Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe article analyses attitudes of the Lithuanian nobility towards the inheritance of the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Commonwealth) in the period of the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Thorough analysis of historiography and research of narrative sources amplifies the position of the Lithuanian nobility towards the issue of inheritance of the throne of the Commonwealth as it was reflected in the political literature of 1787-1789 period. Analysis of the documents produced by the February and November dietines (Pol. sejmiks), 1790 of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the GDL) reveals changes in the position of nobility towards selection of the successor to the throne with the king still alive. It was established, that in supporting the idea of a hereditary throne, Lithuanian political writers suggested different strategies in realizing this idea and proposed as candidates for the throne representatives of ruling dynasties of several states: Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Great Britain.Changes in the position of nobility were significantly influenced by the activism of patriotic-reformist faction, which proposed the very idea of a hereditary throne and a candidate from the dynasty of Wettins: the GDL districts (Pol. powiats), having ignored the question of throne inheritance in the February dietines of 1790, in November of the same year agreed to the selection of Elector of Saxony as the successor to the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanislaw August. However, even if agreeing to the Wettin candidacy, the GDL nobility did not support establishing of the principle of such inheritance. Most of the GDL dietines supported limited monarchy, politically and financially dependent on the political will of the nation. The Elector of Saxony was given certain conditions, the departure from which was to bring back an elective monarchy.

The aim of the paper is to analyse the parliamentary activity of the Livonian exiles in the period 1791–1793. The analysis is based on the new archival sources from the Lithuanian State Historical archive (the sejmiki activity journals, minutes and the resolutions laid down in them) and the political correspondence of that time sent to Livonian Castellan Kazimierz Konstanty Plater (1746–1807).

The article analyses attitudes of the Lithuanian nobility towards the inheritance of the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Commonwealth) in the period of the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Thorough analysis of historiography and research of narrative sources amplifies the position of the Lithuanian nobility towards the issue of inheritance of the throne of the Commonwealth as it was reflected in the political literature of 1787-1789 period. Analysis of the documents produced by the February and November dietines (Pol. sejmiks), 1790 of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the GDL) reveals changes in the position of nobility towards selection of the successor to the throne with the king still alive. It was established, that in supporting the idea of a hereditary throne, Lithuanian political writers suggested different strategies in realizing this idea and proposed as candidates for the throne representatives of ruling dynasties of several states: Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Great Britain. Changes in the position of nobility were significantly influenced by the activism of patriotic-reformist faction, which proposed the very idea of a hereditary throne and a candidate from the dynasty of Wettins: the GDL districts (Pol. powiats), having ignored the question of throne inheritance in the February dietines of 1790, in November of the same year agreed to the selection of Elector of Saxony as the successor to the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanislaw August. However, even if agreeing to the Wettin candidacy, the GDL nobility did not support establishing of the principle of such inheritance. Most of the GDL dietines supported limited monarchy, politically and financially dependent on the political will of the nation. The Elector of Saxony was given certain conditions, the departure from which was to bring back an elective monarchy.

The article analyses attitudes of the Lithuanian nobility towards the inheritance of the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Commonwealth) in the period of the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Thorough analysis of historiography and research of narrative sources amplifies the position of the Lithuanian nobility towards the issue of inheritance of the throne of the Commonwealth as it was reflected in the political literature of 1787-1789 period. Analysis of the documents produced by the February and November dietines (Pol. sejmiks), 1790 of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the GDL) reveals changes in the position of nobility towards selection of the successor to the throne with the king still alive. It was established, that in supporting the idea of a hereditary throne, Lithuanian political writers suggested different strategies in realizing this idea and proposed as candidates for the throne representatives of ruling dynasties of several states: Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Great Britain. Changes in the position of nobility were significantly influenced by the activism of patriotic-reformist faction, which proposed the very idea of a hereditary throne and a candidate from the dynasty of Wettins: the GDL districts (Pol. powiats), having ignored the question of throne inheritance in the February dietines of 1790, in November of the same year agreed to the selection of Elector of Saxony as the successor to the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanislaw August. However, even if agreeing to the Wettin candidacy, the GDL nobility did not support establishing of the principle of such inheritance. Most of the GDL dietines supported limited monarchy, politically and financially dependent on the political will of the nation. The Elector of Saxony was given certain conditions, the departure from which was to bring back an elective monarchy.

The aim of the paper is to analyse the parliamentary activity of the Livonian exiles in the period 1791–1793. The analysis is based on the new archival sources from the Lithuanian State Historical archive (the sejmiki activity journals, minutes and the resolutions laid down in them) and the political correspondence of that time sent to Livonian Castellan Kazimierz Konstanty Plater (1746–1807).

Based on the resolutions from the Four Year and Hrodno Diet (parliaments) and newly established dietine (local parliament) documents from powiats in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, this article presents a discussion of the issue of selecting and preparing a location for newly established dietines in powiats, as regulated by the laws of 1791 and 1793. The aim is to find out how the diet requirements were actually implemented in new administrative units (powiats) in Lithuania during the February dietines (regular parliamentary sessions held on Candlemas on 2 February) in 1792 and 1794. Having analysed the diet constitutions and material from separate powiat dietines, the author concludes that the diet laws in both 1791 and 1793 foresaw that places for the assembly of representative institutions in new powiats would be in religious buildings, among which parish churches dominated. However, it was not just the nobility in new powiats that assembled in Catholic churches. Of the 33 newly established dietines that were held in February 1792 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 26 were held in sacred buildings. Fourteendietines were held in parish churches, 5 were in former Jesuit churches, 2 each were held in the Bernardine and Piarist monastery churches, and one each in the Franciscan, Dominican and Carmelite monastery churches. According to the law of the Hrodno Diet of 1793, parish churches were allocated as the location for newly established dietines for all new lands, except for Merkinė. Both the Four Year Diet and the Hrodno Diet recognised that the decision to hold dietines in religious buildings was only temporary, until a facility especially for holding these assemblies was prepared, or buildings needed for the dietines to conduct their work were built. The diet of 1793 determined a two year term for the preparation of a dietine location, and detailed procedures for collecting funds to carry out the work that had to be done. The analysis of how dietines functioned showed that there were cases when private funds were used for the construction of public buildings for local institutions (e.g., the obligation made by Benedykt Wawrzecki to the nobility of the Breslau voivodeship). The dietine location had to be fitted out only very minimally – the room had to have only a table so that the dietine council could do their work. The progress of the dietines of 1792 and 1794 shows that as part of the implementation of the diet resolutions, the procedures as set out in the laws were basically followed: the time set for the assembly, the opening procedure, the account of how officials would be elected, etc.Realisation of the construction project for special buildings for holding dietines as set out in the regulating law was interrupted by the intervention of foreign states and the eventual partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Based on the resolutions from the Four Year and Hrodno Diet (parliaments) and newly established dietine (local parliament) documents from powiats in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, this article presents a discussion of the issue of selecting and preparing a location for newly established dietines in powiats, as regulated by the laws of 1791 and 1793. The aim is to find out how the diet requirements were actually implemented in new administrative units (powiats) in Lithuania during the February dietines (regular parliamentary sessions held on Candlemas on 2 February) in 1792 and 1794. Having analysed the diet constitutions and material from separate powiat dietines, the author concludes that the diet laws in both 1791 and 1793 foresaw that places for the assembly of representative institutions in new powiats would be in religious buildings, among which parish churches dominated. However, it was not just the nobility in new powiats that assembled in Catholic churches. Of the 33 newly established dietines that were held in February 1792 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 26 were held in sacred buildings. Fourteendietines were held in parish churches, 5 were in former Jesuit churches, 2 each were held in the Bernardine and Piarist monastery churches, and one each in the Franciscan, Dominican and Carmelite monastery churches. According to the law of the Hrodno Diet of 1793, parish churches were allocated as the location for newly established dietines for all new lands, except for Merkinė. Both the Four Year Diet and the Hrodno Diet recognised that the decision to hold dietines in religious buildings was only temporary, until a facility especially for holding these assemblies was prepared, or buildings needed for the dietines to conduct their work were built. The diet of 1793 determined a two year term for the preparation of a dietine location, and detailed procedures for collecting funds to carry out the work that had to be done. The analysis of how dietines functioned showed that there were cases when private funds were used for the construction of public buildings for local institutions (e.g., the obligation made by Benedykt Wawrzecki to the nobility of the Breslau voivodeship). The dietine location had to be fitted out only very minimally – the room had to have only a table so that the dietine council could do their work. The progress of the dietines of 1792 and 1794 shows that as part of the implementation of the diet resolutions, the procedures as set out in the laws were basically followed: the time set for the assembly, the opening procedure, the account of how officials would be elected, etc.Realisation of the construction project for special buildings for holding dietines as set out in the regulating law was interrupted by the intervention of foreign states and the eventual partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Straipsnyje pirmą kartą istoriografijoje analizuojama paskutiniojo Abiejų Tautų Respublikos Seimo dalyvių, atvykusių iš Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės, personalinė sudėtis, nustatomi Lietuvos parlamentarų ryšiai su Seime veikusiomis politinėmis grupuotėmis, aptariami šių grupuočių tikslai ir veiklos rezultatai. Prieinama prie išvados, jog dauguma iš Lietuvos atvykusių pasiuntinių buvo aktyvūs LDK konfederacijos veikėjai, nemaža jų dalis priklausė to meto vietiniam politiniam elitui, keli pasiuntiniai turėjo parlamentinio darbo patirtį. Dalyvaudami visose pagrindinėse Seimo grupuotėse – karaliaus aplinkos ("rūmų grupuotėje"), Kosakovskių ir konfederacijos politikos šalininkų, opozicijos ir "tylinčiosios daugumos" – LDK pasiuntiniai 1793 m. Gardino Seime rinkosi tarp dviejų galimybių: patvirtinti teritorijų atidavimą Rusijai ir Prūsijai arba priešintis valstybės padalijimo įteisinimui. Pasisakymais prieš valstybės padalijimą ir aktyvia patriotine laikysena Seime pasižymėjo Upytės pasiuntinys Juozapas Kimbaras.