Suchergebnisse

Рассматриваются разные аспекты отношений Китая с кочевниками Центральной Азии, которые связаны с переселением соседних народов на северные границы Империи. Важнейшей особенностью сложившейся этнополитической ситуации было то, что государственно-политическое объединение северного Китая обеспечило объективные условия и возможности для наиболее тесного взаимодействия и постепенного культурного объединения различных народов империи на основе более древней и высокоразвитой китайской культуры. ; This article considers various aspects of China's relations with the nomads of Central Asia, which are associated with the relocation of neighboring peoples to the northern border of the empire. The major feature of this ethno-political situation was that the state and political union of northern China provided objective conditions and opportunities for close interaction and most progressive cultural unification of various peoples of the empire on the basis of the ancient culture. China's policy in relation to the surrounding nomadic peoples, especially in Central Asia, is significantly different in some historical periods, although the strategy was always the same: to maximize the sphere of influence in the surrounding area and, at the same time, to protect the population of their state against external aggression. At the initial stage, China solved this problem trying to distance the nomads from their borders and to maximally fence off from their penetration. However, protection of the borders with defensive constructions was expensive and did not bring the desired results. Then policy towards nomads was revised and a new tactics of struggle was used. For its implementation some of the tribes were moved to the borders of China. Their coming to the Chinese land was due to the resettlement policy carried out by the Chinese court in order to use nomads in the fight against external enemies. This helped to reduce the armed invasion that China's nomadic neighbors made in times of its weakening. However, it was the direct cause which marked the beginning of the rule in China of nearly two dozen public entities of nomads. These events led to the beginning of mass migration of the Chinese to the south of the Yangtze basin. The "southern barbarians" also moved. The migration of different ethnic groups fundamentally changed the population in large parts of Eastern Asia. This time is characterized by mutual coexisting of fundamentally different ways of life of nomadic and agricultural civilizations. Thus, the problem of ethnic and cultural contacts with the non-Chinese peoples on the territory of China in the early medieval period reveals an important feature of the Chinese civilization that consists in the fact that all the introduced elements gradually adapted and became elements of the Chinese culture. On the other hand, the rule of the steppe peoples who invaded the north of China had a significant impact on the formation of the Chinese ethnicity in the early Middle Ages.

Статья посвящена формированию и развитию международных отношений Китая и Центральной Азии в домонгольское время. С древних времен характер внешних связей Китая диктовала государственная политика. В эпоху средневековья сложился принцип отношений с западными государствами, основанный на взаимовыгодном торговом сотрудничестве. ; The article is devoted to the forming and development of international relations between China and Central Asia in the pre-Mongol period. Since ancient times, the foreign relations of China depended on government policy. In the Middle Ages was dominated by the principles of relations based on mutually beneficial trade cooperation.

Зеркала были важной статьей китайского импорта в Среднюю Азию, начиная с момента функционирования Шелкового пути. Они имели как утилитарную функцию, так и сакральное значение. Особого внимания заслуживают зеркала из погребений, в том числе и импортные китайские, намеренно поломанные. Сакральное значение, которое придавали зеркалам, как в Китае, так и на Западе, способствовало распространению китайских образцов по всей территории Центральной Азии и за ее пределами. ; Chinese mirrors give important material on the history of foreign relations in Central Asia between the II BC till the start of the XIII century. Mirrors are one of the most popular items of Chinese imports into Central Asia from the beginning of the Silk Road. The large number of mirrors in the monuments of this region suggests a large scale penetration of Chinese culture.

Во взаимоотношениях Китая с кочевыми народами Сибири материальный и духовный аспекты культуры воспринимались параллельно, но материальная культура при контактах проявлялась более наглядно и особо привлекала внимание соседей. Это проявилось в процессах взаимообмена, подражания или заимствования отдельных черт искусства, ремесла, одежды, питания, жилища, транспортных средств и т.д. Собранные данные позволили достаточно уверенно выявить главное направление и результат культурного влияния китайской материальной культуры в Южной Сибири во II в. до н.э. начале XIII в. н.э. ; In relations between China and nomadic peoples of Siberia, material and spiritual aspects of culture were perceived in parallel, but the material culture in contacts manifested more clearly and particularly attracted the attention of neighbours. This was expressed in the processes of reciprocity, imitation or borrowing some features of culture art, crafts, clothing, food, housing, vehicles, etc. The penetration of the material culture of China in southern Siberia was carried out by such factors as cultural centres along the trade routes and the participation of Chinese trade, crafts and art, and as a result of China's official doctrine of the spread of imperial influence on the surrounding nations. In particular, the penetration of the Chinese in Central Asia passed in several ways, the most famous of which, South and North of the road, passed through Eastern Turkestan in Central Asia. The South road led to Bactria and Parthia. The local traders piled up many goods imported from China, first of all, silk, bronze mirrors, coins and other samples of material exchange. But after the Western and central sections of the Silk Road came under the influence of Arabic and Tibetan control, transcontinental trade and cultural ties with China and Central Asia declined rapidly. It is this fact contributed to the formation of Kyrgyzskiy road linking China with South Siberia. This road led to the foothills of the Mongolian Altai, Tuva and then through to the Minusinsk Basin. This way there was an intensive trade with the oases of Eastern Turkestan and the countries of the Middle East. The foreign relations of South Siberia and the Chinese Empire prove by evidence of bronze mirrors, coins, silks, jewelry and varnish products, agricultural implements. A collection of Chinese mirrors found in the Minusinsk Basin and its surrounding areas suggests the region's largest centre for Tang mirrors findings outside of China. In addition to trade, an important aspect of penetration of the Chinese culture, especially the material one, in Central Asia were diplomatic contacts accompanied by an active exchange of embassies and diplomatic missions, and, consequently, gifts offering. The spread of Chinese influence and reaching the diplomatic goals (the conclusion of contracts, warranties, or hostage-taking) were provided with dynastic marriages. This policy was practiced particularly successfully in dealing with the militant nomadic peoples the Huns, the Usuns, the Yuezhi, and others. On the basis of archaeological material the frequency and intensity of penetration of the Chinese influence on the development of the peoples of Southern Siberia can be clearly seen. The most intensive contacts with the Chinese civilization of the peoples of Southern Siberia date back to the period of the Hun dominance in Central Asia (from the 2nd c. BC to the 3rd c. AD) and the existence of Kyrgyzskiy state (7th-9th cc.), which coincided with the strengthening of the Chinese Empire and the most successful implementation of policies in East Turkestan. The East Asian influence on the material culture of the South Siberian peoples was negligible during the weakening of the Chinese state and counter contacts between civilizations by the nomadic peoples of Juan-Juan, and Turks (3rd-6th cc.), Uighur Khanate (late 7th the beginning of the 9th cc.), Mongolian tribes (from the beginning of the 13th century.). Khitan and Jurchen mediation (11th-12th cc.) in the contacts between China and South Siberian peoples greatly restricted the penetration of the influence of its culture to the North, but also contributed to the emergence of Korean and Japanese products in the region.