Suchergebnisse

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render‐paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layersdhave already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the givensdvalue might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of thesdvalue is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. It has also been determined that the increase of thesdvalue forms the pre‐conditions for the increased moisture amount under service conditions caused by water diffusion and condensation. The experiments revealed that, under Lithuanian climatic conditions, in the exploited building walls thesdvalue of the exterior layer of the thin render should makesd<0,5 m andsd<0,6 m in the paint coating. Išorinės apdailos garinės varžos įtaka pastatų sienų drėgnumui Santrauka.Pastaruoju metu projektuojant iš išorės mineralinės vatos plokštėmis apšiltintas sienas su dažyto plonasluoksnio tinko apdaila, vis dažniau atsiranda defektų dėl atitvarose susikaupiančios kondensacinės drėgmės. Išorinės apdailos (dažų) vandens garų laidumas, palyginti su mineralinės vatos plokštės vandens garų laidumu, yra mažas, todėl dažų sluoksnis gali tapti barjeru vandens garų difuzijai ir sudaryti prielaidas drėgmei kauptis išoriniuose atitvaros sluoksniuose šaltuoju metų laiku. Bandant pašalinti atsiradusius defektus, paprastai išorės paviršius yra perdažomas, paliekant senų dažų sluoksnį, nes tinkas yra plonas ir mechaniškai lengvai pažeidžiamas. Dėl šios priežasties plonasluoksnio tinko paviršiaus perdažymas yra susijęs su: 1) paviršinio sluoksnio garinės varžos didinimu; 2) kondensacijos intensyvumo padidėjimu išoriniuose atitvaros sluoksniuose drėgmės kaupimo laikotarpiu; 3) sistemos tinku – dažais ilgaamžiškumui mažinti. Jau išorinio atitvaros sluoksnio sd apribojimai rekomenduojami taikyti Europos Sąjungos valstybėse. Drėgmę kauptis sienos viduje skatina vietovės klimatas, todėl reikia nustatyti, ar šios sd verčių rekomendacijos tinka Lietuvoje eksploatuojamų pastatų sienų išoriniams sluoksniams. Tam buvo atlikti atitvaros drėgminės būklės skaičiavimai ir laboratoriniai tyrimai. Šiame darbe išanalizuota išorinių sienos sluoksnių garų laidumo savybių įtaka atitvaros drėgnumui. Nustatyta, kad šios sd vertės didėjimas neproporcingas dažų sluoksnių skaičiui ar dažų dangos storiui. Taip pat nustatyta, kad išorinių apdailos sluoksnių sd vertės didinimas sudaro prielaidas šių sluoksnių padidintam drėgniui eksploatacijos sąlygomis atsirasti dėl vandens garų difuzijos ir kondensacijos reiškinių. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad Lietuvos klimato sąlygomis eksploatuojamų pastatų sienų plonasluoksnio tinko sluoksnio sd vertė turi būti sd < 0,5 m, o dažų dangos sd < 0,6 m. Reikšminiai žodžiai: dažytas plonasluoksnis tinkas, išorinio apšiltinimo sistemos, vandens garų laidumas, santykinė garinė sluoksnio varža, lygiavertis medžiagos vandens garų laidumui oro sluoksnio storis, drėgnumas. First Published Online: 21 Oct 2010

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render‐paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layersdhave already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the givensdvalue might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of thesdvalue is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. It has also been determined that the increase of thesdvalue forms the pre‐conditions for the increased moisture amount under service conditions caused by water diffusion and condensation. The experiments revealed that, under Lithuanian climatic conditions, in the exploited building walls thesdvalue of the exterior layer of the thin render should makesd<0,5 m andsd<0,6 m in the paint coating. Išorinės apdailos garinės varžos įtaka pastatų sienų drėgnumui Santrauka Pastaruoju metu projektuojant iš išorės mineralinės vatos plokštėmis apšiltintas sienas su dažyto plonasluoksnio tinko apdaila, vis dažniau atsiranda defektų dėl atitvarose susikaupiančios kondensacinės drėgmės. Išorinės apdailos (dažų) vandens garų laidumas, palyginti su mineralinės vatos plokštės vandens garų laidumu, yra mažas, todėl dažų sluoksnis gali tapti barjeru vandens garų difuzijai ir sudaryti prielaidas drėgmei kauptis išoriniuose atitvaros sluoksniuose šaltuoju metų laiku. Bandant pašalinti atsiradusius defektus, paprastai išorės paviršius yra perdažomas, paliekant senų dažų sluoksnį, nes tinkas yra plonas ir mechaniškai lengvai pažeidžiamas. Dėl šios priežasties plonasluoksnio tinko paviršiaus perdažymas yra susijęs su: 1) paviršinio sluoksnio garinės varžos didinimu; 2) kondensacijos intensyvumo padidėjimu išoriniuose atitvaros sluoksniuose drėgmės kaupimo laikotarpiu; 3) sistemos tinku – dažais ilgaamžiškumui mažinti. Jau išorinio atitvaros sluoksnio sd apribojimai rekomenduojami taikyti Europos Sąjungos valstybėse. Drėgmę kauptis sienos viduje skatina vietovės klimatas, todėl reikia nustatyti, ar šios sd verčių rekomendacijos tinka Lietuvoje eksploatuojamų pastatų sienų išoriniams sluoksniams. Tam buvo atlikti atitvaros drėgminės būklės skaičiavimai ir laboratoriniai tyrimai. Šiame darbe išanalizuota išorinių sienos sluoksnių garų laidumo savybių įtaka atitvaros drėgnumui. Nustatyta, kad šios sd vertės didėjimas neproporcingas dažų sluoksnių skaičiui ar dažų dangos storiui. Taip pat nustatyta, kad išorinių apdailos sluoksnių sd vertės didinimas sudaro prielaidas šių sluoksnių padidintam drėgniui eksploatacijos sąlygomis atsirasti dėl vandens garų difuzijos ir kondensacijos reiškinių. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad Lietuvos klimato sąlygomis eksploatuojamų pastatų sienų plonasluoksnio tinko sluoksnio sd vertė turi būti sd < 0,5 m, o dažų dangos sd < 0,6 m. First Published Online: 21 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai: dažytas plonasluoksnis tinkas, išorinio apšiltinimo sistemos, vandens garų laidumas, santykinė garinė sluoksnio varža, lygiavertis medžiagos vandens garų laidumui oro sluoksnio storis, drėgnumas.

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

At present, when the building walls covered with a painted thin render are insulated by the mineral wool slabs from outside, the defects caused by the condensed moisture accumulated in the envelopes become more and more frequent. Water vapour permeability of the exterior finish (ie the paint), if compared with the water vapour permeability of the mineral wool slab, is rather small. That is why the paint coating may become the barrier for the water vapour diffusion and thus create favourable conditions for moisture accumulation in the exterior layers of the envelope during cold seasons. As a rule, to eliminate the defects, the exterior surface is repainted on the former paint coating because the render is thin and mechanically easily damaged. Repainting the thin render surface causes the following: 1) an increase of the exterior coating's vapour resistance; 2) a growth of the condensation intensity in the envelope exterior layers during the of moisture accumulation; 3) a decrease of the durability of the render-paint system. The restrictions for the envelope exterior layer sd have already been recommended to employ in the European Union. Since moisture accumulation inside the wall is determined by the local climate, it is important to find out whether the recommendations concerning the given sd value might be applied for the exterior layers of the building walls in Lithuania. To find it out, the calculations of the envelope state and laboratory experiments have been carried out. The paper aims at the analysis of the impact of vapour permeability and its properties in the exterior layers of the wall on the envelope moisture state. It has been determined that the increase of the sd value is disproportionate to the number of the paint layers or the thickness of the paint coating. [.]

Following a new climate and energy plan, the European Union (EU) gives big attention to energy savings. The overall assessment of energy saving measures is very important. Thus, it is crucial to estimate in a proper way the primary energy factor, which is used in calculations of primary energy consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The conduced studies of the literature and national regulations showed that different methods to determine energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the primary energy factors of energy from photovoltaics and determine the average value. To achieve this aim, the data of 30 photovoltaic systems from Lithuania were analyzed. The results show a 35% diversification in the values of non-renewable primary energy factor, depending on the PV systems' capacities, with the average on a level of 1.038.

Following a new climate and energy plan, the European Union (EU) gives big attention to energy savings. The overall assessment of energy saving measures is very important. Thus, it is crucial to estimate in a proper way the primary energy factor, which is used in calculations of primary energy consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The conduced studies of the literature and national regulations showed that different methods to determine energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the primary energy factors of energy from photovoltaics and determine the average value. To achieve this aim, the data of 30 photovoltaic systems from Lithuania were analyzed. The results show a 35% diversification in the values of non-renewable primary energy factor, depending on the PV systems' capacities, with the average on a level of 1.038.

Following a new climate and energy plan, the European Union (EU) gives big attention to energy savings. The overall assessment of energy saving measures is very important. Thus, it is crucial to estimate in a proper way the primary energy factor, which is used in calculations of primary energy consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The conduced studies of the literature and national regulations showed that different methods to determine energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the primary energy factors of energy from photovoltaics and determine the average value. To achieve this aim, the data of 30 photovoltaic systems from Lithuania were analyzed. The results show a 35% diversification in the values of non-renewable primary energy factor, depending on the PV systems' capacities, with the average on a level of 1.038.

Following a new climate and energy plan, the European Union (EU) gives big attention to energy savings. The overall assessment of energy saving measures is very important. Thus, it is crucial to estimate in a proper way the primary energy factor, which is used in calculations of primary energy consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources in a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB). The conduced studies of the literature and national regulations showed that different methods to determine energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are used. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the primary energy factors of energy from photovoltaics and determine the average value. To achieve this aim, the data of 30 photovoltaic systems from Lithuania were analyzed. The results show a 35% diversification in the values of non-renewable primary energy factor, depending on the PV systems' capacities, with the average on a level of 1.038.

Energy saving has become one of the foremost priorities in the European Union and a great deal of attention is directed towards the sector of sustainable building. However, the EU members that have an extensive Soviet heritage now face a great difficulty in reducing energy consumption. Since many apartment buildings are in especially poor thermal condition, and the heat supply infrastructure is morally and physically outdated, energy consumption for heating is significant. The modernization (renovation) of such old buildings is impeded not only by legal and technical factors, but also financial and social aspects in regard to the residents. Thus, this paper provides new model of investments and modernization of apartment buildings on the basis of the calculation of energy input per one degree-day of the heated floor area. The presented degree-days calculation method enables the calculation and inter-comparison of data gathered in all European Union member states without taking into account specific climate parameters of each.