Suchergebnisse

Animal diseases have always heavily influenced human health, animal production and international trade. However, not until the second half of the past century were research efforts directed towards an interdisciplinary approach to this issue, thus creating new disciplines such as animal health economics, veterinary public health and preventive veterinary medicine. In this paper, the authors review the development of current veterinary control approaches and their achievements and deficiencies with special emphasis on infectious, emerging, zoonotic and transboundary diseases. Further on, we evaluate economic, social and political consequences of animal diseases that have occurred during the recent epidemics. In our conclusion, we evaluate/predict future challenges and the needs for new approaches to research the methods of animal disease control. Key words: animal diseases, influences, control, interdisciplinarity ; Bolesti životinja su oduvijek imale ogroman utjecaj na zdravlje ljudi, stočarsku proizvodnju i međunarodnu trgovinu. Međutim, tek u drugoj polovici prošlog stoljeća dolazi do usmjeravanja istraživačkih interesa prema interdisciplinarnim pristupima ovoj problematici, te se razvijaju nove discipline kao što su ekonomika zdravlja životinja, veterinarsko javno zdravstvo i preventivna veterinarska medicina. U ovom radu se razmatra dosadašnji razvoj veterinarskih kontrolnih pristupa, njihova postignuća i nedostaci s posebnim osvrtom na infektivne, novobitne, zoonotske i brzoširuće bolesti. Nadalje, evaluiraju se ekonomske, socijalne i političke posljedice usljed bolesti životinja u recentnim epidemijama. U zaključnim razmatranjima se evaluiraju/predviđaju budući izazovi i potrebe za novim pristupima u istraživanju metoda kontrole bolesti životinja. Ključne riječi: bolesti životinja, utjecaj, kontrola, interdisciplinarnost

The current animal health situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires the prioritization of diseases for the application of control measures. One of the diseases requiring high priority is brucellosis of ruminants. Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease and one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Brucellosis has been recognized during the past five decades as an important infectious disease in ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Control and eradication of brucellosis in animals is based on test and slaughter control policy. When the existing brucellosis control program was instituted, the veterinary and animal production sector was almost exclusively owned by the government, an arrangement that promoted compliance with the program and resulted in the successful control of the disease. This paper provides an overview of the current institutional and legislative framework for brucellosis control including the laboratory detection system and the epidemiological status of brucellosis in ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Relevant data were collected during the period spanning from the beginning of 2001 until the middle of 2007. Data we collected reveal an increase in the number of reported outbreaks in ruminants as well as a related increase in the number of human cases. This has brought serious consequences to public health, animal health and production and international trade.

The current animal health situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires the prioritization of diseases for the application of control measures. One of the diseases requiring high priority is brucellosis of ruminants. Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease and one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Brucellosis has been recognized during the past five decades as an important infectious disease in ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Control and eradication of brucellosis in animals is based on test and slaughter control policy. When the existing brucellosis control program was instituted, the veterinary and animal production sector was almost exclusively owned by the government, an arrangement that promoted compliance with the program and resulted in the successful control of the disease.

This review focuses on the historical and current status of the disease in the 23 countries with coastlines along the Mediterranean. This work is mainly based on information collected and provided by local authorities, governmental bodies and National Reference Laboratories for Brucellosis, as well as national experts in each country. Expected in September 2019. Preface: Brucellosis is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean Basin but accurate epidemiological data are not available for most of the area's countries, despite several national and international surveys. This is the first publication to compiles and describe the historical and current status of brucellosis in all Mediterranean countries. Thirty-five national experts from 22 institutes have contributed to summarising the past and present situations in relation to the disease as well as the perspectives of the 23 countries (on the Mediterranean coastline). The information in this book is based on national and international studies and data published for each country, and focuses on the key elements of successful control programmes and their ongoing challenges and the reasons for persistent epidemics. Based on this information, it is apparent that brucellosis still poses a significant threat in the Mediterranean. The consumption of unpasteurised milk and milk products being the main risk factor for human infection. Brucella melitensis bv 3 and B. abortus bv 1 are the Brucella spp. most frequently recovered from humans and livestock. While B. suis bv 2 is predominantly found in those European countries surrounding the Mediterranean, and B. suis is scarce in Afro–Asian countries due to religious and social preferences. Further biovars have been sporadically isolated in Croatia and Turkey. B. canis has been detected by serological tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in sporadic cases among the dog populations of Greece, Italy, Montenegro and Turkey. While B. melitensis is able to cross species barriers and has established permanent reservoirs in cattle and bovines in Albania, Egypt, France, Israel, Italy and Turkey. Marine Brucella species have only been found in Croatia, France, Italy and Spain. B. ovis, moreover, has been detected in Croatia, Greece, Italy, Slovenia and Spain and should therefore be included in future surveillance programmes in the Mediterranean region. A test-and-slaughter strategy accompanied by vaccination with B. abortus RB51 and S19 for cattle and buffaloes and 'reduced doses' of B. melitensis Rev.1 for small ruminants succeeded in reducing brucellosis prevalence in regions of Spain and France with previously high prevalence. With the exception of a few European countries, the part of the budget dedicated to veterinary medicine that is allocated to the control and eradication of brucellosis is small. Biosafety and biosecurity measures are negligible, control of the trans-border movement of diseased animals is insufficient and there is still significant room for improvement in the collaboration between human and veterinary medicines ; Le diagnostic et le contrôle de la brucellose restent des défis. L'objectif de cette mise au point est de résumer le statut historique et actuel de la maladie dans les 23 pays du littoral méditerranéen. Les informations présentées ici proviennent de données collectées par les autorités locales, les instances gouvernementales et les Laboratoires Nationaux de Référence pour la Brucellose et auprès d'experts nationaux de chaque pays. Prévu en septembre 2019. ; Esta revisión se centra en la situación histórica y actual de la enfermedad en los 23 países limítrofes con el mar Mediterráneo, y se basa principalmente en la información recopilada y proporcionada por las autoridades locales, los organismos gubernamentales y los laboratorios de referencia nacionales para la brucelosis, así como por los expertos de cada país reconocidos a nivel nacional. Previsto en septiembre 2019.

The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min-max: 1-13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.

The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002. A CP was defined as surveillance and/or intervention strategies designed to lower the incidence, prevalence, mortality or prove freedom from a specific disease in a region or country. Passive surveillance, and active surveillance of breeding bulls under Council Directive 88/407/EEC were not considered as CPs. A questionnaire was designed to obtain country-specific information about CPs for each disease. Animal health experts from 33 European countries completed the questionnaire. Overall, there are 23 diseases for which a CP exists in one or more of the countries studied. The diseases for which CPs exist in the highest number of countries are enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea and anthrax (CPs reported by between 16 and 31 countries). Every participating country has on average, 6 CPs (min–max: 1–13) in place. Most programmes are implemented at a national level (86%) and are applied to both dairy and non-dairy cattle (75%). Approximately one-third of the CPs are voluntary, and the funding structure is divided between government and private resources. Countries that have eradicated diseases like enzootic bovine leukosis, bluetongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhoea have implemented CPs for other diseases to further improve the health status of cattle in their country. The control of non-EU regulated cattle diseases is very heterogenous in Europe. Therefore, the standardising of the outputs of these programmes to enable comparison represents a challenge.