Suchergebnisse

The article analyses the grand-ducal demesne pledges in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1502 to 1522 and the influence of this type of borrowing on the Lithuanian treasury. In the early sixteenth century, grand-ducal pledges were an essential source for financing the war effort in Lithuania. The pledge deeds reveal that at least 58,576.5 sexagenas of Lithuanian groschen were borrowed under grand-ducal demesne pledge deeds in the analysed period. The pledging intensified shortly before and during the Sejms of 1516 and 1518. Almost the entire debt was owned by the members of the Council of Lords and the highest Lithuanian dignitaries, with the leading magnate families at the forefront. Most of this debt was relieved by the Council of Lords.

Ruling of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced significant changes in terms of the education of its members in mid-Sixteenth to mid-Seventeenth centuries. From 1550's-1560s peregrinations – educational trips to mostly German and Italian academies became more popular. From 186 persons who held highest temporal executive offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 76 – 40.8% form the entire group were matriculated in a least one academy. In terms of geographical distribution academies in German lands were most often attended (51 matriculations from the surveyed group), and tehy are followerd by Italian academies (41 matriculations). Within the ranks of the surveyed group two educational models are observed: magnate and service nobility educational models, which differ in their social function. There is no dirrect correlation between better or worse education, or the fact of completion of a peregrination and later succesful political career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because a succesful political career was caused by more factors than just education. uirther reproduction of the ruling elite by sending their offspring to academies does not equate with social mobility due to education, but more likely it means the safety of their future social status. The main institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (chancellary, treasury), encouraged the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to perform peregrinations and attend academies due to the needs of these institutions to be provided with educated and qualified staff.

Ruling of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced significant changes in terms of the education of its members in mid-Sixteenth to mid-Seventeenth centuries. From 1550's-1560s peregrinations – educational trips to mostly German and Italian academies became more popular. From 186 persons who held highest temporal executive offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 76 – 40.8% form the entire group were matriculated in a least one academy. In terms of geographical distribution academies in German lands were most often attended (51 matriculations from the surveyed group), and tehy are followerd by Italian academies (41 matriculations). Within the ranks of the surveyed group two educational models are observed: magnate and service nobility educational models, which differ in their social function. There is no dirrect correlation between better or worse education, or the fact of completion of a peregrination and later succesful political career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because a succesful political career was caused by more factors than just education. uirther reproduction of the ruling elite by sending their offspring to academies does not equate with social mobility due to education, but more likely it means the safety of their future social status. The main institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (chancellary, treasury), encouraged the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to perform peregrinations and attend academies due to the needs of these institutions to be provided with educated and qualified staff.

Ruling of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced significant changes in terms of the education of its members in mid-Sixteenth to mid-Seventeenth centuries. From 1550's-1560s peregrinations – educational trips to mostly German and Italian academies became more popular. From 186 persons who held highest temporal executive offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 76 – 40.8% form the entire group were matriculated in a least one academy. In terms of geographical distribution academies in German lands were most often attended (51 matriculations from the surveyed group), and tehy are followerd by Italian academies (41 matriculations). Within the ranks of the surveyed group two educational models are observed: magnate and service nobility educational models, which differ in their social function. There is no dirrect correlation between better or worse education, or the fact of completion of a peregrination and later succesful political career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because a succesful political career was caused by more factors than just education. uirther reproduction of the ruling elite by sending their offspring to academies does not equate with social mobility due to education, but more likely it means the safety of their future social status. The main institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (chancellary, treasury), encouraged the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to perform peregrinations and attend academies due to the needs of these institutions to be provided with educated and qualified staff.

Ruling of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced significant changes in terms of the education of its members in mid-Sixteenth to mid-Seventeenth centuries. From 1550's-1560s peregrinations – educational trips to mostly German and Italian academies became more popular. From 186 persons who held highest temporal executive offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 76 – 40.8% form the entire group were matriculated in a least one academy. In terms of geographical distribution academies in German lands were most often attended (51 matriculations from the surveyed group), and tehy are followerd by Italian academies (41 matriculations). Within the ranks of the surveyed group two educational models are observed: magnate and service nobility educational models, which differ in their social function. There is no dirrect correlation between better or worse education, or the fact of completion of a peregrination and later succesful political career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because a succesful political career was caused by more factors than just education. uirther reproduction of the ruling elite by sending their offspring to academies does not equate with social mobility due to education, but more likely it means the safety of their future social status. The main institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (chancellary, treasury), encouraged the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to perform peregrinations and attend academies due to the needs of these institutions to be provided with educated and qualified staff.

Ruling of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced significant changes in terms of the education of its members in mid-Sixteenth to mid-Seventeenth centuries. From 1550's-1560s peregrinations – educational trips to mostly German and Italian academies became more popular. From 186 persons who held highest temporal executive offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 76 – 40.8% form the entire group were matriculated in a least one academy. In terms of geographical distribution academies in German lands were most often attended (51 matriculations from the surveyed group), and tehy are followerd by Italian academies (41 matriculations). Within the ranks of the surveyed group two educational models are observed: magnate and service nobility educational models, which differ in their social function. There is no dirrect correlation between better or worse education, or the fact of completion of a peregrination and later succesful political career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because a succesful political career was caused by more factors than just education. uirther reproduction of the ruling elite by sending their offspring to academies does not equate with social mobility due to education, but more likely it means the safety of their future social status. The main institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (chancellary, treasury), encouraged the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to perform peregrinations and attend academies due to the needs of these institutions to be provided with educated and qualified staff.

Ruling of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania experienced significant changes in terms of the education of its members in mid-Sixteenth to mid-Seventeenth centuries. From 1550's-1560s peregrinations – educational trips to mostly German and Italian academies became more popular. From 186 persons who held highest temporal executive offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 76 – 40.8% form the entire group were matriculated in a least one academy. In terms of geographical distribution academies in German lands were most often attended (51 matriculations from the surveyed group), and tehy are followerd by Italian academies (41 matriculations). Within the ranks of the surveyed group two educational models are observed: magnate and service nobility educational models, which differ in their social function. There is no dirrect correlation between better or worse education, or the fact of completion of a peregrination and later succesful political career in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, because a succesful political career was caused by more factors than just education. uirther reproduction of the ruling elite by sending their offspring to academies does not equate with social mobility due to education, but more likely it means the safety of their future social status. The main institutions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (chancellary, treasury), encouraged the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to perform peregrinations and attend academies due to the needs of these institutions to be provided with educated and qualified staff.

The research object of this thesis is the court ant the clientage (client system) of duke, bishop of Lutsk (1507-1536) and Vilnius (1536-1555) Paul of Holshany. The aim of this research is to identify the status of courtiers and clients of Paulo f Holshany in the context of social structure of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). After reviewing newest historiographical positions on the subject of social structure of 16th century GDL, we have identified 4 different spheres of patronage (personal patronage, regional patronage, political patronage (clientage proper), and institutional patronage), which have been researched by other historians and therefore we have divided our work accordingly. This thesis begins with (review of sources and theoretical framework of patron-client relations). Main body of this work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to identifying the courtiers and members of the court of Paul of Holshany and the problems of the everyday existence of this institution. The second chapter is dedicated to the problems of regional patronage in the main landholdings of the duke-bishop – Volpa, Holshany and Punia. Third chapter is dedicated to the clientage proper – political clients of Paul of Holshany and the political influence he had in the GDL. The Fourth chapter explores the system of clientage that Paul of Holshany created in his main sphere of work – the Catholic Church. We dedicate this chapter to identify the church – clients in the cathedral chapters of Lutsk and Vilnius. Fifth chapter explores the dispersion of the clientage of Paul of Holshany after the death of the patron in 1555. We end this thesis with conclusions. Also we add a prosopography of the courtiers and the clients of Paul of Holshany, the list of land privileges given by Paul of Holshany, or given with after request by the grand dukes after the bishop-duke's request, and the list of courtiers, of Paul of Holshany.

The research object of this thesis is the court ant the clientage (client system) of duke, bishop of Lutsk (1507-1536) and Vilnius (1536-1555) Paul of Holshany. The aim of this research is to identify the status of courtiers and clients of Paulo f Holshany in the context of social structure of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). After reviewing newest historiographical positions on the subject of social structure of 16th century GDL, we have identified 4 different spheres of patronage (personal patronage, regional patronage, political patronage (clientage proper), and institutional patronage), which have been researched by other historians and therefore we have divided our work accordingly. This thesis begins with (review of sources and theoretical framework of patron-client relations). Main body of this work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to identifying the courtiers and members of the court of Paul of Holshany and the problems of the everyday existence of this institution. The second chapter is dedicated to the problems of regional patronage in the main landholdings of the duke-bishop – Volpa, Holshany and Punia. Third chapter is dedicated to the clientage proper – political clients of Paul of Holshany and the political influence he had in the GDL. The Fourth chapter explores the system of clientage that Paul of Holshany created in his main sphere of work – the Catholic Church. We dedicate this chapter to identify the church – clients in the cathedral chapters of Lutsk and Vilnius. Fifth chapter explores the dispersion of the clientage of Paul of Holshany after the death of the patron in 1555. We end this thesis with conclusions. Also we add a prosopography of the courtiers and the clients of Paul of Holshany, the list of land privileges given by Paul of Holshany, or given with after request by the grand dukes after the bishop-duke's request, and the list of courtiers, of Paul of Holshany.

The research object of this thesis is the court ant the clientage (client system) of duke, bishop of Lutsk (1507-1536) and Vilnius (1536-1555) Paul of Holshany. The aim of this research is to identify the status of courtiers and clients of Paulo f Holshany in the context of social structure of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). After reviewing newest historiographical positions on the subject of social structure of 16th century GDL, we have identified 4 different spheres of patronage (personal patronage, regional patronage, political patronage (clientage proper), and institutional patronage), which have been researched by other historians and therefore we have divided our work accordingly. This thesis begins with (review of sources and theoretical framework of patron-client relations). Main body of this work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to identifying the courtiers and members of the court of Paul of Holshany and the problems of the everyday existence of this institution. The second chapter is dedicated to the problems of regional patronage in the main landholdings of the duke-bishop – Volpa, Holshany and Punia. Third chapter is dedicated to the clientage proper – political clients of Paul of Holshany and the political influence he had in the GDL. The Fourth chapter explores the system of clientage that Paul of Holshany created in his main sphere of work – the Catholic Church. We dedicate this chapter to identify the church – clients in the cathedral chapters of Lutsk and Vilnius. Fifth chapter explores the dispersion of the clientage of Paul of Holshany after the death of the patron in 1555. We end this thesis with conclusions. Also we add a prosopography of the courtiers and the clients of Paul of Holshany, the list of land privileges given by Paul of Holshany, or given with after request by the grand dukes after the bishop-duke's request, and the list of courtiers, of Paul of Holshany.