Suchergebnisse

Исследуются иностранные студенты в Китае как одна из наиболее многочисленных групп иностранцев в данной стране, а также их численность, география выхода и пребывания, структура вовлеченности в китайских вузах. Рассматривается система регулирования въезда, выезда и пребывания иностранных студентов в Китае, проблемы и правонарушения, возникающие в этой связи. Исследуются причины и тенденции изменения численности иностранных студентов в Китае и влияния текущей политики правительства Китая на них. ; For the past 20 years China has be^me one of the leading sending students countries in the world. But nowadays Chinese policy has changed and outward student mobility is not the sole priority of the Chinese government. China takes measures in the field of internationalization of high education to become the largest destination for international students in the world. China's current five-year plan for the education sector adopted by Chinese government in 2010 aims for higher education institutes in the country to accommodate around 500 thousand international students by 2020. Chinese government considers growth of the number of international students in China either as the tool for the growth of the revenue of Chinese educational institutions and as the way for popularization of China abroad to foster a greater understanding of Chinese culture and language globally, as the tool for improvement of standards and quality of Chinese education, integration of Chinese educational system to the world educational community. First international students arrived to China in 1950. By 2000 China has attracted over 405 thousand foreign students. In 2000s number of international students in China has been growing by 20-30% steadily. In 2012 over 320 thousand foreign students came to China. 88 thousand scholarships were granted to international students by Chinese government in 2012. Structure of international students enrollment in Chinese universities is the center of attention of Chinese government' policy in the field of internationalization of high education. Despite of significant total number of international students in China majority of them are still enrolled in short-time programs, mostly presented by language courses. Despite of toughening of conditions of the Chinese visa system China is making a name as a place of studying for international students. Rapid development of China, significant growth of Chinese economy, China's integration into the world economy provides opportunities to establish business or interact with Chinese partners. It is the reason of the rapid rise in popularity of studying in China. Ministry of Public Security of the PRC and Ministry of Education of the PRC are in charge of control of international students stay and residence in China. Local authorities of public security are in charge of registration of foreign students and control of their stay in China. Commonly encountered problem handled by offices of public security is the breach of length of staying in China by international students.

Исследуется политика Китая по организации экспорта рабочей силы за рубеж. Рассматриваются структура, численность, география и основные каналы экспорта китайской рабочей силы. Выявляются основные проблемы, сопутствующие данному процессу, и меры, принимаемые Правительством Китая для их устранения. Исследуется влияние экспорта рабочей силы на экономическое и социальное развитие Китая. ; The paper is devoted to the analysis of China's labor export policy. It describes the size, structure, geography of Chinese labor migration, outlines main problems of implementation of China's labor export policy and measures taken by Chinese government to eliminate the problems, and researches labor export impact upon China's economic and social development. Labor export is one of the strategic areas of China's foreign economic policy. Development of labor export and labor migration was linked with country development trends and necessity to meet economic challenges. Since introducing reforms and ''open door'' policy Chinese government has changed its approach to foreign policy and foreign economic cooperation. A primary importance was assigned to modernization of the country and handling domestic problems. New approaches were applied to labor export as it became an important source of country's revenue. Chinese government uses a wide range of measures for support and promotion of labor export in China and abroad. Labor export enabled Chinese government to solve some domestic problems and became an effective mechanism to reduce pressure in domestic labor market. China increases capacity and expands channels of labor export. Annually China increases the total value of labor export contracts and expands export geography. In spite of the great strides made by China in labor export since introducing reforms and ''open door'' policy, China's labor export capacity is far from its peak and has a huge potential for its development. Unfulfilled labor export capacity is caused by several reasons including management problems and incomplete sectoral legislation. Administration system is undeveloped, the labor export laws in force do not fit the times and current trends of labor export growth. Other factors apart from the low level of proficiency in foreign languages by Chinese workers, insufficient qualification of Chinese workers, lack of knowledge of basic international standards and sectoral requirements, low level of pretraining of Chinese workers before they go abroad limit a lot China's capability to increase labor export. Among other problems there are protection of Chinese workers abroad, quotas imposed by importers of Chinese labor force, high requirements for obtaining working visas by Chinese citizens, non-recognition of Chinese diplomas abroad. China needs to improve its labor export administration system and eliminate legislation shortcomings in order to expand its labor export.

Исследуются китайские диаспоры в странах Юго-Восточной Азии, их численность и структура. Выделяются различные модели ассимиляции этнических китайцев в странах Юго-Восточной Азии. Рассматривается роль китайских диаспор и китайского бизнеса в экономике стран региона, а также основные сферы экономической деятельности этнических китайских компаний. Исследуется численность и структура «новой» китайской миграции в страны Юго-Восточной Азии, а также ее влияние на сложившиеся китайские диаспоры в данном регионе. ; The article is devoted to Chinese Diasporas of Southeast Asian countries, their size and structure. The article researches different models of assimilation of ethnic Chinese population, ethnic Chinese business role in local economy, ''new'' Chinese migration's impact on Chinese Diasporas in the countries, changes within the Diasporas at the period of ''new'' migration. Chinese Diasporas in Southeast Asian countries formed at colonial period of history and since then have been considered the oldest and the largest Chinese Diasporas in the world. 75% of all overseas Chinese live in Southeast Asian countries. In spite of general similarity between Chinese Diasporas in Southeast Asian countries, there are several different models depending on the level of assimilation and their position in the social scale. Regardless of the level of diasporas' assimilation there is one common feature for all Chinese Diasporas in Southeast Asian countries. China's rapid growth affected their ethnic self-identification. China's economic growth enhanced Southeast Asian Chinese business focus on China. That caused the growth of Southeast Asian Chinese's ethnic consciousness. Being Chinese became fashionable in Southeast Asian countries. Chinese Diasporas' relations with local population is another important question for understanding their role in Southeast Asian countries. From the first days of Southeast Asian countries' independence Ethnic Chinese encountered segregation. Segregation was caused by local population discontent with Chinese economic power and attempts to equalize it by granting local population more rights. Chinese Diasporas in Southeast Asian countries were not directly engaged in politics. The base of Chinese Diasporas' authority is their economic power. That is why despite obstacles for their engagement in politics, Chinese Diasporas keep economic leverages so they are tightly connected with political elites. Chinese Diasporas control a significant part of regional economy and they invest heavily in Chinese economy. Their interests are presented in different sectors of economy. The size of ''new'' Chinese migration to Southeast Asian countries is not so significant in comparison with the size of Chinese Diasporas in the countries. ''New'' Chinese migration has an impact upon countries with insignificant Chinese Diasporas, such as Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. ''New'' Chinese migration to the countries grows as economic cooperation between China and those countries increases. ''New'' Chinese migration has led to growth of existing diasporas and strengthening their contacts with China.

Исследуются основные каналы и структура деловой китайской миграции, а также влияние на нее проводимой государством политики. Рассматривается деловая китайская миграция в Россию на протяжении 1990-2000-х гг., выделяются ее специфические черты в отдельные отрезки времени в рамках изучаемого периода. Анализируется специфика китайской предпринимательской деятельности в России по сравнению с другими странами мира. Определяется зависимость существующей структуры деловой миграции в Россию от текущих приоритетов внешнеэкономической политики Китая. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of Chinese business migration, its size, structure and China's policy impact upon it. The article researches Chinese business migration to Russia during the 1990-2000s, its specific features in comparison with other countries. The paper evaluates Chinese business migration's structure dependence on current priorities of Chinese foreign economic policy. At present, business overseas migration is one of the strategic sectors of Chinese migration policy. Business migration passes through two main channels: 1) migration of investors and businessmen through special migration programs for permanent residence; 2) opening of overseas branches and offices of Chinese companies staffed with Chinese personnel. It proceeds from China's Going Global economic strategy. Formation and development of business migration is associated with the country's development tendencies. Nowadays business overseas migration cannot be regarded out of China's Going Global economic strategy context. The strategy was aimed at investments export, which should be used for Chinese goods markets expansion, opening of new markets and sources of raw materials, receiving technologies. An important element of the strategy is enhancing of transnational activities of Chinese companies. Chinese companies were recommended to set up large-scale enterprises, as well as hi-tech companies, launch factories and science research and development centres. Chinese government encourages Chinese companies to use world experience in order to establish transnational companies and create famous and competitive Chinese brands. Adoption of the strategy affected all the spheres of Chinese companies' foreign economic activities. This entailed growth of size and change of structure of Chinese business migration. First of all, big businessmen joined the process. The strategy shut down the era of Chinese adventurous business overseas, business activities were transferred to the level of medium and large companies. Chinese business migration to Russia started at the end of the 1980s. 1989-1993 was the period of Chinese visa-free frontier trade that formed the channel of Chinese migration to Russia. From the beginning of the 2000s Chinese large companies started to develop the Russian market.

Исследуются нелегальная китайская миграция, ее структура, каналы и география выезда и въезда, различные подходы к определению численности нелегальной миграции из Китая в различных странах. Рассматривается роль криминальных группировок в организации процесса нелегальной миграции из страны. Анализируются позиция властей КНР в отношении нелегальной китайской миграции, а также меры, принимаемые для ее пресечения, и опыт сотрудничества с другими странами по профилактике и сокращению нелегальной миграции. ; The article is devoted to Chinese illegal migration, its size, structure and geography. The article researches different approaches evaluating the size of illegal Chinese migration, criminal organizations' role in managing this process, Beijing's policy towards illegal migration and China's cooperation with other countries in illegal migration's prevention. Presently illegal migration is a sharp political and social issue. It is worth to be mentioned that Chinese illegal migration existed in all the periods of Chinese people going abroad. Even in the period of isolation during 1949-1977 there were few cases of Chinese illegal migration abroad. But there are no official data about the cases. From the beginning of opening up reform policy and exit system liberalization illegal migration started to grow. It is difficult to evaluate actual size of Chinese illegal migration. There is no relevant statistical data concerning illegal migration. The only data source is official press conferences and expert evaluation. Moreover, data provided by Chinese officials and data provided by officials of other countries varies a lot. The main sources of Chinese illegal migration are Fujian, Guandong and Zhejiang. The provinces have a long-standing tradition of overseas migration. Generations of the provinces' residents, especially from Chanle, Lianjiang and Fuqing counties, illegally left China. And this fact must be taken into account. There are several channels for illegal migration: 1) illegal exit; 2) legal exit and illegal entry to destination country; 3) illegal exit and entry, legalization of staying; 4) legal exit and entry(tourist, educational, work visa), illegal stay. Along with liberalization of Chinese exit system and toughening migration prevention activities illegal migration forms started to change and modify. Majority of migrants started to leave through legal channels and then illegally stay in the receiving country. Chinese government aimed at maintenance of country's image and friendship relations with other countries has to struggle against illegal migration. For central government existing of illegal migration is the illustration of losing control over regional and local authorities. It causes a concern in the centre, so central authority enforces ministries and regional governments to enhance struggle against illegal migration.

Исследуются система органов по взаимодействию с зарубежными китайцами на центральном, региональном и местном уровнях, ее структура и межотраслевое взаимодействие. Рассматриваются система конференций «Пяти организаций, работающих с хуацяо», а также основные функции органов по работе с зарубежными китайцами. Выделяются основные объединения и ассоциации зарубежных китайцев и реэмигрантов, показана их роль в обеспечении взаимодействия Китая с зарубежными китайцами. ; Since ''opening up reforms'' began, China formed a wide multilevel system of overseas Chinese affairs offices. The system includes central, regional and local offices, as well as organizations of overseas Chinese and returnees in China and abroad. There are five main agencies governing cooperation with the overseas Chinese in PRC: the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee of National People's Congress, the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of State Council, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Zhigongdang Party, All-China Federation of Returned Chinese. There are also regional overseas Chinese affairs offices in China. Zhigongdang Party represents interests of emigrants and emigrants' relatives in National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Zhigongdang Party was established by Chinese emigrants in 1925 in San-Francisco city. Zhigongdang Party within the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference framework participates in policymaking, monitors implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China concerning the protection of the rights and interests of the returned overseas Chinese and the relatives of overseas Chinese, organizes activities for interaction with the overseas Chinese, promotes economic, culture and scientific cooperation between China and other countries and attracts overseas investments. Branch Ministries elaborate general provisions of overseas Chinese policy. The Foreign Affairs Ministry elaborates provisions concerning abroad activities, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science concerning internal policy. There are many auxiliary organizations promoting cooperation with the overseas Chinese. The Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress, the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Zhigongdang Party, All-China Federation of Returned Chinese have formed a system of joint conferences of overseas Chinese offices. Overseas Chinese and returnees associations play important role within system of cooperation with overseas Chinese. Nowadays there are a lot of huaqiao, huaren and returnees associations in the world.

Представлены основные проблемы и особенности современной системы государственного регулирования миграционной политики в КНР. Охарактеризована новая практика государственного регулирования в сфере миграции и урбанизации, а именно - программа «Солнечный свет», которая призвана решить проблему избыточных трудовых ресурсов в некоторых отраслях народного хозяйства КНР и их переориентацию на другие отрасли, а также миграцию (внутреннюю и внешнюю). Программа является одной из самых масштабных в мире по охвату населения (около 30 млн чел.) и реализуется, начиная с 2003 г. Проект опирается на систему государственной поддержки (субсидии) и перераспределяет ресурсы между развитыми частями Китая и сравнительно отсталыми. При этом отдельно выделен район «старой промышленной базы» КНР в виде трех провинций Северо-Востока (Хэйлунцзян, Цзилинь и Ляонин), что в перспективе может отразиться и на российско-китайском сотрудничестве. В исследовании впервые представляется ряд источников, ранее не используемых в отечественной синологии ; In this article the authors have made several conclusions. Modern system of the migration regulation in China was characterized. Problems and particularities are the core element of this system. «Sunlight» Program was the first attempt to transfer excess labour force from countryside to urban area, held in 2000-s. It was made under direct planning of the State Council, but also with the assistance of other Ministries and Committees. Also the government decided to rule the internal and external migration flows. In some aspects modern Chinese migration could be connected with urbanization. Some of the external migrants after finding governmental program of financing, granting could change the local markets and also boundary states markets. Russia should make a more detailed research of the «Sunlight» Program implementation in boundary provinces (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning). In this research some new sources in Chinese language that could be assistance for non-speakers (Reports of the State Council of the PRC etc.) are used