis from which to examine several important organizational and individual outcomes.Originality/value– Although McGregor's (1960) Theory X and Y have contributed to management and leadership thinking and practice for many years; empirical studies examining the Theory X and Y managerial assumptions in a work environment are very scarce. By examining the effect of leader's Theory X and Y managerial assumptions on follower's attitudes and behaviors, the study provides important insights for leadership literature.

AbstractThree studies examine the utility and validity of the Turkish version of the leader apology measure using organizational samples from several industries. Study 1 (N = 263) indicated that four distinct and internally consistent factors shaped employee response to the leader apology measure. The proposed four‐factor structure of leader apology was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (N = 207). Leader apology measure was positively associated with authentic leadership, employees' organizational identification, and work engagement. Study 3 (N = 166) provided concurrent evidence that leader apology is positively associated with follower job satisfaction, and transformational leadership mediates this relationship. The results suggest that manager–employee relationships may benefit from leader apology.