Suchergebnisse

The aim of this article is to introduce the methods of improvement of the analysis, synthesis and preparation of new legal acts that regulate the administration of the country. Such methods emerged due to the need to analyse the visions of rural development in Lithuania and to determine how they are formulated in the legal acts. Since it is often difficult to understand the present Government Programmes, the decision has been made to propose the reorganisation of the text of the current Government Programme, according to the algorithm that has been set in advance. The reorganisation of the text allows understanding the essence and the aims of the provisions of the Programme more clearly. The aim of the research is to analyse and synthesise the provisions in Chapter 14 on "Rural development of Lithuania" in the Programme of the 15th Government of the Republic of Lithuania. In addition to this, methodology for the research is provided that could be applied designing new Government Programmes of the Republic of Lithuania in the future.

The aim of this article is to introduce the methods of improvement of the analysis, synthesis and preparation of new legal acts that regulate the administration of the country. Such methods emerged due to the need to analyse the visions of rural development in Lithuania and to determine how they are formulated in the legal acts. Since it is often difficult to understand the present Government Programmes, the decision has been made to propose the reorganisation of the text of the current Government Programme, according to the algorithm that has been set in advance. The reorganisation of the text allows understanding the essence and the aims of the provisions of the Programme more clearly. The aim of the research is to analyse and synthesise the provisions in Chapter 14 on "Rural development of Lithuania" in the Programme of the 15th Government of the Republic of Lithuania. In addition to this, methodology for the research is provided that could be applied designing new Government Programmes of the Republic of Lithuania in the future.

This article generalises the retrospective resea rch on regulations structure and content of the Min istry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter referred to as MARL). The resea rch has been carried out by examin ing the new versions of regulations adopted by MARL after 11 March 1990. By employing the methods of induction and deduction, the logical analysis and synthesis of five new versions of MARL regualtions during the period of 1990-2011 were made. The analysis revealed that during this period there had been frequent emendation of MARL regulations, related to political and economic development tendencies. At the end of this article, there are some suggestions for representative MARL regulations structure, which have been formulated taking into account regulations structures by variou s organisations and fundamental and the most necessary elements needed for organisations of public sector. The object of the resea rch is the main regulatory documents of MARL: regulations. The aim of the resea rch is to generalise the tendencies of MARL regulations emendation and to make suggestions regarding representative MARL regulations structures and improvement of the content.The objectives of the resea rch are: 1) to generalise the aims of regulations formation by different organisations; 2) to perform the comparative analysis of MARL regulations of different periods; 3) to make suggestions for the improvement of MARL regulations. Theoretical background of the resea rch. Theoretical background shows that neither in scientific literature nor in practice there are united and elaborated representative regulations that would have a definite, understandable and reasonable structure for majority of organisations and, in particular, public institutions (public sector institutions). [.].

This article generalises the retrospective resea rch on regulations structure and content of the Min istry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter referred to as MARL). The resea rch has been carried out by examin ing the new versions of regulations adopted by MARL after 11 March 1990. By employing the methods of induction and deduction, the logical analysis and synthesis of five new versions of MARL regualtions during the period of 1990-2011 were made. The analysis revealed that during this period there had been frequent emendation of MARL regulations, related to political and economic development tendencies. At the end of this article, there are some suggestions for representative MARL regulations structure, which have been formulated taking into account regulations structures by variou s organisations and fundamental and the most necessary elements needed for organisations of public sector. The object of the resea rch is the main regulatory documents of MARL: regulations. The aim of the resea rch is to generalise the tendencies of MARL regulations emendation and to make suggestions regarding representative MARL regulations structures and improvement of the content.The objectives of the resea rch are: 1) to generalise the aims of regulations formation by different organisations; 2) to perform the comparative analysis of MARL regulations of different periods; 3) to make suggestions for the improvement of MARL regulations. Theoretical background of the resea rch. Theoretical background shows that neither in scientific literature nor in practice there are united and elaborated representative regulations that would have a definite, understandable and reasonable structure for majority of organisations and, in particular, public institutions (public sector institutions). [.].

The study presenting and analysing the barriers and opportunities for small business development in rural areas of Poland and Lithuania. The scientific problem – how to develop small business in rural areas and what kind of support measures would benefit business developers. Symmetric research in the form of a survey was conducted among 50 researchers-economists from the University of Agriculture in Krakow and in Aleksandras Stulginskis University in Kaunas. The aim of the study was to identify, evaluate and compare barriers and opportunities for small business development in rural areas of Lithuania and Poland and to propose effective incentives for such kinds of businesses. The main barriers to the development of enterprises in Poland include high pension contributions and a complicated VAT paying system. In Lithuania it was indicated poor economic conditions in rural areas and related unemployment and poverty of some of their inhabitants. In Poland, huge opportunities for the development of entrepreneurship were perceived in the opening-up of eastern markets and support from the European Union's funds. In Lithuania– in professional consulting and the use of aid from the EU. ; Tyrime pristatomos ir analizuojamos smulkaus verslo plėtros kliūtis ir galimybės vystant smulkujį verslą kaimo vietovėse Lenkijoje ir Lietuvoje. Mokslinė problema – kokios smulkaus verslo vystymo galimybės kaimo vietovėse ir kokios paramos priemonės būtų naudingos verslo vystytojams. Tyrimo metu atlikta 50-ies mokslininkų – ekonomistų, dirbančių Žemės ūkio universitete Krokuvoje ir Aleksandro Stulginskio universitete Kaune apklausa. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, įvertinti ir palyginti smulkaus verslo plėtros kaimo vietovėse Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje kliūtis ir galimybės bei pasiūlyti veiksmingas skatinimo priemonės verslo subjektams. Pagrindinės Lenkijos įmonių plėtros kliūtys – didelės įmokos į pensijų fondus bei sudėtinga PVM mokėjimo sistema. Lietuvoje – sudėtingos ekonomines sąlygos vystant verslą kaimo vietovėse ir su tuo susijęs nedarbas bei kai kurių jų gyventojų skurdas. Lenkijoje didelės galimybės verslui plėtoti matomos Rytų šalių valstybių rinkuose ir paramoje iš Europos Sąjungos. Lietuvoje – vystant profesionalias konsultacijas įmonėms ir naudojant ES pagalbą.

The article substantiates the expediency of creating a mechanism for protecting relatively small farms, which are so characteristic of the countries of the European Union (in particular Lithuania), in their operations at competitive markets. An ideal solution to the problem may be the creation of producers organisations on the basis of an agricultural cooperatives, although this is not an uncontested option for the desired structure-forming way. The aim of the research is to develop objectives and measures to activate formation of farmers producers' organisations for sustainable agricultural and rural development. The study analyzed the experience of different European Union countries (legal regulations, scientific and statistical sources) in aspects of cooperation and development of producers' organizations. Organizational leaders, institutional policy-makers and specialists from self-governing organizations were interviewed. Also, this experience was compared to the current experience of agricultural business in Ukraine, the search for ways to transfer the best practices.

The article substantiates the expediency of creating a mechanism for protecting relatively small farms, which are so characteristic of the countries of the European Union (in particular Lithuania), in their operations at competitive markets. An ideal solution to the problem may be the creation of producers organisations on the basis of an agricultural cooperatives, although this is not an uncontested option for the desired structure-forming way. The aim of the research is to develop objectives and measures to activate formation of farmers producers' organisations for sustainable agricultural and rural development. The study analyzed the experience of different European Union countries (legal regulations, scientific and statistical sources) in aspects of cooperation and development of producers' organizations. Organizational leaders, institutional policy-makers and specialists from self-governing organizations were interviewed. Also, this experience was compared to the current experience of agricultural business in Ukraine, the search for ways to transfer the best practices.

The article substantiates the expediency of creating a mechanism for protecting relatively small farms, which are so characteristic of the countries of the European Union (in particular Lithuania), in their operations at competitive markets. An ideal solution to the problem may be the creation of producers organisations on the basis of an agricultural cooperatives, although this is not an uncontested option for the desired structure-forming way. The aim of the research is to develop objectives and measures to activate formation of farmers producers' organisations for sustainable agricultural and rural development. The study analyzed the experience of different European Union countries (legal regulations, scientific and statistical sources) in aspects of cooperation and development of producers' organizations. Organizational leaders, institutional policy-makers and specialists from self-governing organizations were interviewed. Also, this experience was compared to the current experience of agricultural business in Ukraine, the search for ways to transfer the best practices.

The article substantiates the expediency of creating a mechanism for protecting relatively small farms, which are so characteristic of the countries of the European Union (in particular Lithuania), in their operations at competitive markets. An ideal solution to the problem may be the creation of producers organisations on the basis of an agricultural cooperatives, although this is not an uncontested option for the desired structure-forming way. The aim of the research is to develop objectives and measures to activate formation of farmers producers' organisations for sustainable agricultural and rural development. The study analyzed the experience of different European Union countries (legal regulations, scientific and statistical sources) in aspects of cooperation and development of producers' organizations. Organizational leaders, institutional policy-makers and specialists from self-governing organizations were interviewed. Also, this experience was compared to the current experience of agricultural business in Ukraine, the search for ways to transfer the best practices.

Self-government as a structure, representing the interests of the local residents and organising social and political life, plays an important role in many political systems of the country. It is perceived as the lowest and the closest territorial link of the political system to the civil society. Self-government institutions such as the municipality and eldership are aware of the problems faced by the local residents in everyday life. Local self-government institutions are trying to adapt to the changes which motivate to investigate specific community issues, opportunities and needs of the inevitable development of the area. Lithuanian rural development is inseparable from the long-term development of the European Union's strategic directions and priorities. Recently, local authorities have become significant participants in the rural development. Self-government as a structure, representing the interests of the local residents and organising social and political life, plays an important role in many political systems of the country. It is perceived as the lowest and the closest territorial link of the political system to the civil society. It helps the citizens express their interests, control how those interests are being implemented and, at the same time, influence other institutions of the country. The relevance of the topic is related to the fact that the ever-changing environment provides people with new opportunities, but it causes a lot of problems as well. The changes have radically modified the concept of local development and activities: from a centralised model of transition to exogenous and endogenous decentralised model. The latter is based on local initiatives, resources, and innovations. The European rural development policy provides new functions for rural areas such as economic, social, environmental and territorial. [.]

Self-government as a structure, representing the interests of the local residents and organising social and political life, plays an important role in many political systems of the country. It is perceived as the lowest and the closest territorial link of the political system to the civil society. Self-government institutions such as the municipality and eldership are aware of the problems faced by the local residents in everyday life. Local self-government institutions are trying to adapt to the changes which motivate to investigate specific community issues, opportunities and needs of the inevitable development of the area. Lithuanian rural development is inseparable from the long-term development of the European Union's strategic directions and priorities. Recently, local authorities have become significant participants in the rural development. Self-government as a structure, representing the interests of the local residents and organising social and political life, plays an important role in many political systems of the country. It is perceived as the lowest and the closest territorial link of the political system to the civil society. It helps the citizens express their interests, control how those interests are being implemented and, at the same time, influence other institutions of the country. The relevance of the topic is related to the fact that the ever-changing environment provides people with new opportunities, but it causes a lot of problems as well. The changes have radically modified the concept of local development and activities: from a centralised model of transition to exogenous and endogenous decentralised model. The latter is based on local initiatives, resources, and innovations. The European rural development policy provides new functions for rural areas such as economic, social, environmental and territorial. [.]

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this article is to attempt to present theoretical considerations towards the concept of diversity management from the perspective of its location in the discipline of management and quality sciences. As the concept of diversity management lacks a strict demarcation between related disciplines, such as economics, psychology, sociology or even biology and cultural anthropology, it should be noted that the specification of paradigms is not closed, and further paradigms, micro-paradigms or mega-paradigms may emerge over time.

Methodology: the research method adopted in the article is literature analysis and inference.

Findings: The approach presented, which points to the permanent development of alternative paradigms and cognitive perspectives in the discipline of management and quality sciences, is a confirmation that these 'sciences' are not 'impregnated' against change and are de facto changing.

Value Added: Consideration of the issue of human capital diversity in organisations and its management has been carried out for many years in the literature, which is characterised by a diversity of definitions and perceptions. It is therefore worth presenting, a cross-cutting historical perspective on the phenomenon of human resource diversity in organisations in the discipline of management and quality sciences.

Recommendations: Diversity management should be defined in the broadest possible way, understanding it as the systematic efforts of an organisation to involve the diversity of its human resources in its activities and to treat it as a strategic advantage. Such a conclusion prejudges the need for further research in relation to the concept of diversity management.

In the so-called old democracies and a little more advanced new democracies (such as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary), people's initiative and entrepreneurship are clearly noticeable. Travelling through Southern or Western Poland one can see a lot of notices inviting to have lunch, bed, to buy furniture or other goods. It is obvious that people offer their services, want to earn by themselves, and satisfy rising consumer needs. They do not wait to be employed and (or) to be supported by someone else. Many of them are self-employed: they work, offer, buy and sell. That is how they make their living, supply services to others and pay taxes to the state. Such an idealistic representation of business environment encourages stopping for a while and asking such questions as: why situation is not the same in Lithuania? What do we lack or what is too much? Is it possible to have favourable business conditions in the country that has 3.2 million people and, according to the official statistics, 1.6 million of them are employed (Statistics… 2012)? Can it be that our legal acts do not allow working or they restrict people's initiative and do not allow starting their own businesses? [.]

In the so-called old democracies and a little more advanced new democracies (such as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary), people's initiative and entrepreneurship are clearly noticeable. Travelling through Southern or Western Poland one can see a lot of notices inviting to have lunch, bed, to buy furniture or other goods. It is obvious that people offer their services, want to earn by themselves, and satisfy rising consumer needs. They do not wait to be employed and (or) to be supported by someone else. Many of them are self-employed: they work, offer, buy and sell. That is how they make their living, supply services to others and pay taxes to the state. Such an idealistic representation of business environment encourages stopping for a while and asking such questions as: why situation is not the same in Lithuania? What do we lack or what is too much? Is it possible to have favourable business conditions in the country that has 3.2 million people and, according to the official statistics, 1.6 million of them are employed (Statistics… 2012)? Can it be that our legal acts do not allow working or they restrict people's initiative and do not allow starting their own businesses? [.]

The capacity of ecosystems to provide ecosystem services (hereinafter referred to as ES) depends on the state of their structure, processes, and functions, which is determined by interactions with other systems. These interactions are complex and take place in different climatic areas, and have different impacts on ecosystems and the use of ES. As the most sensitive part of the Lithuanian shore zone to climate change is the seaside zone or the coastal zone, which includes the Curonian Lagoon and the sea coast, the said area was therefore chosen for research. The case study examined those ES that were specific to the study area, without attempting to account for absolutely all ES. With an emphasis on the representation of different perspectives (in the process of assessing and preserving the potential of ES), the empirical study involved representatives of different (public and private) sectors. The public sector was represented by elders and eldership employees, the private sector by farmers and businesspeople. Respondents were selected purposefully to reflect the entire existing totality of the existing area. The evaluation of the obtained theoretical and practical results of the research identified the potential of the existing area ecosystem services and perspectives for the implementation of services by assessing their use according to respondents' opinions, regional climate change, and national scale in EU environmental policy.